PT J
AU Zhao, Z
   Chen, YA
   Zhang, AN
   Yang, T
   Briegel, HJ
   Pan, JW
AF Zhao, Z
   Chen, YA
   Zhang, AN
   Yang, T
   Briegel, HJ
   Pan, JW
TI Experimental demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation; purification; universal; step
AB Quantum-mechanical entanglement of three(1,2) or four(3,4) particles has been achieved experimentally, and has been used to demonstrate the extreme contradiction between quantum mechanics and local realism(5,6). However, the realization of five-particle entanglement remains an experimental challenge. The ability to manipulate the entanglement of five or more particles is required(7,8) for universal quantum error correction. Another key process in distributed quantum information processing(9,10), similar to encoding and decoding, is a teleportation protocol(11,12) that we term 'open-destination' teleportation. An unknown quantum state of a single particle is teleported onto a superposition of N particles; at a later stage, this teleported state can be read out ( for further applications) at any of the N particles, by a projection measurement on the remaining particles. Here we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of five-photon entanglement and open-destination teleportation (for N = 3). In the experiment, we use two entangled photon pairs to generate a four-photon entangled state, which is then combined with a single-photon state. Our experimental methods can be used for investigations of measurement-based quantum computation(9,10) and multi-party quantum communication(13,14).
C1 Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Modern Phys, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
   Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei Natl Lab Phys Sci Microscale, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Phys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Austrian Academy of Sciences; University of Innsbruck; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Pan, JW (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Modern Phys, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
EM jian-wei.pan@physi.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 558
Z9 648
U1 2
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 54
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature02643
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800039
PM 15229594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuart, AJ
   Kosintsev, PA
   Higham, TFG
   Lister, AM
AF Stuart, AJ
   Kosintsev, PA
   Higham, TFG
   Lister, AM
TI Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID megaloceros-giganteus blumenbach; irish elk; europe; island
AB The extinction of the many well-known large mammals (megafauna) of the Late Pleistocene epoch has usually been attributed to 'overkill' by human hunters, climatic/vegetational changes or to a combination of both(1,2). An accurate knowledge of the geography and chronology of these extinctions is crucial for testing these hypotheses. Previous assumptions that the megafauna of northern Eurasia had disappeared by the Pleistocene/Holocene transition(2) were first challenged a decade ago by the discovery that the latest woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island, northeastern Siberia, were contemporaneous with ancient Egyptian civilization(3,4). Here we show that another spectacular megafaunal species, the giant deer or 'Irish elk', survived to around 6,900 radiocarbon yr BP (about 7,700 yr ago) in western Siberia-more than three millennia later than its previously accepted terminal date(2,5)-and therefore, that the reasons for its ultimate demise are to be sought in Holocene not Pleistocene events. Before their extinction, both giant deer and woolly mammoth underwent dramatic shifts in distribution, driven largely by climatic/vegetational changes. Their differing responses reflect major differences in ecology.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford OX1 3JQ, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Oxford
RP Stuart, AJ (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM Tony@megafauna.freeserve.co.uk
NR 29
TC 241
Z9 277
U1 3
U2 176
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 684
EP 689
DI 10.1038/nature02890
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300039
PM 15470427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ciufolini, I
   Pavlis, EC
AF Ciufolini, I
   Pavlis, EC
TI A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense-Thirring effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lageos; satellite; drag
AB An important early prediction of Einstein's general relativity(1-3) was the advance of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit, whose measurement provided one of the classical tests of Einstein's theory(4). The advance of the orbital point-of-closest-approach also applies to a binary pulsar system(5,6) and to an Earth-orbiting satellite(3). General relativity also predicts that the rotation of a body like Earth will drag the local inertial frames of reference around it(3,7), which will affect the orbit of a satellite(8). This Lense-Thirring effect has hitherto not been detected with high accuracy(9), but its detection with an error of about 1 per cent is the main goal of Gravity Probe B-an ongoing space mission using orbiting gyroscopes(10). Here we report a measurement of the Lense-Thirring effect on two Earth satellites: it is 99+/-5 per cent of the value predicted by general relativity; the uncertainty of this measurement includes all known random and systematic errors, but we allow for a total +/-10 per cent uncertainty to include underestimated and unknown sources of error.
C1 Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Ingn Innovaz, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
   Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD USA.
C3 University of Salento; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County
RP Ciufolini, I (corresponding author), Univ Lecce, Dipartimento Ingn Innovaz, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
EM ignazio.ciufolini@unile.it
NR 31
TC 406
Z9 431
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 958
EP 960
DI 10.1038/nature03007
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600036
PM 15496915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benton, MJ
   Tverdokhlebov, VP
   Surkov, MV
AF Benton, MJ
   Tverdokhlebov, VP
   Surkov, MV
TI Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Russia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass extinction; biotic crisis; south-africa; basin; biodiversity; pattern; marine; scale; event; life
AB The mass extinction at the Permian - Triassic boundary, 251 million years (Myr) ago, is accepted as the most profound loss of life on record(1-3). Global data compilations indicate a loss of 50% of families or more, both in the sea(1,2,4) and on land(2,5), and these figures scale to a loss of 80 - 96% of species, based on rarefaction analyses(6,7). This level of loss is confirmed by local and regional-scale studies of marine sections(3,8), but the terrestrial record has been harder to analyse in such close detail. Here we document the nature of the event in Russia in a comprehensive survey of 675 specimens of amphibians and reptiles from 289 localities spanning 13 successive geological time zones in the South Urals basin. These changes in diversity and turnover cannot be explained simply by sampling effects. There was a profound loss of genera and families, and simplification of ecosystems, with the loss of small fish-eaters and insect-eaters, medium and large herbivores and large carnivores. Faunal dynamics also changed, from high rates of turnover through the Late Permian period to greater stability at low diversity through the Early Triassic period. Even after 15 Myr of ecosystem rebuilding, some guilds were apparently still absent - small fish-eaters, small insect-eaters, large herbivores and top carnivores.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Saratov NG Chernyshevskii State Univ, Inst Geol, Saratov 410075, Russia.
C3 University of Bristol; Saratov State University
RP Benton, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM mike.benton@bris.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 97
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature02950
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900047
PM 15525988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Covert, MW
   Knight, EM
   Reed, JL
   Herrgard, MJ
   Palsson, BO
AF Covert, MW
   Knight, EM
   Reed, JL
   Herrgard, MJ
   Palsson, BO
TI Integrating high-throughput and computational data elucidates bacterial networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-silico models; escherichia-coli; gene-expression; transcriptional regulation; regulatory network; discovery; genotype; roles; arca; fnr
AB The flood of high-throughput biological data has led to the expectation that computational ( or in silico) models can be used to direct biological discovery, enabling biologists to reconcile heterogeneous data types, find inconsistencies and systematically generate hypotheses(1-3). Such a process is fundamentally iterative, where each iteration involves making model predictions, obtaining experimental data, reconciling the predicted outcomes with experimental ones, and using discrepancies to update the in silico model. Here we have reconstructed, on the basis of information derived from literature and databases, the first integrated genome-scale computational model of a transcriptional regulatory and metabolic network. The model accounts for 1,010 genes in Escherichia coli, including 104 regulatory genes whose products together with other stimuli regulate the expression of 479 of the 906 genes in the reconstructed metabolic network. This model is able not only to predict the outcomes of high-throughput growth phenotyping and gene expression experiments, but also to indicate knowledge gaps and identify previously unknown components and interactions in the regulatory and metabolic networks. We find that a systems biology approach that combines genome-scale experimentation and computation can systematically generate hypotheses on the basis of disparate data sources.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Palsson, BO (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM palsson@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 607
Z9 767
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature02456
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100051
PM 15129285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, QJ
   Liu, JY
   Varricchio, DJ
   Huang, T
   Gao, CL
AF Meng, QJ
   Liu, JY
   Varricchio, DJ
   Huang, T
   Gao, CL
TI Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds
C1 Dalian Nat Hist Museum, Dalian, Peoples R China.
   Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
   Paleo World Res Fdn, Asian Operat B122 2, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
C3 Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Meng, QJ (corresponding author), Dalian Nat Hist Museum, 40 Xicun St, Dalian, Peoples R China.
EM djv@montana.edu
NR 13
TC 77
Z9 90
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 145
EP 146
DI 10.1038/431145a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000032
PM 15356619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wen, B
   Li, H
   Lu, DR
   Song, XF
   Zhang, F
   He, YG
   Li, F
   Gao, Y
   Mao, XY
   Zhang, L
   Qian, J
   Tan, JZ
   Jin, JZ
   Huang, W
   Deka, R
   Su, B
   Chakraborty, R
   Jin, L
AF Wen, B
   Li, H
   Lu, DR
   Song, XF
   Zhang, F
   He, YG
   Li, F
   Gao, Y
   Mao, XY
   Zhang, L
   Qian, J
   Tan, JZ
   Jin, JZ
   Huang, W
   Deka, R
   Su, B
   Chakraborty, R
   Jin, L
TI Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferring admixture proportions; y-chromosome; chinese populations; mitochondrial-dna; parental populations; human-evolution; molecular-data; frequency; haplotypes; distances
AB The spread of culture and language in human populations is explained by two alternative models: the demic diffusion model, which involves mass movement of people; and the cultural diffusion model, which refers to cultural impact between populations and involves limited genetic exchange between them(1). The mechanism of the peopling of Europe has long been debated, a key issue being whether the diffusion of agriculture and language from the Near East was concomitant with a large movement of farmers(1-3). Here we show, by systematically analysing Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Han populations, that the pattern of the southward expansion of Han culture is consistent with the demic diffusion model, and that males played a larger role than females in this expansion. The Han people, who all share the same culture and language, exceed 1.16 billion (2000 census), and are by far the largest ethnic group in the world. The expansion process of Han culture is thus of great interest to researchers in many fields.
C1 Fudan Univ, State Key Lab Genet Engn, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Sch Life Sci, Ctr Anthropol Studies, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Moragn Tan Inst Ctr Life Sci, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Ctr Genome Informat, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Zool, Key Lab Cellular & Mol Evolut, Kunming 650223, Peoples R China.
C3 Fudan University; Fudan University; Fudan University; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS
RP Jin, L (corresponding author), Fudan Univ, State Key Lab Genet Engn, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
EM lijin@fudan.edu.cn
NR 29
TC 342
Z9 401
U1 4
U2 141
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 302
EP 305
DI 10.1038/nature02878
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000039
PM 15372031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ambros, V
AF Ambros, V
TI The functions of animal microRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; regulatory rna; identification; expression; lin-28; prediction; asymmetry; antisense; inhibit
C1 Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Genet, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College
RP Ambros, V (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Genet, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM vra@dartmouth.edu
NR 51
TC 9489
Z9 10836
U1 17
U2 1150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 350
EP 355
DI 10.1038/nature02871
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000051
PM 15372042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rozzi, FVR
   de Castro, JMB
AF Rozzi, FVR
   de Castro, JMB
TI Surprisingly rapid growth in Neanderthals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dental development; pleistocene hominids; enamel; tooth; microstructure; dimorphism; atapuerca; ontogeny; pattern; teeth
AB Life-history traits correlate closely with dental growth(1), so differences in dental growth within Homo can enable us to determine how somatic development has evolved and to identify developmental shifts that warrant species-level distinctions(2-4). Dental growth can be determined from the speed of enamel formation (or extension rate)(5,6). We analysed the enamel extension rate in Homo antecessor (8 teeth analysed), Homo heidelbergensis (106), Homo neanderthalensis ('Neanderthals'; 146) and Upper Palaeolithic-Mesolithic Homo sapiens (100). Here we report that Upper Palaeolithic-Mesolithic H. sapiens shared an identical dental development pattern with modern humans, but that H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis had shorter periods of dental growth. Surprisingly, Neanderthals were characterized by having the shortest period of dental growth. Because dental growth is an excellent indicator of somatic development(1), our results suggest that Neanderthals developed faster even than their immediate ancestor, H. heidelbergensis. Dental growth became longer and brain size increased from the Plio-Pleistocene in hominid evolution. Neanderthals, despite having a large brain, were characterized by a short period of development. This autapomorphy in growth is an evolutionary reversal, and points strongly to a specific distinction between H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis.
C1 CNRS, UPR 2147, F-75014 Paris, France.
   CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)
RP Rozzi, FVR (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 2147, 44 Rue Amiral, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM ramrozzi@ivry.cnrs.fr
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 936
EP 939
DI 10.1038/nature02428
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000039
PM 15118725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Toro, G
   Goldsby, DL
   Tullis, TE
AF Di Toro, G
   Goldsby, DL
   Tullis, TE
TI Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; heat-flow; stress; earthquakes; mechanics; strength; surface; models; state
AB An important unsolved problem in earthquake mechanics is to determine the resistance to slip on faults in the Earth's crust during earthquakes(1). Knowledge of coseismic slip resistance is critical for understanding the magnitude of shear-stress reduction and hence the near-fault acceleration that can occur during earthquakes, which affects the amount of damage that earthquakes are capable of causing. In particular, a long-unresolved problem is the apparently low strength of major faults(2-6), which may be caused by low coseismic frictional resistance(3). The frictional properties of rocks at slip velocities up to 3 mm s(-1) and for slip displacements characteristic of large earthquakes have been recently simulated under laboratory conditions(7). Here we report data on quartz rocks that indicate an extraordinary progressive decrease in frictional resistance with increasing slip velocity above 1 mm s(-1). This reduction extrapolates to zero friction at seismic slip rates of similar to1m s(-1), and appears to be due to the formation of a thin layer of silica gel on the fault surface: it may explain the low strength of major faults during earthquakes.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
C3 Brown University; University of Padua
RP Tullis, TE (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Terry_Tullis@brown.edu
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 518
U1 1
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 436
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature02249
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500041
PM 14749829
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber, KL
   Sokac, AM
   Berg, JS
   Cheney, RE
   Bement, WM
AF Weber, KL
   Sokac, AM
   Berg, JS
   Cheney, RE
   Bement, WM
TI A microtubule-binding myosin required for nuclear anchoring and spindle assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unconventional myosin; oocyte maturation; xenopus-oocytes; egg cortex; in-vitro; f-actin; microfilaments; fertilization; movement; protein
AB Proper spindle positioning and orientation are essential for asymmetric cell division and require microtubule-actin filament (F-actin) interactions in many systems(1,2). Such interactions are particularly important in meiosis(3), where they mediate nuclear anchoring(4-6), as well as meiotic spindle assembly and rotation(7,8), two processes required for asymmetric cell division. Myosin-10 proteins are phosphoinositide-binding(9), actin-based motors that contain carboxy-terminal MyTH4 and FERM domains of unknown function(10). Here we show that Xenopus laevis myosin-10 (Myo10) associates with microtubules in vitro and in vivo, and is concentrated at the point where the meiotic spindle contacts the F-actin-rich cortex. Microtubule association is mediated by the MyTH4-FERM domains, which bind directly to purified microtubules. Disruption of Myo10 function disrupts nuclear anchoring, spindle assembly and spindle-F-actin association. Thus, this myosin has a novel and critically important role during meiosis in integrating the F- actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Bement, WM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM wmbement@wisc.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC003299] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 325
EP 329
DI 10.1038/nature02834
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000045
PM 15372037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, WH
   Miao, FJP
   Lin, DCH
   Schwandner, RT
   Wang, ZL
   Gao, JH
   Chen, JL
   Tian, H
   Ling, L
AF He, WH
   Miao, FJP
   Lin, DCH
   Schwandner, RT
   Wang, ZL
   Gao, JH
   Chen, JL
   Tian, H
   Ling, L
TI Citric acid cycle intermediates as ligands for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID renin-angiotensin system; proximal tubule; blood-pressure; hypertension; activation; transport; discovery; assay; alpha; mice
AB The citric acid cycle is central to the regulation of energy homeostasis and cell metabolism(1). Mutations in enzymes that catalyse steps in the citric acid cycle result in human diseases with various clinical presentations(2). The intermediates of the citric acid cycle are present at micromolar concentration in blood and are regulated by respiration, metabolism and renal reabsorption/ extrusion. Here we show that GPR91 (ref. 3), a previously orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), functions as a receptor for the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate. We also report that GPR99 (ref. 4), a close relative of GPR91, responds to alpha-ketoglutarate, another intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Thus by acting as ligands for GPCRs, succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate are found to have unexpected signalling functions beyond their traditional roles. Furthermore, we show that succinate increases blood pressure in animals. The succinate-induced hypertensive effect involves the renin - angiotensin system and is abolished in GPR91-deficient mice. Our results indicate a possible role for GPR91 in renovascular hypertension, a disease closely linked to atherosclerosis, diabetes and renal failure(5,6).
C1 Tularik Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Tularik GmbH, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Tularik, Inc.
RP Ling, L (corresponding author), Tularik Inc, 1120 Vet Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM ling@tularik.com
NR 30
TC 751
Z9 869
U1 3
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 188
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature02488
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300043
PM 15141213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mortuza, GB
   Haire, LF
   Stevens, A
   Smerdon, SJ
   Stoye, JP
   Taylor, IA
AF Mortuza, GB
   Haire, LF
   Stevens, A
   Smerdon, SJ
   Stoye, JP
   Taylor, IA
TI High-resolution structure of a retroviral capsid hexameric amino-terminal domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; reverse transcription complexes; murine leukemia-virus; ca protein; hiv-1; core; replication; infection; fragment; exchange
AB Retroviruses are the aetiological agents of a range of human diseases including AIDS and T-cell leukaemias. They follow complex life cycles, which are still only partly understood at the molecular level. Maturation of newly formed retroviral particles is an essential step in production of infectious virions, and requires proteolytic cleavage of Gag polyproteins in the immature particle to form the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins present in the mature virion(1). Capsid proteins associate to form a dense viral core(2) that may be spherical, cylindrical or conical depending on the genus of the virus(3). Nonetheless, these assemblies all appear to be composed of a lattice formed from hexagonal rings, each containing six capsid monomers(2,4,5). Here, we describe the X-ray structure of an individual hexagonal assembly from N-tropic murine leukaemia virus (N-MLV). The interface between capsid monomers is generally polar, consistent with weak interactions within the hexamer. Similar architectures are probably crucial for the regulation of capsid assembly and disassembly in all retroviruses. Together, these observations provide new insights into retroviral uncoating and how cellular restriction factors may interfere with viral replication.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Prot Struct, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Taylor, IA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Prot Struct, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM itaylor@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 163
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 481
EP 485
DI 10.1038/nature02915
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500047
PM 15386017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU She, XW
   Horvath, JE
   Jiang, ZS
   Liu, G
   Furey, TS
   Christ, L
   Clark, R
   Graves, T
   Gulden, CL
   Alkan, C
   Bailey, JA
   Sahinalp, C
   Rocchi, M
   Haussler, D
   Wilson, RK
   Miller, W
   Schwartz, S
   Eichler, EE
AF She, XW
   Horvath, JE
   Jiang, ZS
   Liu, G
   Furey, TS
   Christ, L
   Clark, R
   Graves, T
   Gulden, CL
   Alkan, C
   Bailey, JA
   Sahinalp, C
   Rocchi, M
   Haussler, D
   Wilson, RK
   Miller, W
   Schwartz, S
   Eichler, EE
TI The structure and evolution of centromeric transition regions within the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recent segmental duplications; alpha-satellite dna; genetic definition; sequence; expansion; primates; repeat; origin
AB An understanding of how centromeric transition regions are organized is a critical aspect of chromosome structure and function; however, the sequence context of these regions has been difficult to resolve on the basis of the draft genome sequence. We present a detailed analysis of the structure and assembly of all human pericentromeric regions (5 megabases). Most chromosome arms ( 35 out of 43) show a gradient of dwindling transcriptional diversity accompanied by an increasing number of interchromosomal duplications in proximity to the centromere. At least 30% of the centromeric transition region structure originates from euchromatic gene-containing segments of DNA that were duplicatively transposed towards pericentromeric regions at a rate of six-seven events per million years during primate evolution. This process has led to the formation of a minimum of 28 new transcripts by exon exaptation and exon shuffling, many of which are primarily expressed in the testis. The distribution of these duplicated segments is nonrandom among pericentromeric regions, suggesting that some regions have served as preferential acceptors of euchromatic DNA.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Computat Genom, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, UCSC Genome Bioinformat Grp, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Sch Comp Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
   Univ Bari, DAPEG, Sez Genet, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Washington University (WUSTL); Simon Fraser University; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Eichler, EE (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Computat Genom, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
EM eee@gs.washington.edu
FU Telethon [E.0672] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 155
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 857
EP 864
DI 10.1038/nature02806
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800033
PM 15318213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loh, AN
   Bauer, JE
   Druffel, ERM
AF Loh, AN
   Bauer, JE
   Druffel, ERM
TI Variable ageing and storage of dissolved organic components in the open ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean; black carbon; matter; radiocarbon; sediments; water; sea; environments; fractions
AB Seawater dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest reservoir of exchangeable organic carbon in the ocean, comparable in quantity to atmospheric carbon dioxide(1,2). The composition, turnover times and fate of all but a few planktonic constituents of this material are, however, largely unknown(3,4). Models of ocean carbon cycling are thus limited by the need for information on temporal scales of carbon storage in DOM subcomponents, produced via the 'biological pump', relative to their recycling by bacteria(3,4). Here we show that carbohydrate- and protein-like substances in the open Atlantic and Pacific oceans, though often significantly aged, comprise younger fractions of the DOM, whereas dissolved lipophilic material exhibits up to similar to90 per cent fossil character. In contrast to the millennial mean ages of DOM observed throughout the water column, weighted mean turnover times of DOM in the surface ocean are only decadal in magnitude. An observed size-age continuum further demonstrates that small dissolved molecules are the most highly aged forms of organic matter, cycling much more slowly than larger, younger dissolved and particulate precursors, and directly links oceanic organic matter age and size with reactivity(3,5).
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; William & Mary
RP Loh, AN (corresponding author), Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Div Ecol Studies, 10501 FGCU Blvd S, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA.
EM anloh@fgcu.edu
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 183
U1 6
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 877
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature02780
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800038
PM 15318218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogel, EK
   Machizawa, MG
AF Vogel, EK
   Machizawa, MG
TI Neural activity predicts individual differences in visual working memory capacity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-term-memory; prefrontal cortex; brain-regions; attention; task; storage; conjunctions; patterns; features; roles
AB Contrary to our rich phenomenological visual experience, our visual short-term memory system can maintain representations of only three to four objects at any given moment(1,2). For over a century, the capacity of visual memory has been shown to vary substantially across individuals, ranging from 1.5 to about 5 objects(3-7). Although numerous studies have recently begun to characterize the neural substrates of visual memory processes(8-12), a neurophysiological index of storage capacity limitations has not yet been established. Here, we provide electrophysiological evidence for lateralized activity in humans that reflects the encoding and maintenance of items in visual memory. The amplitude of this activity is strongly modulated by the number of objects being held in the memory at the time, but approaches a limit asymptotically for arrays that meet or exceed storage capacity. Indeed, the precise limit is determined by each individual's memory capacity, such that the activity from low-capacity individuals reaches this plateau much sooner than that from high-capacity individuals. Consequently, this measure provides a strong neurophysiological predictor of an individual's capacity, allowing the demonstration of a direct relationship between neural activity and memory capacity.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Dept Psychol, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Vogel, EK (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Dept Psychol, 530 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
EM vogel@darkwing.uoregon.edu
NR 30
TC 1425
Z9 1668
U1 6
U2 208
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 748
EP 751
DI 10.1038/nature02447
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800039
PM 15085132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giron, D
   Dunn, DW
   Hardy, ICW
   Strand, MR
AF Giron, D
   Dunn, DW
   Hardy, ICW
   Strand, MR
TI Aggression by polyembryonic wasp soldiers correlates with kinship but not resource competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copidosoma-floridanum; viscous populations; inclusive fitness; evolution; altruism; invertebrates; relatedness; environment; allocation; relatives
AB Kin selection theory predicts that individuals will show less aggression and more altruism towards relatives(1,2). However, recent theoretical developments suggest that with limited dispersal, competition between relatives can override the effects of relatedness(3-9). The predicted and opposing influences of relatedness and competition are difficult to approach experimentally because conditions that increase average relatedness among individuals also tend to increase competition. Polyembryonic wasps in the family Encyrtidae are parasites whose eggs undergo clonal division to produce large broods(10). These insects have also evolved a caste system: some embryos in a clone develop into reproductive larvae that mature into adults, whereas others develop into sterile soldier larvae that defend siblings from competitors(11-14). In a brood from a single egg, reproductive altruism by soldiers reflects clone-level allocation to defence at the cost of reproduction, with no conflict between individuals. When multiple eggs are laid into a host, inter-clone conflicts of interest arise. Here we report that soldier aggression in Copidosoma floridanum is inversely related to the genetic relatedness of competitors but shows no correlation with the level of resource competition.
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biosci, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leics, England.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Nottingham
RP Strand, MR (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM mrstrand@bugs.ent.uga.edu
NR 27
TC 97
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/nature02721
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400045
PM 15295600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallavotti, A
   Zhao, Q
   Kyozuka, J
   Meeley, RB
   Ritter, M
   Doebley, JF
   Pè, ME
   Schmidt, RJ
AF Gallavotti, A
   Zhao, Q
   Kyozuka, J
   Meeley, RB
   Ritter, M
   Doebley, JF
   Pè, ME
   Schmidt, RJ
TI The role of barren stalk1 in the architecture of maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID axillary meristem development; zea-mays; evolution; gene; domestication; diversity; transcription; polymorphism; arabidopsis; regulators
AB The architecture of higher plants is established through the activity of lateral meristems-small groups of stem cells formed during vegetative and reproductive development. Lateral meristems generate branches and inflorescence structures, which define the overall form of a plant(1-3), and are largely responsible for the evolution of different plant architectures(3). Here, we report the isolation of the barren stalk1 gene, which encodes a non-canonical basic helix-loop-helix protein required for the initiation of all aerial lateral meristems in maize. barren stalk1 represents one of the earliest genes involved in the patterning of maize inflorescences, and, together with the teosinte branched1 gene(4), it regulates vegetative lateral meristem development. The architecture of maize has been a major target of selection for early agriculturalists and modern farmers, because it influences harvesting, breeding strategies and mechanization. By sampling nucleotide diversity in the barren stalk1 region, we show that two haplotypes entered the maize gene pool from its wild progenitor, teosinte, and that only one was incorporated throughout modern inbreds, suggesting that barren stalk1 was selected for agronomic purposes.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Biomol & Biotecnol, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Crop Genet Res, Johnston, IA 50131 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Milan; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Tokyo; DuPont; DuPont USA
RP Schmidt, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM rschmidt@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 346
U1 2
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 630
EP 635
DI 10.1038/nature03148
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200048
PM 15577912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wei, W
   Ayad, NG
   Wan, Y
   Zhang, GJ
   Kirschner, MW
   Kaelin, WG Jr
AF Wei, W
   Ayad, NG
   Wan, Y
   Zhang, GJ
   Kirschner, MW
   Kaelin, WG Jr
TI Degradation of the SCF component Skp2 in cell-cycle phase G1 by the anaphase-promoting complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID box protein skp2; dna-replication; s-phase; mitosis; proteolysis; recognition; expression; p27(kip1); binding; destruction
AB Cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key cell-cycle regulators. SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein) complexes and anaphase-promoting complexes (APC) represent two major classes of ubiquitin ligases whose activities are thought to regulate primarily the G1/S and metaphase/anaphase cell-cycle transitions, respectively(1,2). The major target of the Skp1/Cul1/Skp2 (SCFSKP2) complex is thought to be the Cdk inhibitor p27 during S phase, whereas the principal targets for the APC are thought to be involved in chromatid separation (securin) and exit from mitosis (cyclin B). Although the role of the APC in mitosis is relatively clear, there is mounting evidence that APCs containing Cdh1 (APC(CDH1)) also have a function in the G1 phase of the cell cycle(2,3). Here, we show that the F-box protein Skp2 is polyubiquitinated, and hence earmarked for destruction, by APC(CDH1). As a result, accumulation of SCFSKP2 requires prior inactivation of APC(CDH1). These findings provide an insight into the orchestration of SCF and APC activities during cell-cycle progression, and into the involvement of the APC in G1.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Kirschner, MW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM marc@hms.harvard.edu; william_kaelin@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 513
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature02381
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600052
PM 15014503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korobkova, E
   Emonet, T
   Vilar, JMG
   Shimizu, TS
   Cluzel, P
AF Korobkova, E
   Emonet, T
   Vilar, JMG
   Shimizu, TS
   Cluzel, P
TI From molecular noise to behavioural variability in a single bacterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; chemotaxis; adaptation; methylation; robustness; proteins; model; motor; cells
AB The chemotaxis network that governs the motion of Escherichia coli has long been studied to gain a general understanding of signal transduction. Although this pathway is composed of just a few components, it exhibits some essential characteristics of biological complexity, such as adaptation and response to environmental signals(1). In studying intracellular networks, most experiments and mathematical models(2-5) have assumed that network properties can be inferred from population measurements. However, this approach masks underlying temporal fluctuations of intracellular signalling events. We have inferred fundamental properties of the chemotaxis network from a noise analysis of behavioural variations in individual bacteria. Here we show that certain properties established by population measurements, such as adapted states, are not conserved at the single-cell level: for timescales ranging from seconds to several minutes, the behaviour of non-stimulated cells exhibit temporal variations much larger than the expected statistical fluctuations. We find that the signalling network itself causes this noise and identify the molecular events that produce it. Small changes in the concentration of one key network component suppress temporal behavioural variability, suggesting that such variability is a selected property of this adaptive system.
C1 Univ Chicago, Inst Biophys Dynam, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Keio Univ, Inst Adv Biosci, Lab Bioinformat, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 2528520, Japan.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Rockefeller University; Keio University
RP Cluzel, P (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Inst Biophys Dynam, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM cluzel@uchicago.edu
NR 24
TC 372
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 574
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature02404
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100045
PM 15058306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huber, R
   Ghilardi, MF
   Massimini, M
   Tononi, G
AF Huber, R
   Ghilardi, MF
   Massimini, M
   Tononi, G
TI Local sleep and learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID memory; eeg; consolidation; stimulation; topography; resonance; states; skill; forms
AB Human sleep is a global state whose functions remain unclear. During much of sleep, cortical neurons undergo slow oscillations in membrane potential, which appear in electroencephalograms as slow wave activity (SWA) of < 4 Hz(1). The amount of SWA is homeostatically regulated, increasing after wakefulness and returning to baseline during sleep(2). It has been suggested that SWA homeostasis may reflect synaptic changes underlying a cellular need for sleep(3). If this were so, inducing local synaptic changes should induce local SWA changes, and these should benefit neural function. Here we show that sleep homeostasis indeed has a local component, which can be triggered by a learning task involving specific brain regions. Furthermore, we show that the local increase in SWA after learning correlates with improved performance of the task after sleep. Thus, sleep homeostasis can be induced on a local level and can benefit performance.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Columbia University
RP Tononi, G (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
EM gtononi@wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 1361
Z9 1538
U1 1
U2 228
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature02663
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800046
PM 15184907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tian, XL
   Kadaba, R
   You, SA
   Liu, MG
   Timura, AA
   Yang, L
   Chen, QY
   Szafranski, P
   Rao, SQ
   Wu, L
   Housman, DE
   DiCorleto, PE
   Driscoll, DJ
   Borrow, J
   Wang, Q
AF Tian, XL
   Kadaba, R
   You, SA
   Liu, MG
   Timura, AA
   Yang, L
   Chen, QY
   Szafranski, P
   Rao, SQ
   Wu, L
   Housman, DE
   DiCorleto, PE
   Driscoll, DJ
   Borrow, J
   Wang, Q
TI Identification of an angiogenic factor that when mutated causes susceptibility to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-vessel formation; growth; tweak; translocation; mechanisms; receptor; domains; member; binds; cells
AB Angiogenic factors are critical to the initiation of angiogenesis and maintenance of the vascular network(1). Here we use human genetics as an approach to identify an angiogenic factor, VG5Q, and further define two genetic defects of VG5Q in patients with the vascular disease Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS)(2,3). One mutation is chromosomal translocation t(5;11), which increases VG5Q transcription. The second is mutation E133K identified in five KTS patients, but not in 200 matched controls. VG5Q protein acts as a potent angiogenic factor in promoting angiogenesis, and suppression of VG5Q expression inhibits vessel formation. E133K is a functional mutation that substantially enhances the angiogenic effect of VG5Q. VG5Q shows strong expression in blood vessels and is secreted as vessel formation is initiated. VG5Q can bind to endothelial cells and promote cell proliferation, suggesting that it may act in an autocrine fashion. We also demonstrate a direct interaction of VG5Q with another secreted angiogenic factor, TWEAK (also known as TNFSF12)(4,5). These results define VG5Q as an angiogenic factor, establish VG5Q as a susceptibility gene for KTS, and show that increased angiogenesis is a molecular pathogenic mechanism of KTS.
C1 Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Mol Cardiol, Ctr Mol Genet, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Ctr Cardiovasc Genet, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland Clin, Lerner Coll Med, Dept Mol Med, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Fudan Univ, Inst Genet, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Cell Biol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cole Eye Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Div Pediat Cardiol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Fudan University; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Baylor College of Medicine; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Mayo Clinic
RP Wang, Q (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Mol Cardiol, Ctr Mol Genet, Lerner Res Inst, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
EM wangq2@ccf.org
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL065630, R01 HL066251] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 270
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 640
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature02320
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300043
PM 14961121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pikarsky, E
   Porat, RM
   Stein, I
   Abramovitch, R
   Amit, S
   Kasem, S
   Gutkovich-Pyest, E
   Urieli-Shoval, S
   Galun, E
   Ben-Neriah, Y
AF Pikarsky, E
   Porat, RM
   Stein, I
   Abramovitch, R
   Amit, S
   Kasem, S
   Gutkovich-Pyest, E
   Urieli-Shoval, S
   Galun, E
   Ben-Neriah, Y
TI NF-κB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatocellular-carcinoma; mouse model; dna-damage; ikk-beta; liver; apoptosis; mice; activation; inhibition; target
AB The causes of sporadic human cancer are seldom recognized, but it is estimated that carcinogen exposure and chronic inflammation are two important underlying conditions for tumour development, the latter accounting for approximately 20% of human cancer(1). Whereas the causal relationship between carcinogen exposure and cancer has been intensely investigated(2), the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking chronic inflammation to tumorigenesis remain largely unresolved(1). We proposed that activation of the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), a hallmark of inflammatory responses(3) that is frequently detected in tumours(4,5), may constitute a missing link between inflammation and cancer. To test this hypothesis, we studied the Mdr2-knockout mouse strain, which spontaneously develops cholestatic hepatitis followed by hepatocellular carcinoma(6), a prototype of inflammation-associated cancer(7). We monitored hepatitis and cancer progression in Mdr2-knockout mice, and here we show that the inflammatory process triggers hepatocyte NF-kappaB through upregulation of tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in adjacent endothelial and inflammatory cells. Switching off NF-kappaB in mice from birth to seven months of age, using a hepatocyte-specific inducible IkappaB-super-repressor transgene, had no effect on the course of hepatitis, nor did it affect early phases of hepatocyte transformation. By contrast, suppressing NF-kappaB inhibition through anti-TNFalpha treatment or induction of IkappaB-superrepressor in later stages of tumour development resulted in apoptosis of transformed hepatocytes and failure to progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Our studies thus indicate that NF-kappaB is essential for promoting inflammation-associated cancer, and is therefore a potential target for cancer prevention in chronic inflammatory diseases.
C1 Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Goldyne Savad Inst Gene Therapy, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hadassah Univ Hosp, Hematol Unit, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Hospital; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Hospital
RP Pikarsky, E (corresponding author), Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM peli@hadassah.org.il; yinon@cc.huji.ac.il
NR 27
TC 2156
Z9 2499
U1 2
U2 226
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 461
EP 466
DI 10.1038/nature02924
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500043
PM 15329734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dwyer, G
   Dushoff, J
   Yee, SH
AF Dwyer, G
   Dushoff, J
   Yee, SH
TI The combined effects of pathogens and predators on insect outbreaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear polyhedrosis-virus; gypsy-moth lepidoptera; fir tussock moth; natural enemy; population-cycles; lymantriidae; synchrony; forest; dynamics; caterpillar
AB The economic damage caused by episodic outbreaks of forest-defoliating insects has spurred much research(1), yet why such outbreaks occur remains unclear(2). Theoretical biologists argue that outbreaks are driven by specialist pathogens or parasitoids, because host-pathogen and host-parasitoid models show large-amplitude, long-period cycles resembling time series of outbreaks(3,4). Field biologists counter that outbreaks occur when generalist predators fail, because predation in low-density defoliator populations is usually high enough to prevent outbreaks(5-8). Neither explanation is sufficient, however, because the time between outbreaks in the data is far more variable than in host-pathogen and host-parasitoid models(1,2), and far shorter than in generalist-predator models(9-11). Here we show that insect outbreaks can be explained by a model that includes both a generalist predator and a specialist pathogen. In this host pathogen-predator model, stochasticity causes defoliator densities to fluctuate erratically between an equilibrium maintained by the predator, and cycles driven by the pathogen(12,13). Outbreaks in this model occur at long but irregular intervals, matching the data. Our results suggest that explanations of insect outbreaks must go beyond classical models to consider interactions among multiple species.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; Princeton University
RP Dwyer, G (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM gdwyer@uchicago.edu
NR 30
TC 201
Z9 236
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 341
EP 345
DI 10.1038/nature02569
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200039
PM 15254536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, JF
   Stoner, GR
   Reynolds, JH
AF Mitchell, JF
   Stoner, GR
   Reynolds, JH
TI Object-based attention determines dominance in binocular rivalry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selective attention; surfaces; motion; synchrony; features
AB A question of long-standing interest to philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists is how the brain selects which signals enter consciousness(1,2). Binocular rivalry and attention both involve selection of visual stimuli, but affect perception quite differently. During binocular rivalry, awareness alternates between two different stimuli presented to the two eyes. In contrast, attending to one of two different stimuli impairs discrimination of the ignored stimulus, but without causing it to disappear from consciousness. Here we show that despite this difference, attention and rivalry rely on shared object-based selection mechanisms. We cued attention to one of two superimposed transparent surfaces and then deleted the image of one surface from each eye, resulting in rivalry. Observers usually reported seeing only the cued surface. They were also less accurate in judging unpredictable changes in the features of the uncued surface. Our design ensured that selection of the cued surface could not have resulted from spatial, ocular or feature-based mechanisms. Rather, attention was drawn to one surface, and this caused the other surface to be perceptually suppressed during rivalry. These results raise the question of how object representations compete during these two forms of perceptual selection, even as the features of those objects change unpredictably over time.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Vis Ctr Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute
RP Reynolds, JH (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM reynolds@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/nature02584
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600038
PM 15164062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baldwin, SL
   Monteleone, BD
   Webb, LE
   Fitzgerald, PG
   Grove, M
   Hill, EJ
AF Baldwin, SL
   Monteleone, BD
   Webb, LE
   Fitzgerald, PG
   Grove, M
   Hill, EJ
TI Pliocene eclogite exhumation at plate tectonic rates in eastern Papua New Guinea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metamorphic core complexes; dentrecasteaux islands; rocks; garnet; constraints; evolution; extension; inversion; bearing; system
AB As lithospheric plates are subducted, rocks are metamorphosed under high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure conditions to produce eclogites and eclogite facies metamorphic rocks. Because chemical equilibrium is rarely fully achieved, eclogites may preserve in their distinctive mineral assemblages and textures a record of the pressures, temperatures and deformation the rock was subjected to during subduction and subsequent exhumation. Radioactive parent-daughter isotopic variations within minerals reveal the timing of these events. Here we present in situ zircon U/Pb ion microprobe data that dates the timing of eclogite facies metamorphism in eastern Papua New Guinea at 4.3 +/- 0.4 Myr ago, making this the youngest documented eclogite exposed at the Earth's surface. Eclogite exhumation from depths of similar to75 km was extremely rapid and occurred at plate tectonic rates (cm yr(-1)). The eclogite was exhumed within a portion of the obliquely convergent Australian-Pacific plate boundary zone, in an extending region located west of the Woodlark basin sea floor spreading centre. Such rapid exhumation (>1 cm yr(-1)) of high-pressure and, we infer, ultrahigh-pressure rocks is facilitated by extension within transient plate boundary zones associated with rapid oblique plate convergence.
C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Petr Resources, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia.
C3 Syracuse University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Baldwin, SL (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
EM sbaldwin@syr.edu
NR 43
TC 221
Z9 250
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 263
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature02846
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000029
PM 15372021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallraff, A
   Schuster, DI
   Blais, A
   Frunzio, L
   Huang, RS
   Majer, J
   Kumar, S
   Girvin, SM
   Schoelkopf, RJ
AF Wallraff, A
   Schuster, DI
   Blais, A
   Frunzio, L
   Huang, RS
   Majer, J
   Kumar, S
   Girvin, SM
   Schoelkopf, RJ
TI Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherence; states; dot
AB The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics(1) for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics(2,3). Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Wallraff, A (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM andreas.wallraff@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 3258
Z9 3683
U1 9
U2 676
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 162
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature02851
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000038
PM 15356625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Izard, T
   Evans, G
   Borgon, RA
   Rush, CL
   Bricogne, G
   Bois, PRJ
AF Izard, T
   Evans, G
   Borgon, RA
   Rush, CL
   Bricogne, G
   Bois, PRJ
TI Vinculin activation by talin through helical bundle conversion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-catenin; binding-site; intramolecular association; crystal-structure; tail domains; adhesion; paxillin; kinase; actin; region
AB Vinculin is a conserved component and an essential regulator of both cell-cell (cadherin-mediated) and cell-matrix (integrin talin- mediated focal adhesions) junctions, and it anchors these adhesion complexes to the actin cytoskeleton by binding to talin in integrin complexes or to alpha-actinin in cadherin junctions(1-3). In its resting state, vinculin is held in a closed conformation through interactions between its head (Vh) and tail (Vt) domains(4-6). The binding of vinculin to focal adhesions requires its association with talin. Here we report the crystal structures of human vinculin in its inactive and talin- activated states. Talin binding induces marked conformational changes in Vh, creating a novel helical bundle structure, and this alteration actively displaces Vt from Vh. These results, as well as the ability of alpha-actinin to also bind to Vh and displace Vt from pre-existing Vh Vt complexes, support a model whereby Vh functions as a domain that undergoes marked structural changes that allow vinculin to direct cytoskeletal assembly in focal adhesions and adherens junctions. Notably, talin's effects on Vh structure establish helical bundle conversion as a signalling mechanism by which proteins direct cellular responses.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Genet, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Global Phasing Ltd, Cambridge CB3 0AX, England.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Mol Sci, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Global Phasing Limited; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Izard, T (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM tina.izard@stjude.org
NR 23
TC 209
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 171
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature02281
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900039
PM 14702644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saito, Y
   Takao, H
   Tani, T
   Nonoyama, T
   Takatori, K
   Homma, T
   Nagaya, T
   Nakamura, M
AF Saito, Y
   Takao, H
   Tani, T
   Nonoyama, T
   Takatori, K
   Homma, T
   Nagaya, T
   Nakamura, M
TI Lead-free piezoceramics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID templated grain-growth; ferroelectric ceramics; bismuth titanate; piezoelectric ceramics; preferred orientation; niobates; system; oxides
AB Lead has recently been expelled from many commercial applications and materials ( for example, from solder, glass and pottery glaze) owing to concerns regarding its toxicity. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) ceramics are high-performance piezoelectric materials, which are widely used in sensors, actuators and other electronic devices; they contain more than 60 weight per cent lead. Although there has been a concerted effort to develop lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, no effective alternative to PZT has yet been found(1-14). Here we report a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with an electric-field-induced strain comparable to typical actuator-grade PZT. We achieved this through the combination of the discovery of a morphotropic phase boundary in an alkaline niobate-based perovskite solid solution, and the development of a processing route leading to highly [001] textured polycrystals. The ceramic exhibits a piezoelectric constant d(33) ( the induced charge per unit force applied in the same direction) of above 300 picocoulombs per newton (pCN(-1)), and texturing the material leads to a peak d(33) of 416 pCN(-1). The textured material also exhibits temperature-independent field-induced strain characteristics.
C1 Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
   DENSO Corp, Aichi 4488861, Japan.
C3 Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc; DENSO
RP Saito, Y (corresponding author), Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
EM ysaito@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp
NR 30
TC 5109
Z9 5542
U1 69
U2 2935
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature03028
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900043
PM 15516921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahluwalia, J
   Tinker, A
   Clapp, LH
   Duchen, MR
   Abramov, AY
   Pope, S
   Nobles, M
   Segal, AW
AF Ahluwalia, J
   Tinker, A
   Clapp, LH
   Duchen, MR
   Abramov, AY
   Pope, S
   Nobles, M
   Segal, AW
TI RETRACTED: The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel is essential for innate immunity (Retracted article. See vol. 468, 2010)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID activated potassium channel; nadph oxidase; human-neutrophils; electron currents; respiratory burst; human eosinophils; phorbol ester; ph changes; calcium; phagocytes
AB Neutrophil leukocytes have a pivotal function in innate immunity. Dogma dictates that the lethal blow is delivered to microbes by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halogens(1,2), products of the NADPH oxidase, whose impairment causes immunodeficiency. However, recent evidence indicates that the microbes might be killed by proteases, activated by the oxidase through the generation of a hypertonic, K+-rich and alkaline environment in the phagocytic vacuole(3). Here we show that K+ crosses the membrane through large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels. Specific inhibitors of these channels, iberiotoxin and paxilline, blocked oxidase-induced Rb-86(+) fluxes and alkalinization of the phagocytic vacuole, whereas NS1619, a BKCa channel opener, enhanced both. Characteristic outwardly rectifying K+ currents, reversibly inhibited by iberiotoxin, were demonstrated in neutrophils and eosinophils and the expression of the alpha-subunit of the BK channel was confirmed by western blotting. The channels were opened by the combination of membrane depolarization and elevated Ca2+ concentration, both consequences of oxidase activity. Remarkably, microbial killing and digestion were abolished when the BKCa channel was blocked, revealing an essential and unexpected function for this K+ channel in the microbicidal process.
C1 UCL, Dept Med, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Segal, AW (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Med, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM t.segal@ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [067287] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 853
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature02356
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500043
PM 14985765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chae, HK
   Siberio-Pérez, DY
   Kim, J
   Go, Y
   Eddaoudi, M
   Matzger, AJ
   O'Keeffe, M
   Yaghi, OM
AF Chae, HK
   Siberio-Pérez, DY
   Kim, J
   Go, Y
   Eddaoudi, M
   Matzger, AJ
   O'Keeffe, M
   Yaghi, OM
TI A route to high surface area, porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-organic framework; design; storage
AB One of the outstanding challenges in the field of porous materials is the design and synthesis of chemical structures with exceptionally high surface areas(1). Such materials are of critical importance to many applications involving catalysis, separation and gas storage. The claim for the highest surface area of a disordered structure is for carbon, at 2,030 m(2) g(-1) (ref. 2). Until recently, the largest surface area of an ordered structure was that of zeolite Y, recorded at 904 m(2) g(-1) (ref. 3). But with the introduction of metal-organic framework materials, this has been exceeded, with values up to 3,000 m(2) g(-1) (refs 4-7). Despite this, no method of determining the upper limit in surface area for a material has yet been found. Here we present a general strategy that has allowed us to realize a structure having by far the highest surface area reported to date. We report the design, synthesis and properties of crystalline Zn4O(1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate)(2), a new metal-organic framework with a surface area estimated at 4,500 m(2) g(-1). This framework, which we name MOF-177, combines this exceptional level of surface area with an ordered structure that has extra-large pores capable of binding polycyclic organic guest molecules-attributes not previously combined in one material.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Mat Design & Discovery Grp, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Hankuk Univ Foreign Studies, Dept Chem, Seoul, South Korea.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Hankuk University Foreign Studies
RP Matzger, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Mat Design & Discovery Grp, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM matzger@umich.edu; mokeeffe@asu.edu; oyaghi@umich.edu
NR 15
TC 2621
Z9 3067
U1 33
U2 2560
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature02311
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800036
PM 14765190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rost, S
   Fregin, A
   Ivaskevicius, V
   Conzelmann, E
   Hörtnagel, K
   Pelz, HJ
   Lappegard, K
   Seifried, E
   Scharrer, I
   Tuddenham, EGD
   Müller, CR
   Strom, TM
   Oldenburg, J
AF Rost, S
   Fregin, A
   Ivaskevicius, V
   Conzelmann, E
   Hörtnagel, K
   Pelz, HJ
   Lappegard, K
   Seifried, E
   Scharrer, I
   Tuddenham, EGD
   Müller, CR
   Strom, TM
   Oldenburg, J
TI Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vitamin-k 2,3-epoxide; gamma-glutamyl carboxylase; endoplasmic-reticulum; epoxide-reductase; rat-liver; identification; prothrombin; metabolism; complex; locus
AB Coumarin derivatives such as warfarin represent the therapy of choice for the long-term treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events. Coumarins target blood coagulation by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase multiprotein complex (VKOR)(1). This complex recycles vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to vitamin K hydroquinone, a cofactor that is essential for the post-translational gamma-carboxylation of several blood coagulation factors(2,3). Despite extensive efforts, the components of the VKOR complex have not been identified(4-8). The complex has been proposed to be involved in two heritable human diseases: combined deficiency of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors type 2 (VKCFD2; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 607473), and resistance to coumarin-type anticoagulant drugs (warfarin resistance, WR; OMIM 122700). Here we identify, by using linkage information from three species, the gene vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), which encodes a small transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. VKORC1 contains missense mutations in both human disorders and in a warfarin-resistant rat strain. Overexpression of wildtype VKORC1, but not VKORC1 carrying the VKCFD2 mutation, leads to a marked increase in VKOR activity, which is sensitive to warfarin inhibition.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Dept Human Genet, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr, Inst Human Genet, D-85764 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Frankfurt, DRK Blood Donor Serv, Inst Transfus Med & Immune Haematol, D-60526 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Dept Physiol Chem 2, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Fed Biol Res Ctr Agr & Forestry, Inst Nematol & Vertebrate Res, D-48161 Munster, Germany.
   Nordland Hosp, Dept Med, N-8092 Bodo, Norway.
   Univ Frankfurt, Ctr Internal Med, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, London W12 0NN, England.
   Tech Univ Munich, Klinikum Rechts Isar, Inst Human Genet, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Goethe University Frankfurt; University of Wurzburg; Goethe University Frankfurt; Imperial College London; Technical University of Munich
RP Oldenburg, J (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Dept Human Genet, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM joldenburg@bsdhessen.de
NR 23
TC 934
Z9 1090
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature02214
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800040
PM 14765194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stenner, MD
   Gauthier, DJ
   Neifeld, MA
AF Stenner, MD
   Gauthier, DJ
   Neifeld, MA
TI Superluminal speed of information? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of Arizona
RP Stenner, MD (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Box 90305, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM gauthier@phy.duke.edu
NR 2
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 
EP 
DI 10.1038/nature02587
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poggio, T
   Bizzi, E
AF Poggio, T
   Bizzi, E
TI Generalization in vision and motor control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior temporal neurons; receptive-fields; modular organization; visual areas; cortex; cells; representation; responses; movement; discrimination
AB Learning is more than memory. It is not simply the building of a look-up table of labelled images, or a phone-directory-like list of motor acts and the corresponding sequences of muscle activation. Central to learning and intelligence is the ability to predict, that is, to generalize to new situations, beyond the memory of specific examples. The key to generalization, in turn, is the architecture of the system, more than the rules of synaptic plasticity. We propose a specific architecture for generalization for both the motor and the visual systems, and argue for a canonical microcircuit underlying visual and motor learning.
C1 MIT, McGovern Inst,Ctr Biol & Computat Learning, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   European Brain Res Inst, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Poggio, T (corresponding author), MIT, McGovern Inst,Ctr Biol & Computat Learning, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM tp@ai.mit.edu; ebizzi@mit.edu
NR 67
TC 243
Z9 292
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 768
EP 774
DI 10.1038/nature03014
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500032
PM 15483597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ozbudak, EM
   Thattai, M
   Lim, HN
   Shraiman, BI
   van Oudenaarden, A
AF Ozbudak, EM
   Thattai, M
   Lim, HN
   Shraiman, BI
   van Oudenaarden, A
TI Multistability in the lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positive feedback; signal-transduction; gene-expression; toggle switch; systems; bistability; repression; hysteresis; binary
AB Multistability, the capacity to achieve multiple internal states in response to a single set of external inputs, is the defining characteristic of a switch. Biological switches are essential for the determination of cell fate in multicellular organisms(1), the regulation of cell-cycle oscillations during mitosis(2,3) and the maintenance of epigenetic traits in microbes(4). The multistability of several natural(1-6) and synthetic(7-9) systems has been attributed to positive feedback loops in their regulatory networks(10). However, feedback alone does not guarantee multistability. The phase diagram of a multistable system, a concise description of internal states as key parameters are varied, reveals the conditions required to produce a functional switch(11,12). Here we present the phase diagram of the bistable lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli(13). We use this phase diagram, coupled with a mathematical model of the network, to quantitatively investigate processes such as sugar uptake and transcriptional regulation in vivo. We then show how the hysteretic response of the wildtype system can be converted to an ultrasensitive graded response(14,15). The phase diagram thus serves as a sensitive probe of molecular interactions and as a powerful tool for rational network design.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, BioMAPS Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP van Oudenaarden, A (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM avano@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 803
Z9 933
U1 4
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature02298
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000044
PM 14973486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ritz, T
   Thalau, P
   Phillips, JB
   Wiltschko, R
   Wiltschko, W
AF Ritz, T
   Thalau, P
   Phillips, JB
   Wiltschko, R
   Wiltschko, W
TI Resonance effects indicate a radical-pair mechanism for avian magnetic compass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID european robins; migratory birds; field detection; homing pigeons; orientation; model; animals; recombination; light
AB Migratory birds are known to use the geomagnetic field as a source of compass information(1,2). There are two competing hypotheses for the primary process underlying the avian magnetic compass, one involving magnetite(3-5), the other a magnetically sensitive chemical reaction(6-8). Here we show that oscillating magnetic fields disrupt the magnetic orientation behaviour of migratory birds. Robins were disoriented when exposed to a vertically aligned broadband (0.1 - 10 MHz) or a single-frequency (7-MHz) field in addition to the geomagnetic field. Moreover, in the 7-MHz oscillating field, this effect depended on the angle between the oscillating and the geomagnetic fields. The birds exhibited seasonally appropriate migratory orientation when the oscillating field was parallel to the geomagnetic field, but were disoriented when it was presented at a 24degrees or 48degrees angle. These results are consistent with a resonance effect on singlet - triplet transitions and suggest a magnetic compass based on a radical-pair mechanism(7,8).
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Frankfurt, Inst Zool, Fachbereich Biol & Informat, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Virginia Tech, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; Goethe University Frankfurt; Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
RP Ritz, T (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM tritz@uci.edu
NR 29
TC 462
Z9 526
U1 1
U2 175
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 177
EP 180
DI 10.1038/nature02534
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300040
PM 15141211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckingham, S
AF Buckingham, S
TI Data's future shock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, MRC, Funct Genom Unit, Oxford OX1 2JD, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Buckingham, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, MRC, Funct Genom Unit, Oxford OX1 2JD, England.
NR 0
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 774
EP 779
DI 10.1038/428774a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800045
PM 15085141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juarez, MT
   Kui, JS
   Thomas, J
   Heller, BA
   Timmermans, MCP
AF Juarez, MT
   Kui, JS
   Thomas, J
   Heller, BA
   Timmermans, MCP
TI microRNA-mediated repression of rolled leaf1 specifies maize leaf polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral organs; gene; arabidopsis; meristem; identity; protein; encodes; plant
AB In both animals and plants, many developmentally important regulatory genes have complementary microRNAs (miRNAs), which suggests that these miRNAs constitute a class of developmental signalling molecules(1). Leaves of higher plants exhibit a varying degree of asymmetry along the adaxial/abaxial (upper/lower) axis. This asymmetry is specified through the polarized expression of class III homeodomain/leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) genes(2-4). In Arabidopsis, three such genes, PHABULOSA (PHB), PHAVOLUTA (PHV) and REVOLUTA (REV), are expressed throughout the incipient leaf, but become adaxially localized after primordium emergence. Downregulation of the HD-ZIPIII genes allows expression of the KANADI and YABBY genes, which specify abaxial fate(5-8). PHB, PHV and REV transcripts contain a complementary site for miRNA165 and miRNA166, which can direct their cleavage in vitro(9-11). Here we show that miRNA166 constitutes a highly conserved polarizing signal whose expression pattern spatially defines the expression domain of the maize hd-zipIII family member rolled leaf1 (rld1). Moreover, the progressively expanding expression pattern of miRNA166 during leaf development and its accumulation in phloem suggests that miRNA166 may form a movable signal that emanates from a signalling centre below the incipient leaf.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Grad Program Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Timmermans, MCP (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM timmerma@cshl.org
NR 27
TC 584
Z9 709
U1 2
U2 122
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 84
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature02363
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800040
PM 14999285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freeman, C
   Fenner, N
   Ostle, NJ
   Kang, H
   Dowrick, DJ
   Reynolds, B
   Lock, MA
   Sleep, D
   Hughes, S
   Hudson, J
AF Freeman, C
   Fenner, N
   Ostle, NJ
   Kang, H
   Dowrick, DJ
   Reynolds, B
   Lock, MA
   Sleep, D
   Hughes, S
   Hudson, J
TI Export of dissolved organic carbon from peatlands under elevated carbon dioxide levels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial export; methane emissions; climate-change; boreal lakes; co2; deposition; growth; matter; enrichment; ecosystems
AB Peatlands represent a vast store of global carbon(1). Observations of rapidly rising dissolved organic carbon concentrations in rivers draining peatlands have created concerns that those stores are beginning to destabilize(2,3). Three main factors have been put forward as potential causal mechanisms, but it appears that two alternatives-warming(2,4) and increased river discharge(3)-cannot offer satisfactory explanations(5). Here we show that the third proposed mechanism, namely shifting trends in the proportion of annual rainfall arriving in summer(6), is similarly unable to account for the trend. Instead we infer that a previously unrecognized mechanism-carbon dioxide mediated stimulation of primary productivity-is responsible. Under elevated carbon dioxide levels, the proportion of dissolved organic carbon derived from recently assimilated carbon dioxide was ten times higher than that of the control cases. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon appear far more sensitive to environmental drivers that affect net primary productivity than those affecting decomposition alone.
C1 Univ Coll N Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Lancaster Environm Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Lancaster LA1 4AP, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor LL57 2UP, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
C3 Bangor University; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Lancaster University; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Freeman, C (corresponding author), Univ Coll N Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
EM c.freeman@bangor.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 513
Z9 628
U1 7
U2 326
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature02707
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600040
PM 15241411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrope, M
AF Schrope, M
TI Lightning research: The bolt catchers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 2
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 120
EP 121
DI 10.1038/431120a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000012
PM 15356600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diggs, C
   Ewart, S
   Moree, M
AF Diggs, C
   Ewart, S
   Moree, M
TI Strength in unity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 USAID Malaria Vaccine Dev Program, Washington, DC 20523 USA.
C3 United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
RP Diggs, C (corresponding author), USAID Malaria Vaccine Dev Program, Washington, DC 20523 USA.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 938
EP 939
DI 10.1038/430938a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800061
PM 15318238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elzerman, JM
   Hanson, R
   van Beveren, LHW
   Witkamp, B
   Vandersypen, LMK
   Kouwenhoven, LP
AF Elzerman, JM
   Hanson, R
   van Beveren, LHW
   Witkamp, B
   Vandersypen, LMK
   Kouwenhoven, LP
TI Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID state
AB Spin is a fundamental property of all elementary particles. Classically it can be viewed as a tiny magnetic moment, but a measurement of an electron spin along the direction of an external magnetic field can have only two outcomes(1): parallel or anti-parallel to the field. This discreteness reflects the quantum mechanical nature of spin. Ensembles of many spins have found diverse applications ranging from magnetic resonance imaging(2) to magneto-electronic devices(3), while individual spins are considered as carriers for quantum information. Read-out of single spin states has been achieved using optical techniques(4), and is within reach of magnetic resonance force microscopy(5). However, electrical read-out of single spins(6-13) has so far remained elusive. Here we demonstrate electrical single-shot measurement of the state of an individual electron spin in a semiconductor quantum dot(14). We use spin-to-charge conversion of a single electron confined in the dot, and detect the single-electron charge using a quantum point contact; the spin measurement visibility is similar to65%. Furthermore, we observe very long single-spin energy relaxation times (up to similar to0.85 ms at a magnetic field of 8 T), which are encouraging for the use of electron spins as carriers of quantum information.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci Delft, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, ERATO, Mesoscop Correlat Project, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology
RP Vandersypen, LMK (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci Delft, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM lieven@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 30
TC 1489
Z9 1721
U1 3
U2 221
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 431
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature02693
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400036
PM 15269762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cockburn, JJB
   Abrescia, NGA
   Grimes, JM
   Sutton, GC
   Diprose, JM
   Benevides, JM
   Thomas, GJ Jr
   Bamford, JKH
   Bamford, DH
   Stuart, DI
AF Cockburn, JJB
   Abrescia, NGA
   Grimes, JM
   Sutton, GC
   Diprose, JM
   Benevides, JM
   Thomas, GJ Jr
   Bamford, JKH
   Bamford, DH
   Stuart, DI
TI Membrane structure and interactions with protein and DNA in bacteriophage PRD1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viral membrane; internal membrane; cryoelectron microscopy; bacterial-virus; unique vertex; prd1; organization; model
AB Membranes are essential for selectively controlling the passage of molecules in and out of cells and mediating the response of cells to their environment. Biological membranes and their associated proteins present considerable difficulties for structural analysis. Although enveloped viruses have been imaged at about 9 Angstrom resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction(1,2), no detailed crystallographic structure of a membrane system has been described. The structure of the bacteriophage PRD1 particle, determined by X-ray crystallography at about 4 Angstrom resolution, allows the first detailed analysis of a membrane-containing virus(3). The architecture of the viral capsid and its implications for virus assembly are presented in the accompanying paper(3). Here we show that the electron density also reveals the icosahedral lipid bilayer, beneath the protein capsid, enveloping the viral DNA. The viral membrane contains about 26,000 lipid molecules asymmetrically distributed between the membrane leaflets. The inner leaflet is composed predominantly of zwitterionic phosphatidylethanolamine molecules, facilitating a very close interaction with the viral DNA, which we estimate to be packaged to a pressure of about 45 atm, factors that are likely to be important during membrane-mediated DNA translocation into the host cell. In contrast, the outer leaflet is enriched in phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, which show a marked lateral segregation within the icosahedral asymmetric unit. In addition, the lipid headgroups show a surprising degree of order.
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Div Struct Biol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Oxford, Cent Chem Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
   Univ Missouri, Sch Biol Sci, Div Cell Biol & Biophys, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Fac Biosci, Viikki Bioctr, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Oxford; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Kansas City; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
RP Stuart, DI (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Div Struct Biol, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
EM dave@strubi.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 113
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 122
EP 125
DI 10.1038/nature03053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900053
PM 15525993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohling, EJ
   Marsh, R
   Wells, NC
   Siddall, M
   Edwards, NR
AF Rohling, EJ
   Marsh, R
   Wells, NC
   Siddall, M
   Edwards, NR
TI Similar meltwater contributions to glacial sea level changes from Antarctic and northern ice sheets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; greenland; record; cycle; instability; maximum; events; period; model; core
AB The period between 75,000 and 20,000 years ago was characterized by high variability in climate(1-12) and sea level(13,14). Southern Ocean records of ice-rafted debris(15) suggest a significant contribution to the sea level changes from melt water of Antarctic origin, in addition to likely contributions from northern ice sheets, but the relative volumes of melt water from northern and southern sources have yet to be established. Here we simulate the first-order impact of a range of relative meltwater releases from the two polar regions on the distribution of marine oxygen isotopes, using an intermediate complexity model. By comparing our simulations with oxygen isotope data from sediment cores, we infer that the contributions from Antarctica and the northern ice sheets to the documented sea level rises between 65,000 and 35,000 years ago(13) were approximately equal, each accounting for a rise of about 15 m. The reductions in Antarctic ice volume implied by our analysis are comparable to that inferred previously for the Antarctic contribution to meltwater pulse 1A (refs 16, 17), which occurred about 14,200 years ago, during the last deglaciation.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Bern
RP Rohling, EJ (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM e.rohling@soc.soton.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/T/S/2002/00455] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 82
U1 1
U2 392
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1016
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature02859
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900040
PM 15329718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregory, RI
   Yan, KP
   Amuthan, G
   Chendrimada, T
   Doratotaj, B
   Cooch, N
   Shiekhattar, R
AF Gregory, RI
   Yan, KP
   Amuthan, G
   Chendrimada, T
   Doratotaj, B
   Cooch, N
   Shiekhattar, R
TI The Microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rnase-iii; expression; brca1
AB MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a growing family of small non-protein-coding regulatory genes that regulate the expression of homologous target-gene transcripts. They have been implicated in the control of cell death and proliferation in flies(1,2), haematopoietic lineage differentiation in mammals(3), neuronal patterning in nematodes(4) and leaf and flower development in plants(5-8). miRNAs are processed by the RNA-mediated interference machinery. Drosha is an RNase III enzyme that was recently implicated in miRNA processing. Here we show that human Drosha is a component of two multi-protein complexes. The larger complex contains multiple classes of RNA-associated proteins including RNA helicases, proteins that bind double-stranded RNA, novel heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and the Ewing's sarcoma family of proteins. The smaller complex is composed of Drosha and the double-stranded-RNA-binding protein, DGCR8, the product of a gene deleted in DiGeorge syndrome. In vivo knock-down and in vitro reconstitution studies revealed that both components of this smaller complex, termed Microprocessor, are necessary and sufficient in mediating the genesis of miRNAs from the primary miRNA transcript.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute
RP Shiekhattar, R (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM shiekhattar@wistar.upenn.edu
NR 23
TC 2156
Z9 2811
U1 1
U2 214
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 235
EP 240
DI 10.1038/nature03120
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200050
PM 15531877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martens, JA
   Laprade, L
   Winston, F
AF Martens, JA
   Laprade, L
   Winston, F
TI Intergenic transcription is required to repress the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SER3 gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; promoter; interference; yeast; termination; components; binding; swi/snf; forms
AB Transcription by RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in humans is widespread, even in genomic regions that do not encode proteins(1-6). The purpose of such intergenic transcription is largely unknown, although it can be regulatory(7,8). We have discovered a role for one case of intergenic transcription by studying the S. cerevisiae SER3 gene. Our previous results demonstrated that transcription of SER3 is tightly repressed during growth in rich medium(9). We now show that the regulatory region of this gene is highly transcribed under these conditions and produces a non-protein-coding RNA (SRG1). Expression of the SRG1 RNA is required for repression of SER3. Additional experiments have demonstrated that repression occurs by a transcription-interference mechanism in which SRG1 transcription across the SER3 promoter interferes with the binding of activators. This work identifies a previously unknown class of transcriptional regulatory genes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Winston, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM winston@genetics.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 485
Z9 593
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 571
EP 574
DI 10.1038/nature02538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700042
PM 15175754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Drug discovery - The leading edge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 24
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 109
EP +
DI 10.1038/430109a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800054
PM 15229608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schweinfest, R
   Paxton, AT
   Finnis, MW
AF Schweinfest, R
   Paxton, AT
   Finnis, MW
TI Bismuth embrittlement of copper is an atomic size effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grain-boundary embrittlement; segregation; interfaces; metals; energy
AB Embrittlement by the segregation of impurity elements to grain boundaries is one of a small number of phenomena that can lead to metallurgical failure by fast fracture(1). Here we settle a question that has been debated for over a hundred years(2): how can minute traces of bismuth in copper cause this ductile metal to fail in a brittle manner? Three hypotheses for Bi embrittlement of Cu exist: two assign an electronic effect to either a strengthening(3) or weakening(4) of bonds, the third postulates a simple atomic size effect(5). Here we report first principles quantum mechanical calculations that allow us to reject the electronic hypotheses, while supporting a size effect. We show that upon segregation to the grain boundary, the large Bi atoms weaken the interatomic bonding by pushing apart the Cu atoms at the interface. The resolution of the mechanism underlying grain boundary weakening should be relevant for all cases of embrittlement by oversize impurities.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys & Astron, Atom Simulat Ctr, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
C3 Queens University Belfast
RP Paxton, AT (corresponding author), Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys & Astron, Atom Simulat Ctr, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
EM Tony.Paxton@QUB.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 171
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 141
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1008
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/nature03198
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000036
PM 15616557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lottermoser, T
   Lonkai, T
   Amann, U
   Hohlwein, D
   Ihringer, J
   Fiebig, M
AF Lottermoser, T
   Lonkai, T
   Amann, U
   Hohlwein, D
   Ihringer, J
   Fiebig, M
TI Magnetic phase control by an electric field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hexagonal rmno3; ferromagnetism; polarization; manganites; bamnf4
AB The quest for higher data density in information storage is motivating investigations into approaches for manipulating magnetization by means other than magnetic fields. This is evidenced by the recent boom in magnetoelectronics and 'spin-tronics'(1), where phenomena such as carrier effects in magnetic semiconductors(2) and high-correlation effects in colossal magnetoresistive compounds(3) are studied for their device potential. The linear magnetoelectric effect - the induction of polarization by a magnetic field and of magnetization by an electric field - provides another route for linking magnetic and electric properties. It was recently discovered that composite materials and magnetic ferroelectrics exhibit magnetoelectric effects that exceed previously known effects(4,5) by orders of magnitude(6-10), with the potential to trigger magnetic or electric phase transitions. Here we report a system whose magnetic phase can be controlled by an external electric field: ferromagnetic ordering in hexagonal HoMnO3 is reversibly switched on and off by the applied field via magnetoelectric interactions. We monitor this process using magnetooptical techniques and reveal its microscopic origin by neutron and X-ray diffraction. From our results, we identify basic requirements for other candidate materials to exhibit magnetoelectric phase control.
C1 Max Born Inst, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Angew Phys, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
C3 Leibniz Association; Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics & Short Term Spectroscopy; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Fiebig, M (corresponding author), Max Born Inst, Max Born Str 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
EM fiebig@mbi-berlin.de
NR 29
TC 907
Z9 973
U1 1
U2 434
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature02728
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100042
PM 15282600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dinh, HT
   Kuever, J
   Mussmann, M
   Hassel, AW
   Stratmann, M
   Widdel, F
AF Dinh, HT
   Kuever, J
   Mussmann, M
   Hassel, AW
   Stratmann, M
   Widdel, F
TI Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate-reducing bacteria; mild-steel; cathodic hydrogen; methanogenesis; identification
AB Corrosion of iron presents a serious economic problem. Whereas aerobic corrosion is a chemical process(1), anaerobic corrosion is frequently linked to the activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB)(2-6). SRB are supposed to act upon iron primarily by produced hydrogen sulphide as a corrosive agent(3,5,7) and by consumption of 'cathodic hydrogen' formed on iron in contact with water(2-6,8). Among SRB, Desulfovibrio species - with their capacity to consume hydrogen effectively - are conventionally regarded as the main culprits of anaerobic corrosion(2-6,8-10); however, the underlying mechanisms are complex and insufficiently understood. Here we describe novel marine, corrosive types of SRB obtained via an isolation approach with metallic iron as the only electron donor. In particular, a Desulfobacterium-like isolate reduced sulphate with metallic iron much faster than conventional hydrogen-scavenging Desulfovibrio species, suggesting that the novel surface-attached cell type obtained electrons from metallic iron in a more direct manner than via free hydrogen. Similarly, a newly isolated Methanobacterium-like archaeon produced methane with iron faster than do known hydrogen-using methanogens, again suggesting a more direct access to electrons from iron than via hydrogen consumption.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Inst Mat Testing, D-28199 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Iron Res, D-40237 Dusseldorf, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Widdel, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM fwiddel@mpi-bremen.de
NR 29
TC 613
Z9 702
U1 6
U2 455
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature02321
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500037
PM 14985759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmutz, J
   Martin, J
   Terry, A
   Couronne, O
   Grimwood, J
   Lowry, S
   Gordon, LA
   Scott, D
   Xie, G
   Huang, W
   Hellsten, U
   Tran-Gyamfi, M
   She, XW
   Prabhakar, S
   Aerts, A
   Altherr, M
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Branscomb, E
   Caoile, C
   Challacombe, JF
   Chan, YM
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Goodstein, D
   Grigoriev, I
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YN
   Martinez, D
   Medina, C
   Morgan, J
   Nandkeshwar, R
   Noonan, JP
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Predki, P
   Priest, J
   Ramirez, L
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salamov, A
   Salazar, A
   Thayer, N
   Tice, H
   Tsai, M
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   Wheeler, J
   Wu, K
   Yang, J
   Dickson, M
   Cheng, JF
   Eichler, EE
   Olsen, A
   Pennacchio, LA
   Rokhsar, DS
   Richardson, P
   Lucas, SM
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
AF Schmutz, J
   Martin, J
   Terry, A
   Couronne, O
   Grimwood, J
   Lowry, S
   Gordon, LA
   Scott, D
   Xie, G
   Huang, W
   Hellsten, U
   Tran-Gyamfi, M
   She, XW
   Prabhakar, S
   Aerts, A
   Altherr, M
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Branscomb, E
   Caoile, C
   Challacombe, JF
   Chan, YM
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Goodstein, D
   Grigoriev, I
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YN
   Martinez, D
   Medina, C
   Morgan, J
   Nandkeshwar, R
   Noonan, JP
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Predki, P
   Priest, J
   Ramirez, L
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salamov, A
   Salazar, A
   Thayer, N
   Tice, H
   Tsai, M
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   Wheeler, J
   Wu, K
   Yang, J
   Dickson, M
   Cheng, JF
   Eichler, EE
   Olsen, A
   Pennacchio, LA
   Rokhsar, DS
   Richardson, P
   Lucas, SM
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
TI The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; gene; region; mouse; map; recombination; evolution; elements; cluster; domain
AB Chromosome 5 is one of the largest human chromosomes and contains numerous intrachromosomal duplications, yet it has one of the lowest gene densities. This is partially explained by numerous gene-poor regions that display a remarkable degree of noncoding conservation with non-mammalian vertebrates, suggesting that they are functionally constrained. In total, we compiled 177.7 million base pairs of highly accurate finished sequence containing 923 manually curated protein-coding genes including the protocadherin and interleukin gene families. We also completely sequenced versions of the large chromosome-5-specific internal duplications. These duplications are very recent evolutionary events and probably have a mechanistic role in human physiological variation, as deletions in these regions are the cause of debilitating disorders including spinal muscular atrophy.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Dept Genet, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   DOEs Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Computat Genom, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; Stanford University
RP Schmutz, J (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Dept Genet, 975 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM jeremy@shgc.stanford.edu; EMRubin@lbl.gov
NR 44
TC 86
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 268
EP 274
DI 10.1038/nature02919
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000030
PM 15372022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogers, ME
   Ilg, T
   Nikolaev, AV
   Ferguson, MAJ
   Bates, PA
AF Rogers, ME
   Ilg, T
   Nikolaev, AV
   Ferguson, MAJ
   Bates, PA
TI Transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis by sand flies is enhanced by regurgitation of fPPG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid-phosphatase; infective stage; mexicana; lipophosphoglycan; phosphoglycan; promastigotes; vector; proteophosphoglycans; macrophages; saliva
AB Sand flies are the exclusive vectors of the protozoan parasite Leishmania(1), but the mechanism of transmission by fly bite has not been determined nor incorporated into experimental models of infection. In sand flies with mature Leishmania infections the anterior midgut is blocked by a gel of parasite origin, the promastigote secretory gel(2,3). Here we analyse the inocula from Leishmania mexicana-infected Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Analysis revealed the size of the infectious dose, the underlying mechanism of parasite delivery by regurgitation, and the novel contribution made to infection by filamentous proteophosphoglycan (fPPG), a component of promastigote secretory gel found to accompany the parasites during transmission. Collectively these results have important implications for understanding the relationship between the parasite and its vector, the pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and also the development of effective vaccines and drugs. These findings emphasize that to fully understand transmission of vector-borne diseases the interaction between the parasite, its vector and the mammalian host must be considered together.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
   Max Planck Inst Biol, Abt Membranbiochem, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Sch Life Sci, Div Biol Chem & Mol Microbiol, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 University of Liverpool; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Max Planck Society; University of Dundee
RP Bates, PA (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
EM pbates@liv.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [064945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 210
Z9 255
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 463
EP 467
DI 10.1038/nature02675
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400046
PM 15269771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pagel, M
   Mace, R
AF Pagel, M
   Mace, R
TI The cultural wealth of nations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; languages; africa; europe
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   UCL, Dept Anthropol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of Reading; University of London; University College London
RP Pagel, M (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
EM m.pagel@reading.ac.uk; ucsadrm@ucl.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 108
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/428275a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200029
PM 15029184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kingston, T
   Rossiter, SJ
AF Kingston, T
   Rossiter, SJ
TI Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea's bats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greater horseshoe bats; rhinolophus-ferrumequinum; speciation
AB Evolutionary divergence between species is facilitated by ecological shifts, and divergence is particularly rapid when such shifts also promote assortative mating(1-3). Horseshoe bats are a diverse OldWorld family ( Rhinolophidae) that have undergone a rapid radiation in the past 5 million years(4). These insectivorous bats use a predominantly pure-tone echolocation call matched to an auditory fovea ( an over-representation of the pure-tone frequency in the cochlea and inferior colliculus(5,6)) to detect the minute changes in echo amplitude and frequency generated when an insect flutters its wings(7). The emitted signal is the accentuated second harmonic of a series in which the fundamental and remaining harmonics are filtered out(8). Here we show that three distinct, sympatric size morphs of the large-eared horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis) echolocate at different harmonics of the same fundamental frequency. These morphs have undergone recent genetic divergence, and this process has occurred in parallel more than once(9). We suggest that switching harmonics creates a discontinuity in the bats' perception of available prey that can initiate disruptive selection(1). Moreover, because call frequency in horseshoe bats has a dual function in resource acquisition and communication, ecological selection on frequency might lead to assortative mating and ultimately reproductive isolation and speciation, regardless of external barriers to gene flow(1-3).
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ London, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 Boston University; University of London; University of Bristol
RP Kingston, T (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM tigga@bu.edu
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/I/S/2002/00732] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 654
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature02487
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600039
PM 15190351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dawkins, MS
   Donnelly, CA
   Jones, TA
AF Dawkins, MS
   Donnelly, CA
   Jones, TA
TI Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID foot-pad dermatitis; broiler-chickens; leg weakness; performance; prevalence; behavior
AB Intensive broiler ( meat) chicken production now exceeds 800 million birds each year in the United Kingdom and 2 x 10(10) birds worldwide(1), but it attracts accusations of poor welfare(2,3). The European Union is currently adopting standards for broilers aimed at a chief welfare concern - namely, overcrowding - by limiting maximum ' stocking density' ( bird weight per unit area). It is not clear, however, whether this will genuinely improve bird welfare because evidence is contradictory(4-10). Here we report on broiler welfare in relation to the European Union proposals through a large- scale study ( 2.7 million birds) with the unprecedented cooperation of ten major broiler producers in an experimental manipulation of stocking density under a range of commercial conditions. Producer companies stocked birds to five different final densities, but otherwise followed company practice, which we recorded in addition to temperature, humidity, litter and air quality. We assessed welfare through mortality, physiology, behaviour and health, with an emphasis on leg health and walking ability. Our results show that differences among producers in the environment that they provide for chickens have more impact on welfare than has stocking density itself.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Dawkins, MS (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM marian.dawkins@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 494
Z9 578
U1 4
U2 244
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/nature02226
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200038
PM 14737165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiepiela, P
   Leslie, AJ
   Honeyborne, I
   Ramduth, D
   Thobakgale, C
   Chetty, S
   Rathnavalu, P
   Moore, C
   Pfafferott, KJ
   Hilton, L
   Zimbwa, P
   Moore, S
   Allen, T
   Brander, C
   Addo, MM
   Altfeld, M
   James, I
   Mallal, S
   Bunce, M
   Barber, LD
   Szinger, J
   Day, C
   Klenerman, P
   Mullins, J
   Korber, B
   Coovadia, HM
   Walker, BD
   Goulder, PJR
AF Kiepiela, P
   Leslie, AJ
   Honeyborne, I
   Ramduth, D
   Thobakgale, C
   Chetty, S
   Rathnavalu, P
   Moore, C
   Pfafferott, KJ
   Hilton, L
   Zimbwa, P
   Moore, S
   Allen, T
   Brander, C
   Addo, MM
   Altfeld, M
   James, I
   Mallal, S
   Bunce, M
   Barber, LD
   Szinger, J
   Day, C
   Klenerman, P
   Mullins, J
   Korber, B
   Coovadia, HM
   Walker, BD
   Goulder, PJR
TI Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential co-evolution of HIV and HLA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-i molecules; immune-responses; virus; aids; transmission; progression; infection; alleles; advantage; evolution
AB The extreme polymorphism in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I region of the human genome is suggested to provide an advantage in pathogen defence mediated by CD8(+) T cells(1-3). HLA class I molecules present pathogen-derived peptides on the surface of infected cells for recognition by CD8(+) T cells. However, the relative contributions of HLA-A and -B alleles have not been evaluated. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the class I restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), immune control of which is dependent upon virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell activity(4,5). In 375 HIV-1-infected study subjects from southern Africa, a significantly greater number of CD8(+) T-cell responses are HLA-B-restricted, compared to HLA-A (2.5-fold; P = 0.0033). Here we show that variation in viral set-point, in absolute CD4 count and, by inference, in rate of disease progression in the cohort, is strongly associated with particular HLA-B but not HLA-A allele expression (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.91, respectively). Moreover, substantially greater selection pressure is imposed on HIV-1 by HLA-B alleles than by HLA-A (4.4-fold, P = 0.0003). These data indicate that the principal focus of HIV-specific activity is at the HLA-B locus. Furthermore, HLA-B gene frequencies in the population are those likely to be most influenced by HIV disease, consistent with the observation that B alleles evolve more rapidly than A alleles(6-8). The dominant involvement of HLA-B in influencing HIV disease outcome is of specific relevance to the direction of HIV research and to vaccine design.
C1 Univ KwaZuluNatal, Doris Duke Med Res Inst, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, ZA-4015 Durban, South Africa.
   Nuffield Dept Med, Dept Paediat, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
   Royal Perth Hosp, Ctr Clin Immunol & Biomed Stat, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
   Murdoch Univ, Royal Perth Hosp, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
   Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Dynal Biotech Ltd, Wirral CH62 3QL, Merseyside, England.
   Royal Free Hosp, Anthony Nolan Res Inst, London NW3 2QG, England.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA.
C3 University of Kwazulu Natal; University of Oxford; East Metropolitan Health Service; Royal Perth Hospital; University of Western Australia; East Metropolitan Health Service; Royal Perth Hospital; Murdoch University; University of Western Australia; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; The Santa Fe Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Goulder, PJR (corresponding author), Univ KwaZuluNatal, Doris Duke Med Res Inst, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, 719 Umbilo Rd, ZA-4015 Durban, South Africa.
EM philip.goulder@ndm.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 653
Z9 767
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 769
EP 774
DI 10.1038/nature03113
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200052
PM 15592417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noskov, SY
   Bernèche, S
   Roux, B
AF Noskov, SY
   Bernèche, S
   Roux, B
TI Control of ion selectivity in potassium channels by electrostatic and dynamic properties of carbonyl ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; conduction; permeation; energy; filter; na+; simulations; mutations; occupancy; proteins
AB Potassium channels are essential for maintaining a normal ionic balance across cell membranes. Central to this function is the ability of such channels to support transmembrane ion conduction at nearly diffusion-limited rates while discriminating for K+ over Na+ by more than a thousand-fold. This selectivity arises because the transfer of the K+ ion into the channel pore is energetically favoured, a feature commonly attributed to a structurally precise fit between the K+ ion and carbonyl groups lining the rigid and narrow pore(1). But proteins are relatively flexible structures(2,3) that undergo rapid thermal atomic fluctuations larger than the small difference in ionic radius between K+ and Na+. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations for the potassium channel KcsA, which show that the carbonyl groups coordinating the ion in the narrow pore are indeed very dynamic ('liquid-like') and that their intrinsic electrostatic properties control ion selectivity. This finding highlights the importance of the classical concept of field strength(4). Selectivity for K+ is seen to emerge as a robust feature of a flexible fluctuating pore lined by carbonyl groups.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem & Struct Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Div Struct Biol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; University of Basel
RP Roux, B (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem & Struct Biol, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM benoit.roux@med.cornell.edu
NR 32
TC 497
Z9 582
U1 1
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 830
EP 834
DI 10.1038/nature02943
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500043
PM 15483608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klausmeier, CA
   Litchman, E
   Daufresne, T
   Levin, SA
AF Klausmeier, CA
   Litchman, E
   Daufresne, T
   Levin, SA
TI Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-p; ratios; productivity
AB Redfield noted the similarity between the average nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio in plankton (N: P = 16 by atoms) and in deep oceanic waters (N: P = 15; refs 1, 2). He argued that this was neither a coincidence, nor the result of the plankton adapting to the oceanic stoichiometry, but rather that phytoplankton adjust the N: P stoichiometry of the ocean to meet their requirements through nitrogen fixation, an idea supported by recent modelling studies(3,4). But what determines the N: P requirements of phytoplankton? Here we use a stoichiometrically explicit model of phytoplankton physiology and resource competition to derive from first principles the optimal phytoplankton stoichiometry under diverse ecological scenarios. Competitive equilibrium favours greater allocation to P-poor resource-acquisition machinery and therefore a higher N: P ratio; exponential growth favours greater allocation to P-rich assembly machinery and therefore a lower N: P ratio. P-limited environments favour slightly less allocation to assembly than N-limited or light-limited environments. The model predicts that optimal N: P ratios will vary from 8.2 to 45.0, depending on the ecological conditions. Our results show that the canonical Redfield N: P ratio of 16 is not a universal biochemical optimum, but instead represents an average of species-specific N: P ratios.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Klausmeier, CA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM christopher.klausmeier@biology.gatech.edu
NR 30
TC 741
Z9 901
U1 10
U2 559
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 171
EP 174
DI 10.1038/nature02454
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300038
PM 15141209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lebrun, F
   Terrier, R
   Bazzano, A
   Bélanger, G
   Bird, A
   Bouchet, L
   Dean, A
   Del Santo, M
   Goldwurm, A
   Lund, N
   Morand, H
   Parmar, A
   Paul, J
   Roques, JP
   Schönfelder, V
   Strong, AW
   Ubertini, P
   Walter, R
   Winkler, C
AF Lebrun, F
   Terrier, R
   Bazzano, A
   Bélanger, G
   Bird, A
   Bouchet, L
   Dean, A
   Del Santo, M
   Goldwurm, A
   Lund, N
   Morand, H
   Parmar, A
   Paul, J
   Roques, JP
   Schönfelder, V
   Strong, AW
   Ubertini, P
   Walter, R
   Winkler, C
TI Compact sources as the origin of the soft γ-ray emission of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic ridge; imager; galaxy
AB The Milky Way is known to be an abundant source of gamma-ray photons(1), now determined to be mainly diffuse in nature and resulting from interstellar processes(2). In the soft gamma-ray domain, point sources are expected to dominate, but the lack of sensitive high-resolution observations did not allow for a clear estimate of the contribution from such sources(3,4). Even the best imaging experiment(5) revealed only a few point sources, accounting for about 50% of the total Galactic flux(6). Theoretical studies were unable to explain the remaining intense diffuse emission(7,8). Investigating the origin of the soft gamma-rays is therefore necessary to determine the dominant particle acceleration processes and to gain insights into the physical and chemical equilibrium of the interstellar medium(7). Here we report observations in the soft gamma-ray domain that reveal numerous compact sources. We show that these sources account for the entirety of the Milky Way's emission in soft gamma-rays, leaving at most a minor role for diffuse processes.
C1 CEA Saclay, DAPNIA, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Coll France, Federat Rech APC, F-75231 Paris, France.
   CNR, IASF, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   CESR, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France.
   DSRI, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   ESA, RSSD, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   MPE, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   ISDC, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite PSL; College de France; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Southampton; Max Planck Society; University of Geneva
RP Lebrun, F (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, DAPNIA, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM flebrun@cea.fr
NR 20
TC 63
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/nature02407
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200036
PM 15029189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klaholz, BP
   Myasnikov, AG
   van Heel, M
AF Klaholz, BP
   Myasnikov, AG
   van Heel, M
TI Visualization of release factor 3 on the ribosome during termination of protein synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elongation-factor-g; aminoacyl-transfer-rna; escherichia-coli; factor-tu; angstrom resolution; codon-recognition; crystal-structure; gtpase activity; 70s ribosome; factor rf3
AB Termination of protein synthesis by the ribosome requires two release factor (RF) classes. The class II RF3 is a GTPase that removes class I RFs (RF1 or RF2) from the ribosome after release of the nascent polypeptide(1-3). RF3 in the GDP state binds to the ribosomal class I RF complex, followed by an exchange of GDP for GTP and release of the class I RF. As GTP hydrolysis triggers release of RF3 (ref. 4), we trapped RF3 on Escherichia coli ribosomes using a nonhydrolysable GTP analogue. Here we show by cryo-electron microscopy that the complex can adopt two different conformational states. In 'state 1', RF3 is pre-bound to the ribosome, whereas in 'state 2' RF3 contacts the ribosome GTPase centre. The transfer RNA molecule translocates from the peptidyl site in state 1 to the exit site in state 2. This translocation is associated with a large conformational rearrangement of the ribosome. Because state 1 seems able to accommodate simultaneously both RF3 and RF2, whose position is known from previous studies(5,6), we can infer the release mechanism of class I RFs.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AY, England.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, INSERM,Dept Struct Biol & Gen, Inst Genet & Mol & Cellular Biol, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Belozersky Inst, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 Imperial College London; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Klaholz, BP (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, London SW7 2AY, England.
EM klaholz@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 28
TC 114
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 862
EP 865
DI 10.1038/nature02332
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500045
PM 14985767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kangas, AT
   Evans, AR
   Thesleff, I
   Jernvall, J
AF Kangas, AT
   Evans, AR
   Thesleff, I
   Jernvall, J
TI Nonindependence of mammalian dental characters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphological evidence; molecular-data; ectodysplasin; gene; phenotype; evolution; receptor; teeth; mouse; edar
AB Studies of mammalian evolution frequently use data derived from the dentition(1-4). Dental characters are particularly central for inferring phylogenetic relationships of fossil taxa(1-4), of which teeth are often the only recovered part. The use of different aspects of dental morphology as phylogenetic signals implies the independence of dental characters from each other. Here we report, however, that, at least developmentally, most dental characters may be nonindependent. We investigated how three different levels of the cell signalling protein ectodysplasin (Eda)(5) changed dental characters in mouse. We found that with increasing expression levels of this one gene, the number of cusps increases, cusp shapes and positions change, longitudinal crests form, and number of teeth increases. The consistent modification of characters related to lateral placement of cusps can be traced to a small difference in the formation of an early signalling centre at the onset of tooth crown formation. Our results suggest that most aspects of tooth shape have the developmental potential for correlated changes during evolution which may, if not taken into account, obscure phylogenetic history.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Dev Biol Program, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Jernvall, J (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Dev Biol Program, POB 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM jernvall@fastmail.fm
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 211
EP 214
DI 10.1038/nature02927
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200044
PM 15538367
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kennedy, S
   Wang, D
   Ruvkun, G
AF Kennedy, S
   Wang, D
   Ruvkun, G
TI A conserved siRNA-degrading RNase negatively regulates RNA interference in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; messenger-rna; genetic interference; escherichia-coli; protein; induction; interacts; pathway; domain; rde-1
AB In many organisms, introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes the degradation of messenger RNA that is homologous to the trigger dsRNA-a process known as RNA interference. The dsRNA is cleaved into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which hybridize to homologous mRNAs and induce their degradation(1). dsRNAs vary in their ability to trigger RNA interference: many mRNA-targeting dsRNAs show weak phenotypes, and nearly all mRNAs of the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system are refractory to RNA interference(2-4). C. elegans eri-1 was identified in a genetic screen for mutants with enhanced sensitivity to dsRNAs. Here we show that eri-1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with domains homologous to nucleic-acid-binding and exonuclease proteins. After exposure to dsRNA or siRNAs, animals with eri-1 mutations accumulate more siRNAs than do wild-type animals. C. elegans ERI-1 and its human orthologue degrade siRNAs in vitro. In the nematode worm, ERI-1 is predominantly cytoplasmic and is expressed most highly in the gonad and a subset of neurons, suggesting that ERI-1 siRNase activity suppresses RNA interference more intensely in these tissues. Thus, ERI-1 is a negative regulator that may normally function to limit the duration, cell-type specificity or endogenous functions of RNA interference.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ruvkun, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM ruvkun@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 466
Z9 613
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 645
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature02302
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300044
PM 14961122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lanzetti, L
   Palamidessi, A
   Areces, L
   Scita, G
   Di Fiore, PP
AF Lanzetti, L
   Palamidessi, A
   Areces, L
   Scita, G
   Di Fiore, PP
TI Rab5 is a signalling GTPase involved in actin remodelling by receptor tyrosine kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidermal-growth-factor; alpha-actinin; nucleotide exchange; stimulated cells; rho gtpases; ras; macropinocytosis; activation; binding; eps8
AB Rab5 is a small GTPase involved in the control of intracellular trafficking, both at the level of receptor endocytosis and endosomal dynamics(1). The finding that Rab5 can be activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)(2) raised the question of whether it also participates in effector pathways emanating from these receptors. Here we show that Rab5 is indispensable for a form of RTK-induced actin remodelling, called circular ruffling. Three independent signals, originating from Rab5, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase and Rac, respectively, are simultaneously required for the induction of circular ruffles. Rab5 signals to the actin cytoskeleton through RN-tre, a previously identified Rab5-specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP)(3). Here we demonstrate that RN-tre has the dual function of Rab(5)-GAP and Rab5 effector. We also show that RN-tre is critical for macropinocytosis, a process previously connected to the formation of circular ruffles(4,5). Finally, RN-tre interacts with both F-actin and actinin-4, an F-actin bundling protein. We propose that RN-tre establishes a three-pronged connection with Rab5, F-actin and actinin-4. This may aid crosslinking of actin fibres into actin networks at the plasma membrane. Thus, we have shown that Rab5 is a signalling GTPase and have elucidated the major molecular elements of its downstream pathway.
C1 Ist Europeo Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Ist FIRC Oncol Mol, IFOM, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Med Chirurg & Odontoiatria, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Milan
RP Di Fiore, PP (corresponding author), Ist Europeo Oncol, Via Ripamonti 435, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
EM difiore@ifom-firc.it
NR 29
TC 234
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 309
EP 314
DI 10.1038/nature02542
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900046
PM 15152255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borg, LE
   Shearer, CK
   Asmerom, Y
   Papike, JJ
AF Borg, LE
   Shearer, CK
   Asmerom, Y
   Papike, JJ
TI Prolonged KREEP magmatism on the Moon indicated by the youngest dated lunar igneous rock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northwest africa-773; mare basalts; chronology; crystallization; highlands; volcanism; evolution; origin; suite
AB Primordial solidification of the Moon (or its uppermost layer) resulted in the formation of a variety of rock types that subsequently melted and mixed to produce the compositional diversity observed in the lunar sample suite(1,2). The initial rocks to crystallize from this Moon-wide molten layer (the magma ocean) contained olivine and pyroxene and were compositionally less evolved than the plagioclase-rich rocks that followed. The last stage of crystallization, representing the last few per cent of the magma ocean, produced materials that are strongly enriched in incompatible elements including potassium (K), the rare earth elements (REE) and phosphorus (P)-termed KREEP3-5. The decay of radioactive elements in KREEP, such as uranium and thorium, is generally thought to provide the thermal energy necessary for more recent lunar magmatism(4,6,7). The ages of KREEP-rich samples are, however, confined to the earliest periods of lunar magmatism between 3.8 and 4.6 billion years (Gyr) ago(8,9), providing no physical evidence that KREEP is directly involved in more recent lunar magmatism. But here we present evidence that KREEP magmatism extended for an additional 1 Gyr, based on analyses of the youngest dated lunar sample.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico
RP Borg, LE (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Inst Meteorit, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
EM lborg@unm.edu
NR 24
TC 114
Z9 132
U1 4
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 209
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature03070
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200043
PM 15538366
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trujillo Bueno, J
   Shchukina, N
   Ramos, AA
AF Trujillo Bueno, J
   Shchukina, N
   Ramos, AA
TI A substantial amount of hidden magnetic energy in the quiet Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2nd solar spectrum; scattering polarization; fields; turbulent; diagnostics; photosphere; lines; chromosphere; atmosphere; network
AB Deciphering and understanding the small-scale magnetic activity of the quiet solar photosphere should help to solve many of the key problems of solar and stellar physics, such as the magnetic coupling to the outer atmosphere and the coronal heating(1-3). At present, we can see only similar to1 per cent of the complex magnetism of the quiet Sun(1,4-7), which highlights the need to develop a reliable way to investigate the remaining 99 per cent. Here we report three-dimensional radiative transfer modelling of scattering polarization in atomic and molecular lines that indicates the presence of hidden, mixed-polarity fields on subresolution scales. Combining this modelling with recent observational data(8-11), we find a ubiquitous tangled magnetic field with an average strength of similar to130 G, which is much stronger in the intergranular regions of solar surface convection than in the granular regions. So the average magnetic energy density in the quiet solar photosphere is at least two orders of magnitude greater than that derived from simplistic one-dimensional investigations(12,13), and sufficient to balance radiative energy losses from the solar chromosphere.
C1 Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain.
   CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Natl Acad Sci, Main Astron Observ, UA-03680 Kiev, Ukraine.
C3 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); National Academy of Sciences Ukraine; Main Astronomical Observatory of NASU
RP Trujillo Bueno, J (corresponding author), Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38205 Tenerife, Spain.
EM jtb@iac.es
NR 30
TC 379
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 326
EP 329
DI 10.1038/nature02669
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200034
PM 15254531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luscombe, NM
   Babu, MM
   Yu, HY
   Snyder, M
   Teichmann, SA
   Gerstein, M
AF Luscombe, NM
   Babu, MM
   Yu, HY
   Snyder, M
   Teichmann, SA
   Gerstein, M
TI Genomic analysis of regulatory network dynamics reveals large topological changes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; transcription factors; small-world; program; motifs; cells
AB Network analysis has been applied widely, providing a unifying language to describe disparate systems ranging from social interactions to power grids. It has recently been used in molecular biology, but so far the resulting networks have only been analysed statically(1-8). Here we present the dynamics of a biological network on a genomic scale, by integrating transcriptional regulatory information(9-11) and gene-expression data(12-16) for multiple conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We develop an approach for the statistical analysis of network dynamics, called SANDY, combining well-known global topological measures, local motifs and newly derived statistics. We uncover large changes in underlying network architecture that are unexpected given current viewpoints and random simulations. In response to diverse stimuli, transcription factors alter their interactions to varying degrees, thereby rewiring the network. A few transcription factors serve as permanent hubs, but most act transiently only during certain conditions. By studying sub-network structures, we show that environmental responses facilitate fast signal propagation (for example, with short regulatory cascades), whereas the cell cycle and sporulation direct temporal progression through multiple stages (for example, with highly inter-connected transcription factors). Indeed, to drive the latter processes forward, phase-specific transcription factors interregulate serially, and ubiquitously active transcription factors layer above them in a two-tiered hierarchy. We anticipate that many of the concepts presented here-particularly the large-scale topological changes and hub transience-will apply to other biological networks, including complex sub-systems in higher eukaryotes.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Comp Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Div Struct Studies, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Luscombe, NM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 208114, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM sandy@bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu
NR 28
TC 714
Z9 843
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 308
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature02782
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000041
PM 15372033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winkler, WC
   Nahvi, A
   Roth, A
   Collins, JA
   Breaker, RR
AF Winkler, WC
   Nahvi, A
   Roth, A
   Collins, JA
   Breaker, RR
TI Control of gene expression by a natural metabolite-responsive ribozyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna structure; intrinsic transcription termination; allosteric ribozymes; molecular switches; mechanism; riboswitches; selection; bacteria; introns
AB Most biological catalysts are made of protein; however, eight classes of natural ribozymes have been discovered that catalyse fundamental biochemical reactions. The central functions of ribozymes in modern organisms support the hypothesis that life passed through an 'RNA world' before the emergence of proteins and DNA. We have identified a new class of ribozymes that cleaves the messenger RNA of the glmS gene in Gram-positive bacteria. The ribozyme is activated by glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P), which is the metabolic product of the GlmS enzyme. Additional data indicate that the ribozyme serves as a metabolite-responsive genetic switch that represses the glmS gene in response to rising GlcN6P concentrations. These findings demonstrate that ribozyme switches may have functioned as metabolite sensors in primitive organisms, and further suggest that modern cells retain some of these ancient genetic control systems.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Breaker, RR (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM ronald.breaker@yale.edu
NR 40
TC 717
Z9 1004
U1 0
U2 155
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 281
EP 286
DI 10.1038/nature02362
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200034
PM 15029187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bai, YF
   Han, XG
   Wu, JG
   Chen, ZZ
   Li, LH
AF Bai, YF
   Han, XG
   Wu, JG
   Chen, ZZ
   Li, LH
TI Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; diversity; dynamics; ecology
AB Numerous studies have suggested that biodiversity reduces variability in ecosystem productivity through compensatory effects(1-6); that is, a species increases in its abundance in response to the reduction of another in a fluctuating environment(1,7). But this view has been challenged on several grounds(8-10). Because most studies have been based on artificially constructed grasslands with short duration, long-term studies of natural ecosystems are needed. On the basis of a 24-year study of the Inner Mongolia grassland, here we present three key findings. First, that January-July precipitation is the primary climatic factor causing fluctuations in community biomass production; second, that ecosystem stability (conversely related to variability in community biomass production) increases progressively along the hierarchy of organizational levels (that is, from species to functional group to whole community); and finally, that the community-level stability seems to arise from compensatory interactions among major components at both species and functional group levels. From a hierarchical perspective, our results corroborate some previous findings of compensatory effects(1,4,7,11). Undisturbed mature steppe ecosystems seem to culminate with high biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem stability concurrently. Because these relationships are correlational, further studies are necessary to verify the causation among these factors. Our study provides new insights for better management and restoration of the rapidly degrading Inner Mongolia grassland.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Quantitat Vegetat Ecol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China.
   Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Fac Ecol Evolut & Environm Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Botany, CAS; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Wu, JG (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Quantitat Vegetat Ecol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China.
EM Jingle.Wu@asu.edu
NR 30
TC 1048
Z9 1434
U1 49
U2 1443
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature02850
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000043
PM 15356630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Votier, SC
   Furness, RW
   Bearhop, S
   Crane, JE
   Caldow, RWG
   Catry, P
   Ensor, K
   Hamer, KC
   Hudson, AV
   Kalmbach, E
   Klomp, NI
   Pfeiffer, S
   Phillips, RA
   Prieto, I
   Thompson, DR
AF Votier, SC
   Furness, RW
   Bearhop, S
   Crane, JE
   Caldow, RWG
   Catry, P
   Ensor, K
   Hamer, KC
   Hudson, AV
   Kalmbach, E
   Klomp, NI
   Pfeiffer, S
   Phillips, RA
   Prieto, I
   Thompson, DR
TI Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skuas catharacta-skua; great skuas; north-sea; commercial fishery; food availability; shetland; predation; kittiwakes; numbers; ecology
AB It is clear that discards from commercial fisheries are a key food resource for many seabird species around the world(1-8). But predicting the response of seabird communities to changes in discard rates is problematic and requires historical data to elucidate the confounding effects of other, more 'natural' ecological processes. In the North Sea, declining stocks, changes in technical measures, changes in population structure(9) and the establishment of a recovery programme for cod (Gadus morhua(10)) will alter the amount of fish discarded. This region also supports internationally important populations of seabirds(11), some of which feed extensively, but facultatively, on discards, in particular on undersized haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus)(1-3). Here we use long-term data sets from the northern North Sea to show that there is a direct link between discard availability and discard use by a generalist predator and scavenger-the great skua (Stercorarius skua). Reduced rates of discarding, particularly when coupled with reduced availability of small shoaling pelagic fish such as sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), result in an increase in predation by great skuas on other birds. This switching of prey by a facultative scavenger presents a potentially serious threat to some seabird communities.
C1 Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol & Biochem, Ctr Med Biol, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Winfrith Newburgh, Winfrith Technol Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, Dorset, England.
   ISPA, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, Lisbon, Portugal.
   Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Anim Ecol, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
   Charles Sturt Univ, Johnstone Ctr, Sch Environm & Informat Sci, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia.
   Univ Jena, Inst Ecol, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.
C3 University of Glasgow; Queens University Belfast; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Instituto Superior Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA); University of Leeds; University of Groningen; Charles Sturt University; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand
RP Votier, SC (corresponding author), Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
EM s.votier@bio.gla.ac.uk; r.furness@bio.gla.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 218
Z9 254
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature02315
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000041
PM 14973483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ricklefs, RE
AF Ricklefs, RE
TI Cladogenesis and morphological diversification in passerine birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptive radiation; evolution; tempo; mode; speciation; finches
AB Morphological diversity tends to increase within evolving lineages over time(1,2), but the relative roles of gradual evolutionary change (anagenesis)(3) and abrupt shifts associated with speciation events (cladogenesis, or 'punctuated equilibrium')(4) have not been resolved for most groups of organisms(5). However, these two modes of evolution can be distinguished by the fact that morphological variance increases in proportion to time under anagenesis(6), and in proportion to the logarithm of the number of species under cladogenesis(7). Although species and time are themselves correlated, multiple regression analysis provides a statistical framework for partitioning their relative contributions. In this study, I use multiple regressions to evaluate the effects of time and species number on morphological diversity within clades of passerine birds. The results show clearly that number of species exerts a strong influence on morphological variance independent of time, but that time has no unique effect. Thus, morphological evolution in birds seems to be associated with cladogenesis. How lineage splitting promotes morphological diversification poses an important challenge to ecologists and evolutionary biologists.
C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis
RP Ricklefs, RE (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, 8001 Nat Bridge Rd, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
EM ricklefs@umsl.edu
NR 20
TC 90
Z9 104
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature02700
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200038
PM 15254535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallace, SC
   Wang, XM
AF Wallace, SC
   Wang, XM
TI Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early pliocene; plants
AB Late Cenozoic terrestrial fossil records of North America are biased by a predominance of mid-latitude deposits, mostly in the western half of the continent. Consequently, the biological history of eastern North America, including the eastern deciduous forest, remains largely hidden. Unfortunately, vertebrate fossil sites from this vast region are rare(1,2), and few pertain to the critically important late Tertiary period, during which intensified global climatic changes took place(3,4). Moreover, strong phylogenetic affinities between the flora of eastern North America and eastern Asia clearly demonstrate formerly contiguous connections, but disparity among shared genera ( eastern Asia - eastern North America disjunction) implies significant periods of separation since at least the Miocene epoch(1,2). Lacustrine sediments deposited within a former sinkhole in the southern Appalachian Mountains provide a rare example of a late Miocene to early Pliocene terrestrial biota from a forested ecosystem(5). Here we show that the vertebrate remains contained within this deposit represent a unique combination of North American and Eurasian taxa. A new genus and species of the red ( lesser) panda ( Pristinailurus bristoli), the earliest and most primitive so far known, was recovered. Also among the fauna are a new species of Eurasian badger (Arctomeles dimolodontus) and the largest concentration of fossil tapirs ever recorded. Cladistical analyses of the two new carnivores strongly suggest immigration events that were earlier than and distinct from previous records(6,7), and that the close faunal affinities between eastern North America and eastern Asia in the late Tertiary period are consistent with the contemporaneous botanical record(8,9).
C1 Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
   E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA.
C3 East Tennessee State University
RP Wang, XM (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
EM xwang@nhm.org
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 556
EP 559
DI 10.1038/nature02819
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700043
PM 15457257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

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AU Collins, FS
   Lander, ES
   Rogers, J
   Waterston, RH
   Abdellah, Z
   Ahmadi, A
   Ahmed, S
   Aimable, M
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, J
   Almond, C
   Ambler, A
   Ambrose, K
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   Andrew, R
   Andrews, D
   Andrews, N
   Andrews, D
   Apweiler, E
   Arbery, H
   Archer, B
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   Ashcroft, K
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   Ashwell, R
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   Atkinson, A
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   Liu, DW
   Liu, HL
   Liu, J
   Liu, J
   Liu, K
   Liu, N
   Liu, SQ
   Liu, W
   Liu, XS
   Liu, YH
   Liu, YN
   Liu, YL
   Liu, Y
   Liu, Y
   Liu, Y
   Liu, ZW
   Lu, LF
   Lu, T
   Lu, YX
   Luo, CQ
   Lv, G
   Ma, C
   Ma, J
   Ma, QM
   Meng, SS
   Mu, F
   Ni, L
   Niu, YX
   Pan, JF
   Pan, SS
   Qi, QH
   Qi, XH
   Qian, XF
   Qian, ZM
   Qiang, BQ
   Qiao, ZY
   Ren, SX
   Rong, L
   Rong, L
   Shao, CY
   Shao, YF
   Shen, FY
   Shen, Y
   Shi, GB
   Shi, HF
   Smith, M
   Song, LP
   Song, SP
   Su, XH
   Sun, JJ
   Sun, JD
   Sun, M
   Sun, T
   Sun, W
   Sun, YQ
   Sun, Y
   Sun, Y
   Tan, XY
   Tang, XJ
   Tao, R
   Tian, CG
   Tian, W
   Tian, Y
   Tian, Y
   Tian, YQ
   Tong, JL
   Tu, YF
   Wan, M
   Wang, D
   Wang, F
   Wang, GX
   Wang, GH
   Wang, HJ
   Wang, HW
   Wang, HJ
   Wang, HF
   Wang, J
   Wang, JQ
   Wang, J
   Wang, J
   Wang, L
   Wang, LJ
   Wang, LJ
   Wang, LJ
   Wang, LQ
   Wang, SF
   Wang, S
   Wang, WJ
   Wang, XL
   Wang, XL
   Wang, XN
   Wang, XF
   Wang, XG
   Wang, Y
   Wang, Y
   Wang, YY
   Wei, SL
   Wong, GKS
   Wu, CG
   Wu, DY
   Wu, QF
   Wu, RM
   Wu, X
   Wu, XJ
   Xi, Y
   Xi, YY
   Xie, F
   Xiong, YQ
   Xu, J
   Xu, RQ
   Xu, SH
   Xu, W
   Xu, Y
   Xu, YN
   Xu, ZY
   Xuan, ZY
   Xue, R
   Xue, YL
   Yan, CX
   Yan, F
   Yan, GM
   Yang, HM
   Yang, R
   Yang, SD
   Yang, XN
   Yang, YK
   Yao, ZJ
   Ye, C
   Yin, HF
   You, B
   Yu, B
   Yu, J
   Yuan, KW
   Yuan, YD
   Yue, SJ
   Zeng, YX
   Zhai, D
   Zhang, B
   Zhang, CM
   Zhang, FM
   Zhang, GY
   Zhang, GH
   Zhang, HQ
   Zhang, HB
   Zhang, JJ
   Zhang, JC
   Zhang, LZ
   Zhang, L
   Zhang, MH
   Zhang, M
   Zhang, M
   Zhang, RH
   Zhang, TZ
   Zhang, W
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, XQ
   Zhang, W
   Zhang, Y
   Zhang, Y
   Zhang, YL
   Zhang, Y
   Zhang, YS
   Zhang, YZ
   Zhao, HM
   Zhao, LJ
   Zhao, ZJ
   Zhen, ZC
   Zheng, HB
   Zhong, M
   Zhou, HX
   Zhou, NN
   Zhou, XF
   Zhou, Y
   Zhou, Y
   Zhu, BY
   Zhu, BF
   Zhu, FH
   Zhu, GF
   Zhu, M
   Zhu, N
   Zhu, YG
   Zhu, Z
   Zhuang, ST
   Bao, WD
   Chen, B
   Chen, C
   Chen, LH
   Chen, Z
   Cui, P
   Ding, KY
   Dong, W
   Fu, G
   Gu, WY
   Huang, W
   Jia, J
   Li, W
   Liu, BY
   Luo, CQ
   Lv, G
   Niu, YX
   Qi, XH
   Ren, SX
   Rong, L
   Shen, Y
   Sheng, HH
   Song, LP
   Tan, XY
   Tian, CG
   Tu, YF
   Wang, HF
   Wang, J
   Wang, J
   Wang, JQ
   Wang, JH
   Wang, J
   Wu, QF
   Xiong, H
   Xu, J
   Yang, HM
   Yao, ZJ
   Yang, XN
   Yu, J
   Zhang, HQ
   Zhang, L
   Zhang, XL
   Zhang, YL
   Zhu, GF
   Chen, Z
   Fu, G
   Gu, J
   Huang, W
   Li, JY
   Li, ZP
   Liu, Q
   Qiang, BQ
   Shen, Y
   Wang, GH
   Wang, J
   Xu, XL
   Xu, ZH
   Yang, HM
   Yu, J
   Zhan, GP
   Sudbrak, R
   Beck, A
   BenKahla, A
   Borzym, K
   Buczek, D
   Gimmel, V
   Heitmann, K
   Hennig, S
   Klages, S
   Kosiura, A
   Kube, M
   Müller, I
   Lehrach, H
   Schmoger, S
   Yaspo, ML
   Reinhardt, R
   Blöcker, H
   Conrad, A
   Czubayko, M
   Hornischer, K
   Järke, D
   Jarek, M
   Kauer, G
   Löhnert, TH
   Nordsiek, G
   Scharfe, M
   Schön, O
   Thies, S
   Chen, E
   Babayan, P
   Chen, CN
   Heiner, C
   Ma, P
   Zollo, M
   Zuo, L
   Nagaraja, R
   Schlessinger, D
   Baertsch, R
   Birney, E
   Chen, HC
   Clawson, H
   Diekhans, M
   Eichler, E
   Fernandez-Suarez, X
   Furey, TS
   Goodstadt, L
   Hammond, M
   Haussler, D
   Hinrichs, AS
   Hsu, F
   Johnson, P
   Karolchik, D
   Kasprzyk, A
   Keefe, D
   Kent, WJ
   Kitts, P
   London, D
   Lu, YT
   Maglott, D
   McVicker, G
   Melsopp, C
   Paul, S
   Ponting, CP
   Proctor, G
   Pruitt, K
   Rice, S
   Riethman, H
   Rosenbloom, KR
   Roskin, KM
   Ruef, B
   Schmidt, E
   Schuler, G
   Schuster, M
   Severin, J
   She, XW
   Siepel, AC
   Smedley, D
   Stabenau, A
   Sugnet, CW
   Thomas, DJ
   Trumbower, H
   Ureta-Vidal, A
   Vastrik, I
   Webber, C
   Weber, RJ
   Woodwark, C
   Collins, FS
   Guyer, M
   Peterson, J
   Felsenfeld, A
   Wetterstrand, K
   Kamholz, S
TI Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recent segmental duplications; comprehensive genetic-map; dna-sequence; saccharomyces genm; physical map; chromosome; features; quality; linkage; origin
AB The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers similar to99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of similar to1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human genome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1RQ, Cambs, England.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Box 8501,4444 Forest Pk Ave, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Nine Cambridge Ctr, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Eli & Edythe Broad Inst, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, 2800 Mitchell Dr, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab LANL, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab LLNL, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Sch Med, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, 1-7-22 Suehiro Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Univ Washington, Genome Ctr, Fluke Hall Mason Rd,Box 352145, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Genoscope & CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux,CP 5706, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Genome Therapeut Corp, 100 Beaver St, Waltham, MA 02453 USA.
   Agencourt Biosci Corp, 100 Cummings Ctr, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
   Inst Syst Biol, 1441 N 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dept Genome Anal, Beutenbergstr 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Chinese Acad Sci, James D Watson Inst Genome Sci, Beijing Genom Inst, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Human Genom, Aarhus, Denmark.
   Northern Natl Genome Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Southern Natl Genome Ctr, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
   Southeast Univ, Sch Med, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.
   Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Univ Commun, Ctr Bio X Life Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   BC Canc Res Ctr, Genome Sequence Ctr, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Coll Med, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.
   Hebei Med Univ, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Peoples R China.
   Renmin Univ China, High Sch, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Wenzhou Med Coll, Wenzhou, Peoples R China.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Ihnestr 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   GBF German Res Ctr Biotechnol, Dept Genome Anal, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Perkin Elmer Corp, Adv Ctr Genet Technol, Appl Biosyst Div, Foster City, CA 94404 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Comp Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Inst Hlth, Bldg 38A,8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MS 20894 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Human Anat & Genet, MRC Funct Genet Unit, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QX, England.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, 2109 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 36th & Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Sci Management Natl Human Genome Res Inst, Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Stanford University; Baylor College of Medicine; RIKEN; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Keio University; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI); Aarhus University; Southeast University - China; Peking University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Microbiology, CAS; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Hebei Medical University; Renmin University of China; Wenzhou Medical University; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Applied Biosystems; PerkinElmer, Inc.; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University of Oxford; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; The Wistar Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
EM fc23a@nih.gov; lander@broad.mit.edu; jrh@sanger.ac.uk; waterston@gs.washington.edu
FU Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems; Direct For Biological Sciences [0834044] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 71
TC 3655
Z9 5115
U1 12
U2 394
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 931
EP 945
DI 10.1038/nature03001
PG 15
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600034
PM 15496913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Selje, N
   Simon, M
   Brinkhoff, T
AF Selje, N
   Simon, M
   Brinkhoff, T
TI A newly discovered Roseobacter cluster in temperate and polar oceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 16s ribosomal-rna; marine bacterioplankton; community composition; sar11 cluster; diversity; bacteria; identification; genes
AB Bacterioplankton phylotypes of alpha-Proteobacteria have been detected in various marine regions, but systematic biogeographical studies of their global distribution are missing. alpha-Proteobacteria comprise one of the largest fractions of heterotrophic marine bacteria(1,2) and include two clades, SAR11 and Roseobacter, which account for 26 and 16% of 16S ribosomal RNA gene clones retrieved from marine bacterioplankton(3). The SAR11 clade attracted much interest because related 16S rRNA gene clones were among the first groups of marine bacteria to be identified by cultivation-independent approaches(4) and appear to dominate subtropical surface bacterioplankton communities(5). Here we report on the global distribution of a newly discovered cluster affiliated to the Roseobacter clade, comprising only as-yet-uncultured phylotypes. Bacteria of this cluster occur from temperate to polar regions with highest abundance in the Southern Ocean, but not in tropical and subtropical regions. Between the south Atlantic subtropical front and Antarctica, we detected two distinct phylotypes, one north and one south of the polar front, indicating that two adjacent but different oceanic provinces allow the persistence of distinct but closely related phylotypes. These results suggest that the global distribution of major marine bacterioplankton components is related to oceanic water masses and controlled by their environmental and biogeochemical properties.
C1 Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
C3 Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg
RP Simon, M (corresponding author), Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm, POB 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
EM m.simon@icbm.de
NR 28
TC 224
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 445
EP 448
DI 10.1038/nature02272
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500044
PM 14749832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarillo-Herrero, P
   Sapmaz, S
   Dekker, C
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   van der Zant, HSJ
AF Jarillo-Herrero, P
   Sapmaz, S
   Dekker, C
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   van der Zant, HSJ
TI Electron-hole symmetry in a semiconducting carbon nanotube quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wires
AB Optical and electronic phenomena in solids arise from the behaviour of electrons and holes ( unoccupied states in a filled electron sea). Electron-hole symmetry can often be invoked as a simplifying description, which states that electrons with energy above the Fermi sea behave the same as holes below the Fermi energy. In semiconductors, however, electron-hole symmetry is generally absent, because the energy-band structure of the conduction band differs from the valence band(1). Here we report on measurements of the discrete, quantized-energy spectrum of electrons and holes in a semiconducting carbon nanotube(2). By applying a voltage to a gate electrode, an individual nanotube is filled controllably with a precise number of either electrons or holes, starting from one. The discrete excitation spectrum for a nanotube with N holes is strikingly similar to the corresponding spectrum for N electrons. This observation of near-perfect electron-hole symmetry(3) demonstrates that a semiconducting nanotube can be free of charged impurities, even in the limit of few electrons or holes. We furthermore find an anomalously small Zeeman spin splitting and an excitation spectrum indicating strong electron-electron interactions.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, ERATO, Project Mesoscop Correlat, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology
RP Jarillo-Herrero, P (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM Pablo@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 21
TC 192
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/nature02568
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600032
PM 15164056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liao, EH
   Hung, W
   Abrams, B
   Zhen, M
AF Liao, EH
   Hung, W
   Abrams, B
   Zhen, M
TI An SCF-like ubiquitin ligase complex that controls presynaptic differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; c-elegans; synaptic growth; caenorhabditis-elegans; protein; drosophila; alk; synaptogenesis; degradation; gene
AB During synapse formation, specialized subcellular structures develop at synaptic junctions in a tightly regulated fashion. Cross-signalling initiated by ephrins, Wnts and transforming growth factor-beta family members between presynaptic and postsynaptic termini are proposed to govern synapse formation(1-3). It is not well understood how multiple signals are integrated and regulated by developing synaptic termini to control synaptic differentiation. Here we report the identification of FSN-1, a novel F-box protein that is required in presynaptic neurons for the restriction and/or maturation of synapses in Caenorhabditis elegans. Many F-box proteins are target recognition subunits of SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) ubiquitin-ligase complexes(4-7). fsn-1 functions in the same pathway as rpm-1, a gene encoding a large protein with RING finger domains(8,9). FSN-1 physically associates with RPM-1 and the C. elegans homologues of SKP1 and Cullin to form a new type of SCF complex at presynaptic periactive zones. We provide evidence that T10H9.2, which encodes the C. elegans receptor tyrosine kinase ALK ( anaplastic lymphoma kinase(10)), may be a target or a downstream effector through which FSN-1 stabilizes synapse formation. This neuron-specific, SCF-like complex therefore provides a localized signal to attenuate presynaptic differentiation.
C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Zhen, M (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, 600 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
EM zhen@mshri.on.ca
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 345
EP 350
DI 10.1038/nature02647
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200040
PM 15208641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lippman, Z
   Gendrel, AV
   Black, M
   Vaughn, MW
   Dedhia, N
   McCombie, WR
   Lavine, K
   Mittal, V
   May, B
   Kasschau, KD
   Carrington, JC
   Doerge, RW
   Colot, V
   Martienssen, R
AF Lippman, Z
   Gendrel, AV
   Black, M
   Vaughn, MW
   Dedhia, N
   McCombie, WR
   Lavine, K
   Mittal, V
   May, B
   Kasschau, KD
   Carrington, JC
   Doerge, RW
   Colot, V
   Martienssen, R
TI Role of transposable elements in heterochromatin and epigenetic control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna methylation; tandem repeats; rnai; gene; arabidopsis; drosophila; plants; maintenance; inheritance; phenotype
AB Heterochromatin has been defined as deeply staining chromosomal material that remains condensed in interphase, whereas euchromatin undergoes de-condensation(1). Heterochromatin is found near centromeres and telomeres, but interstitial sites of heterochromatin ( knobs) are common in plant genomes and were first described in maize(2). These regions are repetitive and late-replicating(3). In Drosophila, heterochromatin influences gene expression, a heterochromatin phenomenon called position effect variegation(4). Similarities between position effect variegation in Drosophila and gene silencing in maize mediated by "controlling elements" ( that is, transposable elements) led in part to the proposal that heterochromatin is composed of transposable elements, and that such elements scattered throughout the genome might regulate development(2). Using microarray analysis, we show that heterochromatin in Arabidopsis is determined by transposable elements and related tandem repeats, under the control of the chromatin remodelling ATPase DDM1 (Decrease in DNA Methylation 1). Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) correspond to these sequences, suggesting a role in guiding DDM1. We also show that transposable elements can regulate genes epigenetically, but only when inserted within or very close to them. This probably accounts for the regulation by DDM1 and the DNA methyltransferase MET1 of the euchromatic, imprinted gene FWA, as its promoter is provided by transposable-element-derived tandem repeats that are associated with siRNAs.
C1 Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   UEVE, CNRS, INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Stat, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Ctr Gene Res & Biotechnol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Oregon State University
RP Martienssen, R (corresponding author), Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM colot@evry.inra.fr; martiens@cshl.edu
NR 32
TC 941
Z9 1109
U1 0
U2 177
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 471
EP 476
DI 10.1038/nature02651
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400048
PM 15269773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Panian, J
   Wiltschko, D
AF Panian, J
   Wiltschko, D
TI Ramp initiation in a thrust wedge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID overthrust belt; mechanics; tectonics; foreland; sheets; motion
AB Collisional mountain belts are characterized by fold and thrust belts that grow through sequential stacking of thrust sheets from the interior (hinterland) to the exterior (foreland) of the mountain belt(1-5). Each of these sheets rides on a fault that cuts up through the stratigraphic section on inclined ramps that join a flat basal fault at depth. Although this stair-step or ramp-flat geometry is well known, there is no consensus on why a particular ramp forms where it does. Perturbations in fault shape(6,7), stratigraphy(8,9), fluid pressure(10,11), folding(2,12), and surface slope(13,14) have all been suggested as possible mechanisms. Here we show that such pre-existing inhomogeneities, though feasible causes, are not required. Our computer simulations show that a broad foreland-dipping plastic strain band forms at the surface near the topographic inflection produced by the previous ramp. This strain band then migrates towards the rigid base, where the plastic strain is preferentially concentrated in a thrust ramp. Subsequent ramps develop toward the foreland in a similar fashion. Syntectonic erosion and deposition may strongly control the location of thrust ramps by enhancing or removing the surface point of initiation.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Tectonophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Panian, J (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM jpanian@neo.tamu.edu
NR 30
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/nature02334
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300038
PM 14961118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corrège, T
   Gagan, MK
   Beck, JW
   Burr, GS
   Cabioch, G
   Le Cornec, F
AF Corrège, T
   Gagan, MK
   Beck, JW
   Burr, GS
   Cabioch, G
   Le Cornec, F
TI Interdecadal variation in the extent of South Pacific tropical waters during the Younger Dryas event
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; thermal structure; climate-change; ocean; coral; enso; deglaciation; circulation; record
AB During the Younger Dryas event, about 12,000 years ago, the Northern Hemisphere cooled by between 2 and 10 degreesC (refs 1, 2) whereas East Antarctica experienced warming(3). But the spatial signature of the event in the southern mid-latitudes and tropics is less well known, as records are sparse and inconclusive(4-16). Here we present high-resolution analyses of skeletal Sr/Ca and O-18/O-16 ratios for a giant fossil Diploastrea heliopora coral that was preserved in growth position on the raised reef terraces of Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu, in the southwestern tropical Pacific Ocean(17). Our data indicate that sea surface temperatures in Vanuatu were on average 4.5 +/- 1.3 degreesC cooler during the Younger Dryas event than today, with a significant interdecadal modulation. The amplified annual cycle of sea surface temperatures, relative to today, indicates that cooling was caused by the compression of tropical waters towards the Equator. The positive correlation in our record between the oxygen isotope ratios of sea water and sea surface temperatures suggests that the South Pacific convergence zone, which brings O-18-depleted precipitation to the area today, was not active during the Younger Dryas period.
C1 Inst Rech Dev, Noumea, New Caledonia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Arizona, NSF, Arizona AMS Facil, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Inst Rech Dev, F-93143 Bondy, France.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Australian National University; University of Arizona; National Science Foundation (NSF); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Corrège, T (corresponding author), Inst Rech Dev, UR 055 Paleotrop,BPA5, Noumea, New Caledonia.
EM thierry.correge@noumea.ird.nc
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 927
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature02506
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000036
PM 15118722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirkup, BC
   Riley, MA
AF Kirkup, BC
   Riley, MA
TI Antibiotic-mediated antagonism leads to a bacterial game of rock-paper-scissors in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse large-intestine; escherichia-coli k-12; promotes biodiversity; streptomycin; colicinogeny; colonization; mice
AB Colicins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics produced by and active against Escherichia coli and its close relatives. Colicin-producing strains cannot coexist with sensitive or resistant strains in a well-mixed culture, yet all three phenotypes are recovered in natural populations(1). Recent in vitro results conclude that strain diversity can be promoted by colicin production in a spatially structured, non-transitive interaction(2), as in the classic nontransitive model rock - paper - scissors (RPS). In the colicin version of the RPS model, strains that produce colicins (C) kill sensitive (S) strains, which outcompete resistant (R) strains, which outcompete C strains. Pairwise in vitro competitions between these three strains are resolved in a predictable order ( C beats S, S beats R, and R beats C), but the complete system of three strains presents the opportunity for dynamic equilibrium(2). Here we provide conclusive evidence of an in vivo antagonistic role for colicins and show that colicins ( and potentially other bacteriocins) may promote, rather than eliminate, microbial diversity in the environment.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Kirkup, BC (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
EM bckirkup@post.harvard.edu
NR 26
TC 435
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature02429
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300039
PM 15042087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nair, DT
   Johnson, RE
   Prakash, S
   Prakash, L
   Aggarwal, AK
AF Nair, DT
   Johnson, RE
   Prakash, S
   Prakash, L
   Aggarwal, AK
TI Replication by human DNA polymerase-ι occurs by Hoogsteen base-pairing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymine-thymine dimer; crystal-structure; error-prone; bypass; mechanism; efficient; fragment
AB Almost all DNA polymerases show a strong preference for incorporating the nucleotide that forms the correct Watson Crick base pair with the template base. In addition, the catalytic efficiencies with which any given polymerase forms the four possible correct base pairs are roughly the same. Human DNA polymerase-iota (hPoliota), a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases, is an exception to these rules. hPoli incorporates the correct nucleotide opposite a template adenine with a several hundred to several thousand fold greater efficiency than it incorporates the correct nucleotide opposite a template thymine, whereas its efficiency for correct nucleotide incorporation opposite a template guanine or cytosine is intermediate between these two extremes(1-5). Here we present the crystal structure of hPoliota bound to a template primer and an incoming nucleotide. The structure reveals a polymerase that is 'specialized' for Hoogsteen base-pairing, whereby the templating base is driven to the syn conformation. Hoogsteen base-pairing offers a basis for the varied efficiencies and fidelities of hPoliota opposite different template bases, and it provides an elegant mechanism for promoting replication through minor-groove purine adducts that interfere with replication.
C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Mol Sci, Galveston, TX 77755 USA.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
RP Aggarwal, AK (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, Box 1677,1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA.
EM aggarwal@inka.mssm.edu
NR 28
TC 275
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 377
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature02692
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200047
PM 15254543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, SK
   Rulifson, EJ
AF Kim, SK
   Rulifson, EJ
TI Conserved mechanisms of glucose sensing and regulation by Drosophila corpora cardiaca cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adipokinetic hormone-release; sensitive k+ channels; insulin-like peptides; pancreatic a-cells; sulfonylurea receptor; corpus cardiacum; glucagon; growth; neurons; locust
AB Antagonistic activities of glucagon and insulin control metabolism in mammals, and disruption of this balance underlies diabetes pathogenesis. Insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the brain of insects such as Drosophila also regulate serum glucose(1,2), but it remains unclear whether insulin is the sole hormonal regulator of glucose homeostasis and whether mechanisms of glucose-sensing and response in IPCs resemble those in pancreatic islets. Here we show, by targeted cell ablation, that Drosophila corpora cardiaca (CC) cells(3-5) of the ring gland are also essential for larval glucose homeostasis. Unlike IPCs, CC cells express Drosophila cognates of sulphonylurea receptor (Sur) and potassium channel (Ir), proteins that comprise ATP-sensitive potassium channels regulating hormone secretion by islets and other mammalian glucose-sensing cells(6-8). They also produce adipokinetic hormone, a polypeptide with glucagon-like functions. Glucose regulation by CC cells is impaired by exposure to sulphonylureas, drugs that target the Sur subunit. Furthermore, ubiquitous expression of an akh transgene reverses the effect of CC ablation on serum glucose. Thus, Drosophila CC cells are crucial regulators of glucose homeostasis and they use glucose-sensing and response mechanisms similar to islet cells.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr B300, Dept Dev Biol,Oncol Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr B300, Dept Med,Oncol Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Pennsylvania
RP Kim, SK (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr B300, Dept Dev Biol,Oncol Div, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM seungkim@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 356
Z9 440
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 316
EP 320
DI 10.1038/nature02897
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000043
PM 15372035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glazebrook, K
   Abraham, RG
   McCarthy, PJ
   Savaglio, S
   Chen, HW
   Crampton, D
   Murowinski, R
   Jorgensen, I
   Roth, K
   Hook, I
   Marzke, RO
   Carlberg, RG
AF Glazebrook, K
   Abraham, RG
   McCarthy, PJ
   Savaglio, S
   Chen, HW
   Crampton, D
   Murowinski, R
   Jorgensen, I
   Roth, K
   Hook, I
   Marzke, RO
   Carlberg, RG
TI A high abundance of massive galaxies 3-6 billion years after the Big Bang
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-redshift galaxy; hubble-deep-field; stellar mass; star-formation; evolution; luminosity; ultraviolet; density; universe
AB Hierarchical galaxy formation is the model whereby massive galaxies form from an assembly of smaller units(1). The most massive objects therefore form last. The model succeeds in describing the clustering of galaxies(2), but the evolutionary history of massive galaxies, as revealed by their visible stars and gas, is not accurately predicted. Near-infrared observations (which allow us to measure the stellar masses of high-redshift galaxies(3)) and deep multi-colour images indicate that a large fraction of the stars in massive galaxies form in the first 5 Gyr (refs 4-7), but uncertainties remain owing to the lack of spectra to confirm the redshifts (which are estimated from the colours) and the role of obscuration by dust. Here we report the results of a spectroscopic redshift survey that probes the most massive and quiescent galaxies back to an era only 3 Gyr after the Big Bang. We find that at least two-thirds of massive galaxies have appeared since this era, but also that a significant fraction of them are already in place in the early Universe.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada.
   Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Astrophys, Nucl & Astrophys Lab, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   San Francisco State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; University of Toronto; Carnegie Institution for Science; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Research Council Canada; University of Oxford; California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Glazebrook, K (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM kgb@pha.jhu.edu
NR 30
TC 282
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature02667
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600036
PM 15241407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, YH
   Lie, DC
   Taupin, P
   Nakashima, K
   Ray, J
   Yu, RT
   Gage, FH
   Evans, RM
AF Shi, YH
   Lie, DC
   Taupin, P
   Nakashima, K
   Ray, J
   Yu, RT
   Gage, FH
   Evans, RM
TI Expression and function of orphan nuclear receptor TLX in adult neural stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tailless; brain; neurogenesis; cofactor; protein; system; gene; cns
AB The finding of neurogenesis in the adult brain led to the discovery of adult neural stem cells(1). TLX was initially identified as an orphan nuclear receptor expressed in vertebrate forebrains(2) and is highly expressed in the adult brain(3). The brains of TLX-null mice have been reported to have no obvious defects during embryogenesis(4); however, mature mice suffer from retinopathies(5), severe limbic defects, aggressiveness, reduced copulation and progressively violent behaviour(4,6). Here we show that TLX maintains adult neural stem cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. We show that TLX-expressing cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from adult brains can proliferate, self-renew and differentiate into all neural cell types in vitro. By contrast, TLX-null cells isolated from adult mutant brains fail to proliferate. Reintroducing TLX into FACS-sorted TLX-null cells rescues their ability to proliferate and to self-renew. In vivo, TLX mutant mice show a loss of cell proliferation and reduced labelling of nestin in neurogenic areas in the adult brain. TLX can silence glia-specific expression of the astrocyte marker GFAP in neural stem cells, suggesting that transcriptional repression may be crucial in maintaining the undifferentiated state of these cells.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Kumamoto Univ, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Dept Cell Fate Modulat, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Kumamoto University
RP Evans, RM (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gage@salk.edu; evans@salk.edu
NR 19
TC 341
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 78
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature02211
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000038
PM 14702088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schär, C
   Vidale, PL
   Lüthi, D
   Frei, C
   Häberli, C
   Liniger, MA
   Appenzeller, C
AF Schär, C
   Vidale, PL
   Lüthi, D
   Frei, C
   Häberli, C
   Liniger, MA
   Appenzeller, C
TI The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; model; dryness; events; hadcm3
AB Instrumental observations(1,2) and reconstructions(3,4) of global and hemispheric temperature evolution reveal a pronounced warming during the past similar to150 years. One expression of this warming is the observed increase in the occurrence of heatwaves(5,6). Conceptually this increase is understood as a shift of the statistical distribution towards warmer temperatures, while changes in the width of the distribution are often considered small(7). Here we show that this framework fails to explain the record- breaking central European summer temperatures in 2003, although it is consistent with observations from previous years. We find that an event like that of summer 2003 is statistically extremely unlikely, even when the observed warming is taken into account. We propose that a regime with an increased variability of temperatures ( in addition to increases in mean temperature) may be able to account for summer 2003. To test this proposal, we simulate possible future European climate with a regional climate model in a scenario with increased atmospheric greenhouse- gas concentrations, and find that temperature variability increases by up to 100%, with maximum changes in central and eastern Europe.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   MeteoSwiss, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schär, C (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM schaer@env.ethz.ch
NR 29
TC 2250
Z9 2440
U1 4
U2 489
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 332
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature02300
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200035
PM 14716318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU You, LC
   Cox, RS III
   Weiss, R
   Arnold, FH
AF You, LC
   Cox, RS III
   Weiss, R
   Arnold, FH
TI Programmed population control by cell-cell communication and regulated killing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; gene-expression; vibrio-fischeri; toggle switch; bacteria; networks; death; construction; evolution; elements
AB De novo engineering of gene circuits inside cells is extremely difficult(1-9), and efforts to realize predictable and robust performance must deal with noise in gene expression and variation in phenotypes between cells(10-12). Here we demonstrate that by coupling gene expression to cell survival and death using cell-cell communication, we can programme the dynamics of a population despite variability in the behaviour of individual cells. Specifically, we have built and characterized a 'population control' circuit that autonomously regulates the density of an Escherichia coli population. The cell density is broadcasted and detected by elements from a bacterial quorum-sensing system(13,14), which in turn regulate the death rate. As predicted by a simple mathematical model, the circuit can set a stable steady state in terms of cell density and gene expression that is easily tunable by varying the stability of the cell-cell communication signal. This circuit incorporates a mechanism for programmed death in response to changes in the environment, and allows us to probe the design principles of its more complex natural counterparts.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Arnold, FH (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM frances@cheme.caltech.edu
NR 32
TC 540
Z9 712
U1 7
U2 242
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/nature02491
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300044
PM 15064770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Popescu, G
   Robert, A
   Howe, JR
   Auerbach, A
AF Popescu, G
   Robert, A
   Howe, JR
   Auerbach, A
TI Reaction mechanism determines NMDA receptor response to repetitive stimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methyl-d-aspartate; glutamate; synapses; transmitter; channels; neurons; ampa; nonsaturation; kinetics; subunit
AB At central excitatory synapses, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which have a high affinity for glutamate(1), produce a slowly rising synaptic current in response to a single transmitter pulse and an additional current after a second, closely timed stimulus(2). Here we show, by examining the kinetics of transmitter binding and channel gating in single-channel currents from recombinant NR1/NR2A receptors, that the synaptic response to trains of impulses is determined by the molecular reaction mechanism of the receptor. The rate constants estimated for the activation reaction predict that, after binding neurotransmitter, receptors hesitate for similar to4 ms in a closed high-affinity conformation before they either proceed towards opening or release neurotransmitter, with about equal probabilities. Because only about half of the initially fully occupied receptors become active, repetitive stimulation elicits currents with distinct waveforms depending on pulse frequency. This high-affinity/low-efficiency activation mechanism might serve as a link between stimulation frequency and the directionality of the ensuing synaptic plasticity.
C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Ctr Single Mol Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Yale University
RP Popescu, G (corresponding author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
EM popescu@buffalo.edu
FU NIDA NIH HHS [F32 DA015164] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 111
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 790
EP 793
DI 10.1038/nature02775
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600044
PM 15306812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dor, Y
   Brown, J
   Martinez, OI
   Melton, DA
AF Dor, Y
   Brown, J
   Martinez, OI
   Melton, DA
TI Adult pancreatic β-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liver-regeneration; islet volume; in-vivo; mice; rats; neogenesis; mouse; mass; endocrine; exocrine
AB How tissues generate and maintain the correct number of cells is a fundamental problem in biology. In principle, tissue turnover can occur by the differentiation of stem cells, as is well documented for blood, skin and intestine, or by the duplication of existing differentiated cells. Recent work on adult stem cells has highlighted their potential contribution to organ maintenance and repair. However, the extent to which stem cells actually participate in these processes in vivo is not clear. Here we introduce a method for genetic lineage tracing to determine the contribution of stem cells to a tissue of interest. We focus on pancreatic beta-cells, whose postnatal origins remain controversial. Our analysis shows that pre-existing beta-cells, rather than pluripotent stem cells, are the major source of new beta-cells during adult life and after pancreatectomy in mice. These results suggest that terminally differentiated beta-cells retain a significant proliferative capacity in vivo and cast doubt on the idea that adult stem cells have a significant role in beta-cell replenishment.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
RP Melton, DA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 7 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM dmelton@mcb.harvard.edu
NR 38
TC 1840
Z9 2224
U1 0
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 41
EP 46
DI 10.1038/nature02520
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100037
PM 15129273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shachaf, CM
   Kopelman, AM
   Arvanitis, C
   Karlsson, Å
   Beer, S
   Mandl, S
   Bachmann, MH
   Borowsky, AD
   Ruebner, B
   Cardiff, RD
   Yang, QW
   Bishop, JM
   Contag, CH
   Felsher, DW
AF Shachaf, CM
   Kopelman, AM
   Arvanitis, C
   Karlsson, Å
   Beer, S
   Mandl, S
   Bachmann, MH
   Borowsky, AD
   Ruebner, B
   Cardiff, RD
   Yang, QW
   Bishop, JM
   Contag, CH
   Felsher, DW
TI MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liver-regeneration; stem-cells; growth; tumorigenesis; oncogenes; neoplasia
AB Hepatocellular carcinoma is generally refractory to clinical treatment(1). Here, we report that inactivation of the MYC oncogene is sufficient to induce sustained regression of invasive liver cancers. MYC inactivation resulted en masse in tumour cells differentiating into hepatocytes and biliary cells forming bile duct structures, and this was associated with rapid loss of expression of the tumour marker alpha-fetoprotein, the increase in expression of liver cell markers cytokeratin 8 and carcinoembryonic antigen, and in some cells the liver stem cell marker cytokeratin 19. Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging we found that many of these tumour cells remained dormant as long as MYC remain inactivated; however, MYC reactivation immediately restored their neoplastic features. Using array comparative genomic hybridization we confirmed that these dormant liver cells and the restored tumour retained the identical molecular signature and hence were clonally derived from the tumour cells. Our results show how oncogene inactivation may reverse tumorigenesis in the most clinically difficult cancers. Oncogene inactivation uncovers the pluripotent capacity of tumours to differentiate into normal cellular lineages and tissue structures, while retaining their latent potential to become cancerous, and hence existing in a state of tumour dormancy.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Med Oncol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, GW Hooper Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Felsher, DW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Med Oncol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM dfelsher@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 747
Z9 873
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1112
EP 1117
DI 10.1038/nature03043
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800044
PM 15475948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cisek, P
   Kalaska, JF
AF Cisek, P
   Kalaska, JF
TI Neural correlates of mental rehearsal in dorsal premotor cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor imagery; representation; mechanisms; movements; neurons
AB Behavioural and imaging studies suggest that when humans mentally rehearse a familiar action they execute some of the same neural operations used during overt motor performance(1-9). Similarly, neural activation is present during action observation in many of the same brain regions normally used for performance, including premotor cortex(6-9). Here we present behavioural evidence that monkeys also engage in mental rehearsal during the observation of sensory events associated with a well-learned motor task. Furthermore, most task-related neurons in dorsal premotor cortex exhibit the same activity patterns during observation as during performance, even during an instructed-delay period before any actual observed motion. This activity might be a single-neuron correlate of covert mental rehearsal.
C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Physiol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal
RP Kalaska, JF (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Dept Physiol, CP 6128 Succursale Centreville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
EM kalaskaj@physio.umontreal.ca
NR 23
TC 202
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 993
EP 996
DI 10.1038/nature03005
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600046
PM 15496925
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber, T
   Czasch, AO
   Jagutzki, O
   Müller, AK
   Mergel, V
   Kheifets, A
   Rotenberg, E
   Meigs, G
   Prior, MH
   Daveau, S
   Landers, A
   Cocke, CL
   Osipov, T
   Muiño, RD
   Schmidt-Böcking, H
   Dörner, R
AF Weber, T
   Czasch, AO
   Jagutzki, O
   Müller, AK
   Mergel, V
   Kheifets, A
   Rotenberg, E
   Meigs, G
   Prior, MH
   Daveau, S
   Landers, A
   Cocke, CL
   Osipov, T
   Muiño, RD
   Schmidt-Böcking, H
   Dörner, R
TI Complete photo-fragmentation of the deuterium molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential cross-sections; double-photoionization; double-ionization; hydrogen molecule; d-2; h-2; he; gamma,2e
AB All properties of molecules - from binding and excitation energies to their geometry - are determined by the highly correlated initial-state wavefunction of the electrons and nuclei. Details of these correlations can be revealed by studying the break-up of these systems into their constituents. The fragmentation might be initiated by the absorption of a single photon(1-6), by collision with a charged particle(7,8) or by exposure to a strong laser pulse(9,10): if the interaction causing the excitation is sufficiently understood, the fragmentation process can then be used as a tool to investigate the bound initial state(11,12). The interaction and resulting fragment motions therefore pose formidable challenges to quantum theory(13-15). Here we report the coincident measurement of the momenta of both nuclei and both electrons from the single-photon-induced fragmentation of the deuterium molecule. The results reveal that the correlated motion of the electrons is strongly dependent on the inter-nuclear separation in the molecular ground state at the instant of photon absorption.
C1 Univ Frankfurt, Inst Kernphys, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Auburn Univ, Allison Lab 206, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.
   Donostia Int Phys Ctr, Donostia San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
   Unidad Fis Mat, Donostia San Sebastian 20018, Spain.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Kansas State University; Australian National University; Auburn University System; Auburn University
RP Dörner, R (corresponding author), Univ Frankfurt, Inst Kernphys, D-60486 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM doerner@hsb.uni-frankfurt.de
NR 30
TC 147
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/nature02839
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500036
PM 15386008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tseng, CH
   Gobell, JL
   Sperling, G
AF Tseng, CH
   Gobell, JL
   Sperling, G
TI Long-lasting sensitization to a given colour after visual search
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion perception; spatial-frequency; orientation; discrimination; amplification; persistence; improvement; hyperacuity; adaptation; acuity
AB Visual attention enables an observer to select specific visual information for processing. In an ambiguous motion task in which a coloured grating can be perceived as moving in either of two opposite directions depending on the relative salience of two colours in the display, attending to one of the colours influences the direction in which the grating appears to move(1). Here, we use this secondary effect of attention in a motion task to measure the effect of attending to a specific colour in a search task. Observers performed a search task in which they searched for a target letter in a 4x4 coloured matrix. Each of the 16 squares within a matrix was assigned one of four colours, and observers knew that the target letter would appear on only one of these colours throughout the experiment. Observers performed the ambiguous motion task before and after the search task. Attending to a particular colour for a brief period in the search task profoundly influenced the perceived direction of motion. This effect lasted for up to one month and in some cases had to be reversed by practising searches for the complementary colour, indicating a much longer-persisting effect of attention than has been observed previously.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Cognit Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Inst Math Behav Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Tseng, CH (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Cognit Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM CH_Tseng@alumni.uci.edu; Sperling@uci.edu
NR 25
TC 23
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 657
EP 660
DI 10.1038/nature02443
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200045
PM 15071596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edamatsu, K
   Oohata, G
   Shimizu, R
   Itoh, T
AF Edamatsu, K
   Oohata, G
   Shimizu, R
   Itoh, T
TI Generation of ultraviolet entangled photons in a semiconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecules
AB Entanglement is one of the key features of quantum information and communications technology. The method that has been used most frequently to generate highly entangled pairs of photons(1,2) is parametric down-conversion. Short-wavelength entangled photons are desirable for generating further entanglement between three or four photons, but it is difficult to use parametric down-conversion to generate suitably energetic entangled photon pairs. One method that is expected to be applicable for the generation of such photons(3) is resonant hyper-parametric scattering (RHPS): a pair of entangled photons is generated in a semiconductor via an electronically resonant third-order non-linear optical process. Semiconductor-based sources of entangled photons would also be advantageous for practical quantum technologies, but attempts to generate entangled photons in semiconductors have not yet been successful(4,5). Here we report experimental evidence for the generation of ultraviolet entangled photon pairs by means of biexciton resonant RHPS in a single crystal of the semiconductor CuCl. We anticipate that our results will open the way to the generation of entangled photons by current injection, analogous to current-driven single photon sources(6,7).
C1 Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
   JST, ERATO, Semicond Spintron Project, Tokyo, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka
RP Edamatsu, K (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
EM eda@riec.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 20
TC 164
Z9 173
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/nature02838
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000039
PM 15356626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jenkyns, HC
   Forster, A
   Schouten, S
   Damsté, JSS
AF Jenkyns, HC
   Forster, A
   Schouten, S
   Damsté, JSS
TI High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperatures; high-latitudes; alpha ridge; black mud; warm; isotope
AB To understand the climate dynamics of the warm, equable greenhouse world of the Late Cretaceous period, it is important to determine polar palaeotemperatures. The early palaeoceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean has, however, remained largely unknown, because the sea floor and underlying deposits are usually inaccessible beneath a cover of floating ice. A shallow piston core taken from a drifting ice island in 1970 fortuitously retrieved unconsolidated Upper Cretaceous organic-rich sediment from Alpha ridge(1-4), a submarine elevated feature of probable oceanic origin(5). A lack of carbonate in the sediments from this core has prevented the use of traditional oxygenisotope palaeothermometry. Here we determine Arctic palaeotemperatures from these Upper Cretaceous deposits using TEX86, a new palaeothermometer that is based on the composition of membrane lipids derived from a ubiquitous component of marine plankton, Crenarchaeota(6). From these analyses we infer an average sea surface temperature of similar to15 degreesC for the Arctic Ocean about 70 million years ago(7). This calibration point implies an Equator-to-pole gradient in sea surface temperatures of similar to15degreesC during this interval and, by extrapolation, we suggest that polar waters were generally warmer than 20 degreesC during the middle Cretaceous (similar to90 million years ago).
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
C3 University of Oxford; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
RP Jenkyns, HC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM hughj@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 246
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 888
EP 892
DI 10.1038/nature03143
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500049
PM 15602558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raghavan, SC
   Swanson, PC
   Wu, XT
   Hsieh, CL
   Lieber, MR
AF Raghavan, SC
   Swanson, PC
   Wu, XT
   Hsieh, CL
   Lieber, MR
TI A non-B-DNA structure at the Bcl-2 major breakpoint region is cleaved by the RAG complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v(d)j recombination; chromosomal translocations; mechanism; diversity; nicking; steps
AB The causes of spontaneous chromosomal translocations in somatic cells of biological organisms are largely unknown, although double-strand DNA breaks are required in all proposed mechanisms(1-5).(.) The most common chromosomal abnormality in human cancer is the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 14 and 18 (t(14;18)), which occurs in follicular lymphomas. The break at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus on chromosome 14 is an interruption of the normal V(D)J recombination process. But the breakage on chromosome 18, at the Bcl-2 gene, occurs within a confined 150-base-pair region (the major breakpoint region or Mbr) for reasons that have remained enigmatic. We have reproduced key features of the translocation process on an episome that propagates in human cells. The RAG complex-which is the normal enzyme for DNA cleavage at V, D or J segments-nicks the Bcl-2 Mbr in vitro and in vivo in a manner that reflects the pattern of the chromosomal translocations; however, the Mbr is not a V(D)J recombination signal. Rather the Bcl-2 Mbr assumes a non-B-form DNA structure within the chromosomes of human cells at 20-30% of alleles. Purified DNA assuming this structure contains stable regions of single-strandedness, which correspond well to the translocation regions in patients. Hence, a stable non-B-DNA structure in the human genome appears to be the basis for the fragility of the Bcl-2 Mbr, and the RAG complex is able to cleave this structure.
C1 Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Urol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Med Microbiol, Omaha, NE 68178 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; Creighton University
RP Lieber, MR (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehens Canc Ctr, Room 5428,1441 Eastlake Ave,MC91176, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
EM lieber@usc.edu
NR 18
TC 206
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 88
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature02355
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800041
PM 14999286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuma, A
   Hatano, M
   Matsui, M
   Yamamoto, A
   Nakaya, H
   Yoshimori, T
   Ohsumi, Y
   Tokuhisa, T
   Mizushima, N
AF Kuma, A
   Hatano, M
   Matsui, M
   Yamamoto, A
   Nakaya, H
   Yoshimori, T
   Ohsumi, Y
   Tokuhisa, T
   Mizushima, N
TI The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein conjugation system; kinase cascade; gene; cells; disruption; senescence; beclin-1; receptor; homolog; lc3
AB At birth the trans-placental nutrient supply is suddenly interrupted, and neonates face severe starvation until supply can be restored through milk nutrients(1). Here, we show that neonates adapt to this adverse circumstance by inducing autophagy. Autophagy is the primary means for the degradation of cytoplasmic constituents within lysosomes(2-4). The level of autophagy in mice remains low during embryogenesis; however, autophagy is immediately upregulated in various tissues after birth and is maintained at high levels for 3 - 12 h before returning to basal levels within 1 - 2 days. Mice deficient for Atg5, which is essential for autophagosome formation, appear almost normal at birth but die within 1 day of delivery. The survival time of starved Atg5-deficient neonates (similar to 12 h) is much shorter than that of wild-type mice (similar to21 h) but can be prolonged by forced milk feeding. Atg5-deficient neonates exhibit reduced amino acid concentrations in plasma and tissues, and display signs of energy depletion. These results suggest that the production of amino acids by autophagic degradation of 'self' proteins, which allows for the maintenance of energy homeostasis, is important for survival during neonatal starvation.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Times Arrow & Biosignaling, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Dept Dev Genet H2, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol F2, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Biomed Res Ctr, Chiba 2608670, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 444, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Sch Life Sci, Dept Mol Biomech, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Bioregulat & Metab, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Nagahama Inst Biosci & Technol, Dept Biosci, Nagahama 5260829, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Dept Cell Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Chiba University; Chiba University; Chiba University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science & Technology; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Mizushima, N (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Times Arrow & Biosignaling, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
EM nmizu@rinshoken.or.jp
NR 27
TC 2483
Z9 2906
U1 3
U2 385
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1032
EP 1036
DI 10.1038/nature03029
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000043
PM 15525940
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCulloch, SD
   Kokoska, RJ
   Masutani, C
   Iwai, S
   Hanaoka, F
   Kunkel, TA
AF McCulloch, SD
   Kokoska, RJ
   Masutani, C
   Iwai, S
   Hanaoka, F
   Kunkel, TA
TI Preferential cis-syn thymine dimer bypass by DNA polymerase η occurs with biased fidelity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lesion-bypass; xeroderma-pigmentosum; crystal-structure; error-prone; pol-eta; yeast; site; gene; specificity; mutagenesis
AB Human DNA polymerase eta (Pol eta) modulates susceptibility to skin cancer by promoting DNA synthesis past sunlight-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers that escape nucleotide excision repair (NER)(1,2). Here we have determined the efficiency and fidelity of dimer bypass. We show that Pol eta copies thymine dimers and the flanking bases with higher processivity than it copies undamaged DNA, and then switches to less processive synthesis. This ability of Pol eta to sense the dimer location as synthesis proceeds may facilitate polymerase switching before and after lesion bypass. Pol eta bypasses a dimer with low fidelity and with higher error rates at the 3' thymine than at the 5' thymine. A similar bias is seen with Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase 4, which forms a Watson-Crick base pair at the 3' thymine of a dimer but a Hoogsteen base pair at the 5' thymine (ref. 3). Ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis is also higher at the 3' base of dipyrimidine sequences(4-6). Thus, in normal people and particularly in individuals with NER-defective xeroderma pigmentosum who accumulate dimers, errors made by Pol eta uring dimer bypass could contribute to mutagenesis and skin cancer.
C1 NIEHS, Genet Mol Lab, NIH, DHHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   NIEHS, Struct Biol Lab, NIH, DHHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Div Chem, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   RIKEN, Discovery Res Inst, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; RIKEN
RP Kunkel, TA (corresponding author), NIEHS, Genet Mol Lab, NIH, DHHS, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
EM kunkel@niehs.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ZIAES065070] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 220
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 97
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature02352
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800043
PM 14999287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ozaki, K
   Inoue, K
   Sato, H
   Iida, A
   Ohnishi, Y
   Sekine, A
   Sato, H
   Odashiro, K
   Nobuyoshi, M
   Hori, M
   Nakamura, Y
   Tanaka, T
AF Ozaki, K
   Inoue, K
   Sato, H
   Iida, A
   Ohnishi, Y
   Sekine, A
   Sato, H
   Odashiro, K
   Nobuyoshi, M
   Hori, M
   Nakamura, Y
   Tanaka, T
TI Functional variation in LGALS2 confers risk of myocardial infarction and regulates lymphotoxin-α secretion in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; atherosclerosis; susceptibility; association; expression; mechanisms; disease; snps
AB Myocardial infarction (MI) has become one of the leading causes of death in the world. Its pathogenesis includes chronic formation of plaque inside the vessel wall of the coronary artery and acute rupture of the artery, implicating a number of inflammation-mediating molecules, such as the cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA)(1). Functional variations in LTA are associated with susceptibility to MI2. Here we show that LTA protein binds to galectin-2, a member of the galactose-binding lectin family(3). Our case - control association study in a Japanese population showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in LGALS2 encoding galectin-2 is significantly associated with susceptibility to MI. This genetic substitution affects the transcriptional level of galectin-2 in vitro, potentially leading to altered secretion of LTA, which would then affect the degree of inflammation; however, its relevance to other populations remains to be clarified. Smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the human atherosclerotic lesions expressed both galectin-2 and LTA. Our findings thus suggest a link between the LTA cascade and the pathogenesis of MI.
C1 RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, SNP Res Ctr, Lab Cardiovasc Dis, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Kokura Mem Hosp, Dept Cardiol, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8028555, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Internal Med & Therapeut, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, SNP Res Ctr, Lab Genotyping, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Mol Med Lab, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Kokura Memorial Hospital; University of Osaka; RIKEN; University of Tokyo
RP Tanaka, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, SNP Res Ctr, Lab Cardiovasc Dis, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM toshitan@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 13
TC 198
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature02502
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100046
PM 15129282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mishima, M
   Pavicic, V
   Grüneberg, N
   Nigg, EA
   Glotzer, M
AF Mishima, M
   Pavicic, V
   Grüneberg, N
   Nigg, EA
   Glotzer, M
TI Cell cycle regulation of central spindle assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytokinesis; protein; kinesin; complex; mitosis; incenp; mcak; phosphorylation; localization; phosphatase
AB The bipolar mitotic spindle is responsible for segregating sister chromatids at anaphase. Microtubule motor proteins generate spindle bipolarity and enable the spindle to perform mechanical work(1). A major change in spindle architecture occurs at anaphase onset when central spindle assembly begins. This structure regulates the initiation of cytokinesis and is essential for its completion(2). Central spindle assembly requires the central-spindlin complex composed of the Caenorhabditis elegans ZEN-4 (mammalian orthologue MKLP1) kinesin-like protein and the Rho family GAP CYK-4 (MgcRacGAP). Here we describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the timing of central spindle assembly. The mitotic kinase Cdk1/cyclin B phosphorylates the motor domain of ZEN-4 on a conserved site within a basic amino-terminal extension characteristic of the MKLP1 subfamily. Phosphorylation by Cdk1 diminishes the motor activity of ZEN-4 by reducing its affinity for microtubules. Preventing Cdk1 phosphorylation of ZEN-4/MKLP1 causes enhanced metaphase spindle localization and defects in chromosome segregation. Thus, phosphoregulation of the motor domain of MKLP1 kinesin ensures that central spindle assembly occurs at the appropriate time in the cell cycle and maintains genomic stability.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Max Planck Society
RP Glotzer, M (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM mglotzer@imp.univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 227
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 908
EP 913
DI 10.1038/nature02767
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800046
PM 15282614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, TRA
   Helmberger, DV
   Grand, SP
AF Song, TRA
   Helmberger, DV
   Grand, SP
TI Low-velocity zone atop the 410-km seismic discontinuity in the northwestern United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-zone; upper-mantle; north-america; topography; subduction; precursors; magmatism; stacking; beneath; density
AB The seismic discontinuity at 410 km depth in the Earth's mantle is generally attributed to the phase transition of (Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4 (refs 1, 2) from the olivine to wadsleyite structure. Variation in the depth of this discontinuity is often taken as a proxy for mantle temperature owing to its response to thermal perturbations. For example, a cold anomaly would elevate the 410-km discontinuity, because of its positive Clapeyron slope, whereas a warm anomaly would depress the discontinuity. But trade-offs between seismic wave-speed heterogeneity and discontinuity topography often inhibit detailed analysis of these discontinuities, and structure often appears very complicated. Here we simultaneously model seismic refracted waves and scattered waves from the 410-km discontinuity in the western United States to constrain structure in the region. We find a low-velocity zone, with a shear-wave velocity drop of 5%, on top of the 410-km discontinuity beneath the northwestern United States, extending from southwestern Oregon to the northern Basin and Range province. This low-velocity zone has a thickness that varies from 20 to 90 km with rapid lateral variations. Its spatial extent coincides with both an anomalous composition of overlying volcanism and seismic 'receiver-function' observations observed above the region. We interpret the low-velocity zone as a compositional anomaly, possibly due to a dense partial-melt layer, which may be linked to prior subduction of the Farallon plate and back-arc extension. The existence of such a layer could be indicative of high water content in the Earth's transition zone.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   UT Austin, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78749 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Song, TRA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM alex@gps.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 255
Z9 302
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 530
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature02231
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800038
PM 14765192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carranza, J
   Alarcos, S
   Sánchez-Prieto, CB
   Valencia, J
   Mateos, C
AF Carranza, J
   Alarcos, S
   Sánchez-Prieto, CB
   Valencia, J
   Mateos, C
TI Disposable-soma senescence mediated by sexual selection in an ungulate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deer cervus-elaphus; tooth wear; evolution; segregation; density; age
AB Senescence may result from an optimal balance between current reproductive investment and bodily repair processes required for future reproduction(1), a theoretical prediction difficult to prove especially in large, long-lived animals. Here we propose that teeth that have fixed dimensions early in life, but that wear during chewing, can be taken as a measure of total lifetime 'repair', and their wear rate as a measure of current expenditure in performance. Our approach also considers the sexual selection process to investigate the advance of senescence in males compared with females, when selection favouring competition over mates reduces the reproductive lifespan of males(2). We studied carcasses of 2,141 male and 739 female red deer (Cervus elaphus) of different ages, finding that male molariform teeth emerged at a far smaller size than expected from body size dimorphism. This led to higher workload, steeper wear rate and earlier depletion of male teeth than in females, in concordance with sex-specific patterns of lifetime performance and reproduction. These findings provide the empirical support for the disposable-soma hypothesis of senescence(3), which predicts that investment in bodily repair will decrease when the return from this investment may not be realized as a result of other causes that limit survival or reproduction.
C1 Univ Extremadura, Biol & Ethol Unit, Caceres 10071, Spain.
C3 Universidad de Extremadura
RP Carranza, J (corresponding author), Univ Extremadura, Biol & Ethol Unit, Caceres 10071, Spain.
EM carranza@unex.es
NR 28
TC 126
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 215
EP 218
DI 10.1038/nature03004
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200045
PM 15538368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruiz-Lapuente, P
   Comeron, F
   Méndez, J
   Canal, R
   Smartt, SJ
   Filippenko, AV
   Kurucz, RL
   Chornock, R
   Foley, RJ
   Stanishev, V
   Ibata, R
AF Ruiz-Lapuente, P
   Comeron, F
   Méndez, J
   Canal, R
   Smartt, SJ
   Filippenko, AV
   Kurucz, RL
   Chornock, R
   Foley, RJ
   Stanishev, V
   Ibata, R
TI The binary progenitor of Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ia supernovae; remnant; systems; stars; model
AB The brightness of type Ia supernovae, and their homogeneity as a class, makes them powerful tools in cosmology, yet little is known about the progenitor systems of these explosions. They are thought to arise when a white dwarf accretes matter from a companion star, is compressed and undergoes a thermonuclear explosion(1-3). Unless the companion star is another white dwarf ( in which case it should be destroyed by the mass-transfer process itself), it should survive and show distinguishing properties. Tycho's supernova(4,5) is one of only two type Ia supernovae observed in our Galaxy, and so provides an opportunity to address observationally the identification of the surviving companion. Here we report a survey of the central region of its remnant, around the position of the explosion, which excludes red giants as the mass donor of the exploding white dwarf. We found a type G0 - G2 star, similar to our Sun in surface temperature and luminosity ( but lower surface gravity), moving at more than three times the mean velocity of the stars at that distance, which appears to be the surviving companion of the supernova.
C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Isaac Newton Grp, E-38780 Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Stockholm Univ, AlbaNova Univ Ctr, Dept Phys, SE-10891 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Observ Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 University of Barcelona; Max Planck Society; European Southern Observatory; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes; University of Cambridge; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Stockholm University
RP Ruiz-Lapuente, P (corresponding author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron, Marti & Franques 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
EM pilar@am.ub.es
NR 27
TC 215
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1069
EP 1072
DI 10.1038/nature03006
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800032
PM 15510140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, S
   Gromak, N
   Proudfoot, NJ
AF West, S
   Gromak, N
   Proudfoot, NJ
TI Human 5′→3′ exonuclease Xrn2 promotes transcription termination at co-transcriptional cleavage sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; gene; requires; protein; signal; end
AB Eukaryotic protein-encoding genes possess poly(A) signals that define the end of the messenger RNA and mediate downstream transcriptional termination by RNA polymerase II (Pol II)(1). Termination could occur through an 'anti-termination' mechanism whereby elongation factors dissociate when the poly(A) signal is encountered, producing termination-competent Pol II2,3. An alternative 'torpedo' model postulated that poly(A) site cleavage provides an unprotected RNA 5' end that is degraded by 5' --> 3' exonuclease activities ( torpedoes) and so
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Proudfoot, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM nicholas.proudfoot@path.ox.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 334
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/nature03035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100051
PM 15565158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kokoszka, JE
   Waymire, KG
   Levy, SE
   Sligh, JE
   Cal, JY
   Jones, DP
   MacGregor, GR
   Wallace, DC
AF Kokoszka, JE
   Waymire, KG
   Levy, SE
   Sligh, JE
   Cal, JY
   Jones, DP
   MacGregor, GR
   Wallace, DC
TI The ADP/ATP translocator is not essential for the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenine-nucleotide translocator; oxidative stress; cyclosporine-a; apoptosis; hepatocytes; expression; genes; adp; age
AB A sudden increase in permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, the so-called mitochondrial permeability transition, is a common feature of apoptosis and is mediated by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP). It is thought that the mtPTP is a protein complex formed by the voltage-dependent anion channel, members of the pro- and antiapoptotic BAX-BCL2 protein family, cyclophilin D, and the adenine nucleotide (ADP/ATP) translocators (ANTs)(1,2). The latter exchange mitochondrial ATP for cytosolic ADP and have been implicated in cell death. To investigate the role of the ANTs in the mtPTP, we genetically inactivated the two isoforms of ANT(3-5) in mouse liver and analysed mtPTP activation in isolated mitochondria and the induction of cell death in hepatocytes. Mitochondria lacking ANT could still be induced to undergo permeability transition, resulting in release of cytochrome c. However, more Ca2+ than usual was required to activate the mtPTP, and the pore could no longer be regulated by ANT ligands. Moreover, hepatocytes without ANT remained competent to respond to various initiators of cell death. Therefore, ANTs are non-essential structural components of the mtPTP, although they do contribute to its regulation.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Mol & Mitochondrial Med & Genet, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biol Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Mol Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Emory University; Emory University; Emory University
RP Wallace, DC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Mol & Mitochondrial Med & Genet, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM dwallace@uci.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD036437, U01 HD045913] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 901
Z9 1055
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 461
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature02229
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500048
PM 14749836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eubank, S
   Guclu, H
   Kumar, VSA
   Marathe, MV
   Srinivasan, A
   Toroczkai, Z
   Wang, N
AF Eubank, S
   Guclu, H
   Kumar, VSA
   Marathe, MV
   Srinivasan, A
   Toroczkai, Z
   Wang, N
TI Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smallpox; transmission; spread; attack
AB Most mathematical models for the spread of disease use differential equations based on uniformmixing assumptions(1) or ad hoc models for the contact process(2-4). Here we explore the use of dynamic bipartite graphs to model the physical contact patterns that result from movements of individuals between specific locations. The graphs are generated by large-scale individual-based urban traffic simulations built on actual census, land-use and population-mobility data. We find that the contact network among people is a strongly connected small-world-like(5) graph with a well-defined scale for the degree distribution. However, the locations graph is scale-free(6), which allows highly efficient outbreak detection by placing sensors in the hubs of the locations network. Within this large-scale simulation framework, we then analyse the relative merits of several proposed mitigation strategies for smallpox spread. Our results suggest that outbreaks can be contained by a strategy of targeted vaccination combined with early detection without resorting to mass vaccination of a population.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Basic & Appl Simulat Sci Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys Appl Phys & Astron, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Complex Syst Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Comp Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Eubank, S (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Basic & Appl Simulat Sci Grp, MS M997, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM eubank@lanl.gov
NR 28
TC 1416
Z9 1689
U1 5
U2 349
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 180
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature02541
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300041
PM 15141212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, P
   Jacobson, MK
   Mitchison, TJ
AF Chang, P
   Jacobson, MK
   Mitchison, TJ
TI Poly(ADP-ribose) is required for spindle assembly and structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase; tankyrase; protein; dynamics; numa; tubulin; irap; parp
AB The mitotic spindle is typically thought of as an array of microtubules, microtubule-associated proteins and motors that self-organizes to align and segregate chromosomes(1). The major spindle components consist of proteins and DNA, the primary structural elements of the spindle(1). Other macromolecules including RNA and lipids also associate with spindles, but their spindle function, if any, is unknown. Poly(ADP-ribose) ( PAR) is a large, branched, negatively charged polymeric macromolecule whose polymerization onto acceptor proteins is catalysed by a family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs)(2). Several PARPs localize to the spindle in vertebrate cells, suggesting that PARPs and/or PAR have a role in spindle function(2). Here we show that PAR is enriched in the spindle and is required for spindle function-PAR hydrolysis or perturbation leads to rapid disruption of spindle structure, and hydrolysis during spindle assembly blocks the formation of bipolar spindles. PAR exhibits localization dynamics that differ from known spindle proteins and are consistent with a low rate of turnover in the spindle. Thus, PAR is a non-proteinaceous, non-chromosomal component of the spindle required for bipolar spindle assembly and function.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Arizona Canc Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Arizona; Arizona Center Cancer Care; University of Arizona
RP Chang, P (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM paul_chang2@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM070090] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 195
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 645
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature03061
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200051
PM 15577915
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kang, TM
   Hilgemann, DW
AF Kang, TM
   Hilgemann, DW
TI Multiple transport modes of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sodium-calcium exchange; pig ventricular myocytes; na+-ca2+ exchange; membrane patches; guinea-pig; dynamic property; steady-state; stoichiometry; ion; translocation
AB The cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger(1) (NCX1; ref. 2) is a bi-directional Ca2+ transporter that contributes to the electrical activity of the heart(3,4). When, and if, Ca2+ is exported or imported depends on the Na+/Ca2+ exchange ratio(5). Whereas a ratio of 3:1 (Na+:Ca2+) has been indicated by Ca2+ flux equilibrium studies(6), a ratio closer to 4:1 has been indicated by exchange current reversal potentials(7,8). Here we show, using an ion-selective electrode technique(9) to quantify ion fluxes in giant patches(10), that ion flux ratios are approximately 3.2 for maximal transport in either direction. With Na+ and Ca2+ on both sides of the membrane, net current and Ca2+ flux can reverse at different membrane potentials, and inward current can be generated in the absence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, but not Na+. We propose that NCX1 can transport not only 1 Ca2+ or 3 Na+ ions, but also 1 Ca2+ with 1 Na+ ion at a low rate. Therefore, in addition to the major 3:1 transport mode, import of 1 Na+ with 1 Ca2+ defines a Na+-conducting mode that exports 1 Ca2+, and an electroneutral Ca2+ influx mode that exports 3 Na+. The two minor transport modes can potentially determine resting free Ca2+ and background inward current in heart.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Samsung Biomed Res Inst, Ctr Mol Med,Dept Physiol, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Samsung
RP Hilgemann, DW (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM donald.hilgemann@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 29
TC 127
Z9 147
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 544
EP 548
DI 10.1038/nature02271
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800042
PM 14765196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rape, M
   Kirschner, MW
AF Rape, M
   Kirschner, MW
TI Autonomous regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex couples mitosis to S-phase entry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-a; cell-cycle; mitotic regulation; accumulation; degradation; proteolysis; drosophila; complex/cyclosome; prometaphase; progression
AB Oscillations in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity drive the somatic cell cycle. After entry into mitosis, CDKs activate the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which then promotes cyclin degradation and mitotic exit. The re-accumulation of cyclin A causes the inactivation of APC and entry into S phase, but how cyclin A can accumulate in the presence of active APC has remained unclear. Here we show that, during G1, APC autonomously switches to a state permissive for cyclin A accumulation. Crucial to this transition is the APC(Cdh1)-dependent autoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH10. Because APC substrates inhibit the autoubiquitination of UbcH10, but not its E2 function, APC activity is maintained as long as G1 substrates are present. Thus, through UbcH10 degradation and cyclin A stabilization, APC autonomously downregulates its activity. This indicates that the core of the metazoan cell cycle could be described as a self-perpetuating but highly regulated oscillator composed of alternating CDK and APC activities.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Kirschner, MW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM marc@hms.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 251
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 588
EP 595
DI 10.1038/nature03023
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200037
PM 15558010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scherstén, A
   Elliott, T
   Hawkesworth, C
   Norman, M
AF Scherstén, A
   Elliott, T
   Hawkesworth, C
   Norman, M
TI Tungsten isotope evidence that mantle plumes contain no contribution from the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hawaiian picrites; systematics; geochemistry; components; accretion; pb
AB Osmium isotope ratios provide important constraints on the sources of ocean-island basalts, but two very different models have been put forward to explain such data. One model interprets Os-187-enrichments in terms of a component of recycled oceanic crust within the source material(1,2). The other model infers that interaction of the mantle with the Earth's outer core produces the isotope anomalies and, as a result of coupled Os-186-Os-187 anomalies, put time constraints on inner-core formation(3-5). Like osmium, tungsten is a siderophile ('iron-loving') element that preferentially partitioned into the Earth's core during core formation but is also 'incompatible' during mantle melting (it preferentially enters the melt phase), which makes it further depleted in the mantle. Tungsten should therefore be a sensitive tracer of core contributions in the source of mantle melts. Here we present high-precision tungsten isotope data from the same set of Hawaiian rocks used to establish the previously interpreted Os-186-Os-187 anomalies and on selected South African rocks, which have also been proposed to contain a core contribution(6). None of the samples that we have analysed have a negative tungsten isotope value, as predicted from the core-contribution model. This rules out a simple core-mantle mixing scenario and suggests that the radiogenic osmium in ocean-island basalts can better be explained by the source of such basalts containing a component of recycled crust.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of Bristol; Australian National University
RP Scherstén, A (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM anders.schersten@bristol.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/nature02221
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100040
PM 14724635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Balsam, LB
   Wagers, AJ
   Christensen, JL
   Kofidis, T
   Weissman, IL
   Robbins, RC
AF Balsam, LB
   Wagers, AJ
   Christensen, JL
   Kofidis, T
   Weissman, IL
   Robbins, RC
TI Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fusion; heart; transplantation; cardiomyocytes; regeneration; infarction; phenotype
AB Under conditions of tissue injury, myocardial replication and regeneration have been reported(1). A growing number of investigators have implicated adult bone marrow (BM) in this process, suggesting that marrow serves as a reservoir for cardiac precursor cells(2-6). It remains unclear which BM cell(s) can contribute to myocardium, and whether they do so by transdifferentiation or cell fusion. Here, we studied the ability of c-kit-enriched BM cells, Lin(-) c-kit(+) BM cells and c-kit(+) Thy1.1(lo) Lin(-) Sca-1(+) long-term reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells to regenerate myocardium in an infarct model. Cells were isolated from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and injected directly into ischaemic myocardium of wild-type mice. Abundant GFP(+) cells were detected in the myocardium after 10 days, but by 30 days, few cells were detectable. These GFP(+) cells did not express cardiac tissue-specific markers, but rather, most of them expressed the haematopoietic marker CD45 and myeloid marker Gr-1. We also studied the role of circulating cells in the repair of ischaemic myocardium using GFP(+)-GFP(-) parabiotic mice. Again, we found no evidence of myocardial regeneration from blood-borne partner-derived cells. Our data suggest that even in the microenvironment of the injured heart, c-kit-enriched BM cells, Lin(-) c-kit(+) BM cells and c-kit(+) Thy1.1(lo) Lin(-) Sca-1(+) long-term reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells adopt only traditional haematopoietic fates.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Robbins, RC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM robbins@stanford.edu
NR 17
TC 1370
Z9 1612
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 668
EP 673
DI 10.1038/nature02460
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200048
PM 15034594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strobel, P
   Riedel, M
   Ristein, J
   Ley, L
AF Strobel, P
   Riedel, M
   Ristein, J
   Ley, L
TI Surface transfer doping of diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-affinity; deposited diamond; hydrogen; conductivity; films; mechanism; layer
AB The electronic properties of many materials can be controlled by introducing appropriate impurities into the bulk crystal lattice in a process known as doping. In this way, diamond (a well-known insulator) can be transformed into a semiconductor(1), and recent progress in thin-film diamond synthesis has sparked interest in the potential applications of semiconducting diamond(2,3). However, the high dopant activation energies (in excess of 0.36 eV) and the limitation of donor incorporation to (111) growth facets only have hampered the development of diamond-based devices. Here we report a doping mechanism for diamond, using a method that does not require the introduction of foreign atoms into the diamond lattice. Instead, C(60) molecules are evaporated onto the hydrogen-terminated diamond surface, where they induce a subsurface hole accumulation and a significant rise in two-dimensional conductivity. Our observations bear a resemblance to the so-called surface conductivity of diamond(4-8) seen when hydrogenated diamond surfaces are exposed to air, and support an electrochemical model in which the reduction of hydrated protons in an aqueous surface layer gives rise to a hole accumulation layer(6,7). We expect that transfer doping by C(60) will open a broad vista of possible semiconductor applications for diamond.
C1 Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Tech Phys, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
C3 University of Erlangen Nuremberg
RP Ristein, J (corresponding author), Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Inst Tech Phys, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
EM juergen.ristein@physik.uni-erlangen.de
NR 18
TC 255
Z9 275
U1 9
U2 146
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 439
EP 441
DI 10.1038/nature02751
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400038
PM 15269764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kroutvar, M
   Ducommun, Y
   Heiss, D
   Bichler, M
   Schuh, D
   Abstreiter, G
   Finley, JJ
AF Kroutvar, M
   Ducommun, Y
   Heiss, D
   Bichler, M
   Schuh, D
   Abstreiter, G
   Finley, JJ
TI Optically programmable electron spin memory using semiconductor quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charge storage
AB The spin of a single electron subject to a static magnetic field provides a natural two-level system that is suitable for use as a quantum bit, the fundamental logical unit in a quantum computer(1-3). Semiconductor quantum dots fabricated by strain driven self-assembly(4) are particularly attractive for the realization of spin quantum bits, as they can be controllably positioned(5), electronically coupled(6) and embedded into active devices(7-10). It has been predicted that the atomic-like electronic structure(4) of such quantum dots suppresses coupling of the spin to the solid-state quantum dot environment(11-14), thus protecting the 'spin' quantum information against decoherence(15,16). Here we demonstrate a single electron spin memory device in which the electron spin can be programmed by frequency selective optical excitation. We use the device to prepare single electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots with a well defined orientation, and directly measure the intrinsic spin flip time and its dependence on magnetic field. A very long spin lifetime is obtained, with a lower limit of about 20 milliseconds at a magnetic field of 4 tesla and at 1 kelvin.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich
RP Finley, JJ (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Walter Schottky Inst, Coulombwall 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM finley@wsi.tum.de
NR 24
TC 858
Z9 908
U1 2
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature03008
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900042
PM 15525984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aitken, CM
   Jones, DM
   Larter, SR
AF Aitken, CM
   Jones, DM
   Larter, SR
TI Anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation in deep subsurface oil reservoirs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crude-oil; petroleum; degradation; naphthalene; microbiology; metabolites; oxidation; bacteria; field
AB Biodegradation of crude oil in subsurface petroleum reservoirs is an important alteration process with major economic consequences(1). Aerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at the surface is well documented(2) and it has long been thought that the flow of oxygen- and nutrient-bearing meteoric waters into reservoirs was necessary for in-reservoir petroleum biodegradation(3). The occurrence of biodegraded oils in reservoirs where aerobic conditions are unlikely(4), together with the identification of several anaerobic microorganisms in oil fields(5) and the discovery of anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation mechanisms(6,7), suggests that anaerobic degradation processes could also be responsible. The extent of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation processes in the world's deep petroleum reservoirs, however, remains strongly contested. Moreover, no organism has yet been isolated that has been shown to degrade hydrocarbons under the conditions found in deep petroleum reservoirs(8). Here we report the isolation of metabolites indicative of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation from a large fraction of 77 degraded oil samples from both marine and lacustrine sources from around the world, including the volumetrically important Canadian tar sands. Our results therefore suggest that anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation is a common process in biodegraded subsurface oil reservoirs.
C1 Newcastle Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geosci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Geol & Geophys, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Calgary
RP Jones, DM (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geosci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM martin.jones@ncl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 309
Z9 371
U1 5
U2 187
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 291
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature02922
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000036
PM 15372028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mori, M
   Abegg, MH
   Gähwiler, BH
   Gerber, U
AF Mori, M
   Abegg, MH
   Gähwiler, BH
   Gerber, U
TI A frequency-dependent switch from inhibition to excitation in a hippocampal unitary circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mossy fiber synapses; rat hippocampus; slice cultures; synaptic connections; pyramidal cells; ca3 neurons; organization; conductance; depression; invitro
AB The hippocampus, a brain structure essential for memory and cognition, is classically represented as a trisynaptic excitatory circuit. Recent findings challenge this view, particularly with regard to the mossy fibre input to CA3, the second synapse in the trisynaptic pathway(1). Thus, the powerful mossy fibre input to CA3 pyramidal cells might mediate both synaptic excitation and inhibition(2,3). Here we show, by recording from connected cell pairs in rat entorhinal - hippocampal slice cultures, that single action potentials in a dentate granule cell evoke a net inhibitory signal in a pyramidal cell. The hyperpolarization is due to disynaptic feedforward inhibition, which overwhelms monosynaptic excitation. Interestingly, this net inhibitory synaptic response changes to an excitatory signal when the frequency of presynaptic action potentials increases. The process responsible for this switch involves the facilitation of monosynaptic excitatory transmission coupled with rapid depression of inhibitory circuits. This ability to immediately switch the polarity of synaptic responses constitutes a novel synaptic mechanism, which might be crucial to the state-dependent processing of information in associative hippocampal networks.
C1 Univ Zurich, Brain Res Inst, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Mori, M (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Brain Res Inst, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM mori@hifo.unizh.ch
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 453
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature02854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500041
PM 15386013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fromhold, TM
   Patanè, A
   Bujkiewicz, S
   Wilkinson, PB
   Fowler, D
   Sherwood, D
   Stapleton, SP
   Krokhin, AA
   Eaves, L
   Henini, M
   Sankeshwar, NS
   Sheard, FW
AF Fromhold, TM
   Patanè, A
   Bujkiewicz, S
   Wilkinson, PB
   Fowler, D
   Sherwood, D
   Stapleton, SP
   Krokhin, AA
   Eaves, L
   Henini, M
   Sankeshwar, NS
   Sheard, FW
TI Chaotic electron diffusion through stochastic webs enhances current flow in superlattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum chaos; dynamics; system; wave
AB Understanding how complex systems respond to change is of fundamental importance in the natural sciences. There is particular interest in systems whose classical newtonian motion becomes chaotic(1-22) as an applied perturbation grows. The transition to chaos usually occurs by the gradual destruction of stable orbits in parameter space, in accordance with the Kolmo-gorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem(1-3,6-9)-a cornerstone of nonlinear dynamics that explains, for example, gaps in the asteroid belt(2). By contrast, 'non-KAM' chaos switches on and off abruptly at critical values of the perturbation frequency(6-9). This type of dynamics has wide-ranging implications in the theory of plasma physics(10), tokamak fusion(11), turbulence(6,7,12), ion traps(13), and quasicrystals(6,8). Here we realize non-KAM chaos experimentally by exploiting the quantum properties of electrons in the periodic potential of a semiconductor superlattice(22-27) with an applied voltage and magnetic field. The onset of chaos at discrete voltages is observed as a large increase in the current flow due to the creation of unbound electron orbits, which propagate through intricate web patterns(6-10,12-16) in phase space. Non-KAM chaos therefore provides a mechanism for controlling the electrical conductivity of a condensed matter device: its extreme sensitivity could find applications in quantum electronics and photonics.
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Fromhold, TM (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
EM mark.fromhold@nottingham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 107
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 726
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature02445
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800032
PM 15085125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wild, C
   Huettel, M
   Klueter, A
   Kremb, SG
   Rasheed, MYM
   Jorgensen, BB
AF Wild, C
   Huettel, M
   Klueter, A
   Kremb, SG
   Rasheed, MYM
   Jorgensen, BB
TI Coral mucus functions as an energy carrier and particle trap in the reef ecosystem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-movement; zooxanthellae; respiration; populations; ecology; release
AB Zooxanthellae, endosymbiotic algae of reef-building corals, substantially contribute to the high gross primary production of coral reefs(1), but corals exude up to half of the carbon assimilated by their zooxanthellae as mucus(2,3). Here we show that released coral mucus efficiently traps organic matter from the water column and rapidly carries energy and nutrients to the reef lagoon sediment, which acts as a biocatalytic mineralizing filter. In the Great Barrier Reef, the dominant genus of hard corals, Acropora, exudes up to 4.8 litres of mucus per square metre of reef area per day. Between 56% and 80% of this mucus dissolves in the reef water, which is filtered through the lagoon sands. Here, coral mucus is degraded at a turnover rate of at least 7% per hour. Detached undissolved mucus traps suspended particles, increasing its initial organic carbon and nitrogen content by three orders of magnitude within 2 h. Tidal currents concentrate these mucus aggregates into the lagoon, where they rapidly settle. Coral mucus provides light energy harvested by the zooxanthellae and trapped particles to the heterotrophic reef community, thereby establishing a recycling loop that supports benthic life, while reducing loss of energy and nutrients from the reef ecosystem.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Australian Inst Marine Sci, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Dept Benth Ecosyst, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Yarmouk Univ, Aqaba, Jordan.
   Univ Jordan, Marine Sci Stn, Aqaba, Jordan.
C3 Max Planck Society; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Yarmouk University; University of Jordan
RP Wild, C (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM cwild@mpi-bremen.de
NR 28
TC 494
Z9 579
U1 2
U2 194
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 66
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature02344
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800035
PM 14999280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pace, ML
   Cole, JJ
   Carpenter, SR
   Kitchell, JF
   Hodgson, JR
   Van de Bogert, MC
   Bade, DL
   Kritzberg, ES
   Bastviken, D
AF Pace, ML
   Cole, JJ
   Carpenter, SR
   Kitchell, JF
   Hodgson, JR
   Van de Bogert, MC
   Bade, DL
   Kritzberg, ES
   Bastviken, D
TI Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; growth-rate; carbon; fractionation; zooplankton; energy; trace; flow
AB Ecosystems are supported by organic carbon from two distinct sources. Endogenous carbon is produced by photosynthesis within an ecosystem by autotrophic organisms. Exogenous carbon is produced elsewhere and transported into ecosystems. Consumers may use exogenous carbon with consequent influences on population dynamics, predator-prey relationships and ecosystem processes(1). For example, exogenous inputs provide resources that may enhance consumer abundance beyond levels supported by within-system primary production(2). Exogenous fluxes of organic carbon to ecosystems are often large, but this material is recalcitrant and difficult to assimilate, in contrast to endogenously produced organic matter, which is used more easily(3,4). Here we show, by the experimental manipulation of dissolved inorganic C-13 in two lakes, that internal primary production is insufficient to support the food webs of these ecosystems. Additions of NaH (CO3)-C-13 enriched the C-13 content of dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, zooplankton and fish. Dynamics of C-13 indicate that 40-55% of particulate organic carbon and 22-50% of zooplankton carbon are derived from terrestrial sources, showing that there is significant subsidy of these ecosystems by organic carbon produced outside their boundaries.
C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   St Norbert Coll, Dept Biol, De Pere, WI 54115 USA.
   Lund Univ, Dept Ecol Limnol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Linkoping Univ, Dept Water & Environm Studies, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden.
C3 Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Lund University; Linkoping University
RP Pace, ML (corresponding author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA.
EM pacem@ecostudies.org
NR 28
TC 473
Z9 571
U1 3
U2 282
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 240
EP 243
DI 10.1038/nature02227
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100042
PM 14724637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaillon, O
   Aury, JM
   Brunet, F
   Petit, JL
   Stange-Thomann, N
   Mauceli, E
   Bouneau, L
   Fischer, C
   Ozouf-Costaz, C
   Bernot, A
   Nicaud, S
   Jaffe, D
   Fisher, S
   Lutfalla, G
   Dossat, C
   Segurens, B
   Dasilva, C
   Salanoubat, M
   Levy, M
   Boudet, N
   Castellano, S
   Anthouard, R
   Jubin, C
   Castelli, V
   Katinka, M
   Vacherie, B
   Biémont, C
   Skalli, Z
   Cattolico, L
   Poulain, J
   de Berardinis, V
   Cruaud, C
   Duprat, S
   Brottier, P
   Coutanceau, JP
   Gouzy, J
   Parra, G
   Lardier, G
   Chapple, C
   McKernan, KJ
   McEwan, P
   Bosak, S
   Kellis, M
   Volff, JN
   Guigó, R
   Zody, MC
   Mesirov, J
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Birren, B
   Nusbaum, C
   Kahn, D
   Robinson-Rechavi, M
   Laudet, V
   Schachter, V
   Quétier, F
   Saurin, W
   Scarpelli, C
   Wincker, P
   Lander, ES
   Weissenbach, J
   Roest Crollius, H
AF Jaillon, O
   Aury, JM
   Brunet, F
   Petit, JL
   Stange-Thomann, N
   Mauceli, E
   Bouneau, L
   Fischer, C
   Ozouf-Costaz, C
   Bernot, A
   Nicaud, S
   Jaffe, D
   Fisher, S
   Lutfalla, G
   Dossat, C
   Segurens, B
   Dasilva, C
   Salanoubat, M
   Levy, M
   Boudet, N
   Castellano, S
   Anthouard, R
   Jubin, C
   Castelli, V
   Katinka, M
   Vacherie, B
   Biémont, C
   Skalli, Z
   Cattolico, L
   Poulain, J
   de Berardinis, V
   Cruaud, C
   Duprat, S
   Brottier, P
   Coutanceau, JP
   Gouzy, J
   Parra, G
   Lardier, G
   Chapple, C
   McKernan, KJ
   McEwan, P
   Bosak, S
   Kellis, M
   Volff, JN
   Guigó, R
   Zody, MC
   Mesirov, J
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Birren, B
   Nusbaum, C
   Kahn, D
   Robinson-Rechavi, M
   Laudet, V
   Schachter, V
   Quétier, F
   Saurin, W
   Scarpelli, C
   Wincker, P
   Lander, ES
   Weissenbach, J
   Roest Crollius, H
TI Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray-finned fishes; dna-sequence; gene duplication; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; compact genome; animal genm; evolution; chromosome; nucleotide; origin
AB Tetraodon nigroviridis is a freshwater puffer fish with the smallest known vertebrate genome. Here, we report a draft genome sequence with long-range linkage and substantial anchoring to the 21 Tetraodon chromosomes. Genome analysis provides a greatly improved fish gene catalogue, including identifying key genes previously thought to be absent in fish. Comparison with other vertebrates and a urochordate indicates that fish proteins have diverged markedly faster than their mammalian homologues. Comparison with the human genome suggests similar to900 previously unannotated human genes. Analysis of the Tetraodon and human genomes shows that whole-genome duplication occurred in the teleost fish lineage, subsequent to its divergence from mammals. The analysis also makes it possible to infer the basic structure of the ancestral bony vertebrate genome, which was composed of 12 chromosomes, and to reconstruct much of the evolutionary history of ancient and recent chromosome rearrangements leading to the modern human karyotype.
C1 CNRS, UMR Genoscope 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Evry, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Mol & Cellular Biol Lab, CNRS, UMR 5161,INRA,UMR 1237, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Systemat & Evolut, Serv Systemat Mol, CNRS,IFR 101, F-75231 Paris, France.
   CNRS, UMR 5124, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France.
   UPF, IMIM, Grp Recerca Informat Biomed, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
   Programa Bioinformat & Genom, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
   Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR Biometrie & Biol Evolut 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   INRA, CNRS, Lab Interact Plantes Microorganismes, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
   Agencourt Biosci Corp, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
   Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Biofuture Res Grp, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); INRAE; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Hospital del Mar Research Institute; Pompeu Fabra University; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); INRAE; University of Wurzburg; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Weissenbach, J (corresponding author), CNRS, UMR Genoscope 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.
EM jsbach@genoscope.cns.fr
NR 57
TC 1577
Z9 1833
U1 5
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 946
EP 957
DI 10.1038/nature03025
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600035
PM 15496914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hancox, CI
   Doret, SC
   Hummon, MT
   Luo, LJ
   Doyle, JM
AF Hancox, CI
   Doret, SC
   Hummon, MT
   Luo, LJ
   Doyle, JM
TI Magnetic trapping of rare-earth atoms at millikelvin temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The ability to create quantum degenerate gases has led to the realization of Bose-Einstein condensation of molecules(1-4), atom atom entanglement(5) and the accurate measurement of the Casimir force in atom-surface interactions(6). With a few exceptions(7-9), the achievement of quantum degeneracy relies on evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped atoms to ultracold temperatures. Magnetic traps confine atoms whose electronic magnetic moments are aligned anti-parallel to the magnetic field. This alignment must be preserved during the collisional thermalization of the atomic cloud. Quantum degeneracy has been reached in spherically symmetric, S-state atoms (atoms with zero internal orbital angular momentum). However, collisional relaxation of the atomic magnetic moments of non-S-state atoms (non-spherical atoms with non-zero internal orbital angular momentum) is thought to proceed rapidly. Here we demonstrate magnetic trapping of non-S-state rare-earth atoms, observing a suppression of the interaction anisotropy in collisions. The atoms behave effectively like S-state atoms because their unpaired electrons are shielded by two outer filled electronic shells that are spherically symmetric. Our results are promising for the creation of quantum degenerate gases with non-S-state atoms, and may facilitate the search for time variation of fundamental constants(10-12) and the development of a quantum computer with highly magnetic atoms(13).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Doyle, JM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM doyle@physics.harvard.edu
NR 25
TC 110
Z9 126
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature02938
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000033
PM 15372025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Halik, M
   Klauk, H
   Zschieschang, U
   Schmid, G
   Dehm, C
   Schütz, M
   Maisch, S
   Effenberger, F
   Brunnbauer, M
   Stellacci, F
AF Halik, M
   Klauk, H
   Zschieschang, U
   Schmid, G
   Dehm, C
   Schütz, M
   Maisch, S
   Effenberger, F
   Brunnbauer, M
   Stellacci, F
TI Low-voltage organic transistors with an amorphous molecular gate dielectric
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-assembled monolayer; performance; displays
AB Organic thin film transistors (TFTs) are of interest for a variety of large-area electronic applications, such as displays(1-3,) sensors(4,5) and electronic barcodes(6-8). One of the key problems with existing organic TFTs is their large operating voltage, which often exceeds 20 V. This is due to poor capacitive coupling through relatively thick gate dielectric layers: these dielectrics are usually either inorganic oxides or nitrides(2-8), or insulating polymers(9), and are often thicker than 100 nm to minimize gate leakage currents. Here we demonstrate a manufacturing process for TFTs with a 2.5-nm-thick molecular self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gate dielectric and a high-mobility organic semiconductor (pentacene). These TFTs operate with supply voltages of less than 2 V, yet have gate currents that are lower than those of advanced silicon field-effect transistors with SiO2 dielectrics. These results should therefore increase the prospects of using organic TFTs in low-power applications (such as portable devices). Moreover, molecular SAMs may even be of interest for advanced silicon transistors where the continued reduction in dielectric thickness leads to ever greater gate leakage and power dissipation.
C1 Infineon Technol AG, New Memory Platforms, Mat & Technol, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
   Univ Stuttgart, Dept Chem, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Infineon Technologies; University of Stuttgart; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Halik, M (corresponding author), Infineon Technol AG, New Memory Platforms, Mat & Technol, Paul Gossen Str 100, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany.
EM marcus.halik@infineon.com
NR 22
TC 731
Z9 844
U1 2
U2 350
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 963
EP 966
DI 10.1038/nature02987
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600038
PM 15496917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hierro, A
   Sun, J
   Rusnak, AS
   Kim, J
   Prag, G
   Emr, SD
   Hurley, JH
AF Hierro, A
   Sun, J
   Rusnak, AS
   Kim, J
   Prag, G
   Emr, SD
   Hurley, JH
TI Structure of the ESCRT-II endosomal trafficking complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor down-regulation; multivesicular-body; ubiquitin ligase; protein; tsg101; machinery; pathway; system; body; delta
AB The multivesicular-body (MVB) pathway delivers transmembrane proteins and lipids to the lumen of the endosome. The multivesicular-body sorting pathway has crucial roles in growth-factor-receptor downregulation(1), developmental signalling(2-4), regulation of the immune response(5) and the budding of certain enveloped viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus(6). Ubiquitination is a signal for sorting into the MVB pathway(7,8), which also requires the functions of three protein complexes, termed ESCRT-I, -II and -III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)(7,9,10). Here we report the crystal structure of the core of the yeast ESCRT-II complex, which contains one molecule of the Vps protein Vps22, the carboxy-terminal domain of Vps36 and two molecules of Vps25, and has the shape of a capital letter 'Y'. The amino-terminal coiled coil of Vps22 and the flexible linker leading to the ubiquitin-binding NZF domain of Vps36 both protrude from the tip of one branch of the 'Y'. Vps22 and Vps36 form nearly equivalent interactions with the two Vps25 molecules at the centre of the 'Y'. The structure suggests how ubiquitinated cargo could be passed between ESCRT components of the MVB pathway through the sequential transfer of ubiquitinated cargo from one complex to the next.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Hurley, JH (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hurley@helix.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/nature02914
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000052
PM 15329733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaffe, W
   Meisenheimer, K
   Röttgering, HJA
   Leinert, C
   Richichi, A
   Chesneau, O
   Fraix-Burnet, D
   Glazenborg-Kluttig, A
   Granato, GL
   Graser, U
   Heijligers, B
   Köhler, R
   Malbet, F
   Miley, GK
   Paresce, F
   Pel, JW
   Perrin, G
   Przygodda, F
   Schoeller, M
   Sol, H
   Waters, LBFM
   Weigelt, G
   Woillez, J
   de Zeeuw, PT
AF Jaffe, W
   Meisenheimer, K
   Röttgering, HJA
   Leinert, C
   Richichi, A
   Chesneau, O
   Fraix-Burnet, D
   Glazenborg-Kluttig, A
   Granato, GL
   Graser, U
   Heijligers, B
   Köhler, R
   Malbet, F
   Miley, GK
   Paresce, F
   Pel, JW
   Perrin, G
   Przygodda, F
   Schoeller, M
   Sol, H
   Waters, LBFM
   Weigelt, G
   Woillez, J
   de Zeeuw, PT
TI The central dusty torus in the active nucleus of NGC 1068
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic nuclei; ngc 1068; infrared-spectra; spectroscopy; emission; vlti
AB Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) display many energetic phenomena - broad emission lines, X-rays, relativistic jets, radio lobes originating from matter falling onto a supermassive black hole. It is widely accepted that orientation effects play a major role in explaining the observational appearance of AGNs. Seen from certain directions, circum-nuclear dust clouds would block our view of the central powerhouse(1,2). Indirect evidence suggests that the dust clouds form a parsec-sized torus-shaped distribution. This explanation, however, remains unproved, as even the largest telescopes have not been able to resolve the dust structures. Here we report interferometric mid-infrared observations that spatially resolve these structures in the galaxy NGC 1068. The observations reveal warm (320 K) dust in a structure 2.1 parsec thick and 3.4 parsec in diameter, surrounding a smaller hot structure. As such a configuration of dust clouds would collapse in a time much shorter than the active phase of the AGN(3), this observation requires a continual input of kinetic energy to the cloud system from a source coexistent with the AGN.
C1 Leiden Observ, NL-2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Observ Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   Stichting ASTRON, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   Astron Observ Padova, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Max Planck Society; European Southern Observatory; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of Padua; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; European Southern Observatory; University of Amsterdam; KU Leuven; Max Planck Society
RP Jaffe, W (corresponding author), Leiden Observ, Niels Bohrweg 2, NL-2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM jaffe@strw.leidenuniv.nl
NR 21
TC 450
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature02531
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100038
PM 15129274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Massagué, J
AF Massagué, J
TI G1 cell-cycle control and cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; tgf-beta; c-myc; p53-dependent apoptosis; signal-transduction; kinase inhibitors; hedgehog response; tumor suppression; id proteins; ras
AB Before replicating DNA during their reproductive cycle, our cells enter a phase called G1 during which they interpret a flood of signals that influence cell division and cell fate. Mistakes in this process lead to cancer. An increasingly complex and coherent view of G1 signalling networks, which coordinate cell growth, proliferation, stress management and survival, is helping to define the roots of malignancies and shows promise for the development of better cancer therapies.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Massagué, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, Box 116,1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM j-massague@ski.mskcc.org
NR 98
TC 1032
Z9 1246
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 298
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature03094
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400039
PM 15549091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kenyon, SJ
   Bromley, BC
AF Kenyon, SJ
   Bromley, BC
TI Stellar encounters as the origin of distant Solar System objects in highly eccentric orbits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kuiper-belt; size distribution; planet; analog; disks; dust
AB The Kuiper belt(1) extends from the orbit of Neptune at 30 AU to an abrupt outer edge about 50 AU from the Sun(2). Beyond the edge is a sparse population of objects with large orbital eccentricities(3,4). Neptune shapes the dynamics of most Kuiper belt objects, but the recently discovered planet 2003 VB12 (Sedna(5)) has an eccentric orbit with a perihelion distance of 70 AU, far beyond Neptune's gravitational influence(6-8). Although influences from passing stars could have created the Kuiper belt's outer edge and could have scattered objects into large, eccentric orbits(9,10), no model currently explains the properties of Sedna. Here we show that a passing star probably scattered Sedna from the Kuiper belt into its observed orbit. The likelihood that a planet at 60-80 AU can be scattered into Sedna's orbit is about 50 per cent; this estimate depends critically on the geometry of the fly-by. Even more interesting is the similar to10 per cent chance that Sedna was captured from the outer disk of the passing star. Most captures have very high inclination orbits; detection of such objects would confirm the presence of extrasolar planets in our own Solar System.
C1 Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Phys, JFB 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Kenyon, SJ (corresponding author), Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM skenyon@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 125
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 598
EP 602
DI 10.1038/nature03136
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200039
PM 15577903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laurance, WF
   Oliveira, AA
   Laurance, SG
   Condit, R
   Nascimento, HEM
   Sanchez-Thorin, AC
   Lovejoy, TE
   Andrade, A
   D'Angelo, S
   Ribeiro, JE
   Dick, CW
AF Laurance, WF
   Oliveira, AA
   Laurance, SG
   Condit, R
   Nascimento, HEM
   Sanchez-Thorin, AC
   Lovejoy, TE
   Andrade, A
   D'Angelo, S
   Ribeiro, JE
   Dick, CW
TI Pervasive alteration of tree communities in undisturbed Amazonian forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical rain-forest; el-nino; growth; variability; seedlings
AB Amazonian rainforests are some of the most species-rich tree communities on earth(1). Here we show that, over the past two decades, forests in a central Amazonian landscape have experienced highly nonrandom changes in dynamics and composition. Our analyses are based on a network of 18 permanent plots unaffected by any detectable disturbance. Within these plots, rates of tree mortality, recruitment and growth have increased over time. Of 115 relatively abundant tree genera, 27 changed significantly in population density or basal area-a value nearly 14 times greater than that expected by chance. An independent, eight-year study in nearby forests corroborates these shifts in composition. Contrary to recent predictions(2-5), we observed no increase in pioneer trees. However, genera of faster-growing trees, including many canopy and emergent species, are increasing in dominance or density, whereas genera of slower-growing trees, including many subcanopy species, are declining. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations(6) may explain these changes, although the effects of this and other large-scale environmental alterations remain uncertain. These compositional changes could have important impacts on the carbon storage, dynamics and biota of Amazonian forests.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   INPA, Dept Bot, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
   INPA, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol, BR-14040901 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia; Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP Laurance, WF (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM laurancew@tivoli.si.edu
NR 29
TC 208
Z9 246
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 171
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature02383
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600046
PM 15014498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siemens, J
   Lillo, C
   Dumont, RA
   Reynolds, A
   Williams, DS
   Gillespie, PG
   Müller, U
AF Siemens, J
   Lillo, C
   Dumont, RA
   Reynolds, A
   Williams, DS
   Gillespie, PG
   Müller, U
TI Cadherin 23 is a component of the tip link in hair-cell stereocilia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID syndrome type 1d; mechanical transduction; calcium chelation; inner-ear; adaptation; cdh23; mutations; harmonin; adhesion; antigen
AB Mechanoelectrical transduction, the conversion of mechanical force into electrochemical signals, underlies a range of sensory phenomena, including touch, hearing and balance. Hair cells of the vertebrate inner ear are specialized mechanosensors that transduce mechanical forces arising from sound waves and head movement to provide our senses of hearing and balance(1,2); however, the mechanotransduction channel of hair cells and the molecules that regulate channel activity have remained elusive. One molecule that might participate in mechanoelectrical transduction is cadherin 23 (CDH23), as mutations in its gene cause deafness and age-related hearing loss(3-6). Furthermore, CDH23 is large enough to be the tip link, the extracellular filament proposed to gate the mechanotransduction channel(7). Here we show that antibodies against CDH23 label the tip link, and that CDH23 has biochemical properties similar to those of the tip link. Moreover, CDH23 forms a complex with myosin-1c, the only known component of the mechanotransduction apparatus(8), suggesting that CDH23 and myosin-1c cooperate to regulate the activity of mechanically gated ion channels in hair cells.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Inst Childhood & Neglected Dis, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Oregon Hearing Res Ctr, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University
RP Müller, U (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Inst Childhood & Neglected Dis, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM umueller@scripps.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY007042] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 365
Z9 460
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 950
EP 955
DI 10.1038/nature02483
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000043
PM 15057245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jancke, D
   Chavane, F
   Naaman, S
   Grinvald, A
AF Jancke, D
   Chavane, F
   Naaman, S
   Grinvald, A
TI Imaging cortical correlates of illusion in early visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion induction; line-motion; attention; dynamics; facilitation; connections; responses; speed; field; area
AB Exploring visual illusions reveals fundamental principles of cortical processing. Illusory motion perception of non-moving stimuli was described almost a century ago by Gestalt psychologists(1,2). However, the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. To explore cortical mechanisms underlying the 'linemotion' illusion(3), we used real-time optical imaging(4-6), which is highly sensitive to subthreshold activity. We examined, in the visual cortex of the anaesthetized cat, responses to five stimuli: a stationary small square and a long bar; a moving square; a drawnout bar; and the well-known line-motion illusion(3), a stationary square briefly preceding a long stationary bar presentation. Whereas flashing the bar alone evoked the expected localized, short latency and high amplitude activity patterns(7,8), presenting a square 60 - 100 ms before a bar induced the dynamic activity patterns resembling that of fast movement. The preceding square, even though physically non-moving, created gradually propagating subthreshold cortical activity that must contribute to illusory motion, because it was indistinguishable from cortical representations of real motion in this area. These findings demonstrate the effect of spatio-temporal patterns of subthreshold synaptic potentials on cortical processing and the shaping of perception.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Grodetsky Ctr Studies Higher Brain Funct, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Jancke, D (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM jancke@neurobiologie.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/nature02396
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300042
PM 15042090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, KR
   Shaulsky, G
   Strassmann, JE
   Queller, DC
   Thompson, CRL
AF Foster, KR
   Shaulsky, G
   Strassmann, JE
   Queller, DC
   Thompson, CRL
TI Pleiotropy as a mechanism to stabilize cooperation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ameba dictyostelium-discoideum; social ameba; evolution; expression; dif-1
AB Most genes affect many traits(1-4). This phenomenon, known as pleiotropy, is a major constraint on evolution because adaptive change in one trait may be prevented because it would compromise other traits affected by the same genes(2,4). Here we show that pleiotropy can have an unexpected effect and benefit one of the most enigmatic of adaptations-cooperation. A spectacular act of cooperation occurs in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, in which some cells die to form a stalk that holds the other cells aloft as reproductive spores(5,6). We have identified a gene, dimA(7), in D. discoideum that has two contrasting effects. It is required to receive the signalling molecule DIF-1 that causes differentiation into prestalk cells. Ignoring DIF-1 and not becoming prestalk should allow cells to cheat by avoiding the stalk. However, we find that in aggregations containing the wildtype cells, lack of the dimA gene results in exclusion from spores. This pleiotropic linkage of stalk and spore formation limits the potential for cheating in D. discoideum because defecting on prestalk cell production results in an even greater reduction in spores. We propose that the evolution of pleiotropic links between cheating and personal costs can stabilize cooperative adaptations.
C1 Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 Rice University; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Manchester
RP Foster, KR (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
EM krfoster@rice.edu; christopher.thompson@man.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 212
Z9 246
U1 2
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 693
EP 696
DI 10.1038/nature02894
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300041
PM 15470429
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowman, GD
   O'Donnell, M
   Kuriyan, J
AF Bowman, GD
   O'Donnell, M
   Kuriyan, J
TI Structural analysis of a eukaryotic sliding DNA clamp-clamp loader complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell nuclear antigen; replication factor-c; crystal-structure; helicase-primase; gamma complex; delta-subunit; polymerase; mechanism; domain; proteins
AB Sliding clamps are ring-shaped proteins that encircle DNA and confer high processivity on DNA polymerases. Here we report the crystal structure of the five-protein clamp loader complex ( replication factor-C, RFC) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bound to the sliding clamp ( proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA). Tight interfacial coordination of the ATP analogue ATP-gamma S by RFC results in a spiral arrangement of the ATPase domains of the clamp loader above the PCNA ring. Placement of a model for primed DNA within the central hole of PCNA reveals a striking correspondence between the RFC spiral and the grooves of the DNA double helix. This model, in which the clamp loader complex locks onto primed DNA in a screw-cap-like arrangement, provides a simple explanation for the process by which the engagement of primer-template junctions by the RFC: PCNA complex results in ATP hydrolysis and release of the sliding clamp on DNA.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab DNA Replicat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Kuriyan, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kuriyan@berkeley.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM066586] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 377
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 724
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature02585
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900029
PM 15201901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bertet, C
   Sulak, L
   Lecuit, T
AF Bertet, C
   Sulak, L
   Lecuit, T
TI Myosin-dependent junction remodelling controls planar cell intercalation and axis elongation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarized membrane growth; heavy-chain function; nonmuscle myosin; epithelial-cells; light chain; drosophila; morphogenesis; cytokinesis; oogenesis; migration
AB Shaping a developing organ or embryo relies on the spatial regulation of cell division and shape. However, morphogenesis also occurs through changes in cell-neighbourhood relationships produced by intercalation(1,2). Intercalation poses a special problem in epithelia because of the adherens junctions, which maintain the integrity of the tissue. Here we address the mechanism by which an ordered process of cell intercalation directs polarized epithelial morphogenesis during germ-band elongation, the developmental elongation of the Drosophila embryo. Intercalation progresses because junctions are spatially reorganized in the plane of the epithelium following an ordered pattern of disassembly and reassembly. The planar remodelling of junctions is not driven by external forces at the tissue boundaries but depends on local forces at cell boundaries. Myosin II is specifically enriched in disassembling junctions, and its planar polarized localization and activity are required for planar junction remodelling and cell intercalation. This simple cellular mechanism provides a general model for polarized morphogenesis in epithelial organs.
C1 Univ Mediterranee, Lab Genet & Physiol Dev, Inst Biol Dev Marseille, CNRS,INSERM, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Lecuit, T (corresponding author), Univ Mediterranee, Lab Genet & Physiol Dev, Inst Biol Dev Marseille, CNRS,INSERM, Campus Luminy,Case 907, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
EM lecuit@ibdm.univ-mrs.fr
NR 29
TC 752
Z9 903
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 667
EP 671
DI 10.1038/nature02590
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600043
PM 15190355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tzfira, T
   Vaidya, M
   Citovsky, V
AF Tzfira, T
   Vaidya, M
   Citovsky, V
TI Involvement of targeted proteolysis in plant genetic transformation by Agrobacterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-dna transfer; nuclear-localization signal; nopaline strains; binding-protein; virulence gene; a-tumefaciens; vird2 protein; cells; host; vire2
AB Genetic transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium represents a unique case of trans-kingdom DNA transfer(1). During this process, Agrobacterium exports its transferred ( T) DNA and several virulence (Vir) proteins into the host cell(2), within which T-DNA nuclear import is mediated by VirD2 (ref. 3) and VirE2 ( ref. 4) and their host cell interactors AtKAP-alpha(5) and VIP1 (ref. 6), whereas its integration is mediated mainly by host cell proteins(7-9). The factors involved in the uncoating of T-DNA from its cognate proteins, which occurs before integration into the host genome, are still unknown. Here, we report that VirF - one of the few known exported Vir proteins whose function in the host cell remains unknown - is involved in targeted proteolysis of VIP1 and VirE2. We show that VirF localizes to the plant cell nucleus and interacts with VIP1, a nuclear protein. VirF, which contains an F-box motif(10), significantly destabilizes both VIP1 and VirE2 in yeast cells. Destabilization of VIP1 in the presence of VirF was then confirmed in planta. These results suggest that VIP1 and its cognate VirE2 are specifically targeted by the VirF-containing Skp1-Cdc53-cullin-F-box complex for proteolysis. The critical role of proteasomal degradation in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was also evident from inhibition of T-DNA expression by a proteasomal inhibitor.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Tzfira, T (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM ttzfira@ms.cc.sunysb.edu
NR 30
TC 195
Z9 236
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 87
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature02857
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500047
PM 15343337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reznick, DN
   Bryant, MJ
   Roff, D
   Ghalambor, CK
   Ghalambor, DE
AF Reznick, DN
   Bryant, MJ
   Roff, D
   Ghalambor, CK
   Ghalambor, DE
TI Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history evolution; poecilia-reticulata; natural-populations; genetic-basis; reproduction; span; performance; predation; growth
AB Classical theories(1,2) for the evolution of senescence predict that organisms that experience low mortality rates attributable to external factors, such as disease or predation, will evolve a later onset of senescence. Here we use patterns of senescence in guppies derived from natural populations that differ in mortality risk to evaluate the generality of these predictions. We have previously found that populations experiencing higher mortality rates evolve earlier maturity and invest more in reproduction, as predicted by evolutionary theory(3). We report here that these same populations do not have an earlier onset of senescence with respect to either mortality or reproduction but do with respect to swimming performance, which assesses neuromuscular function. This mosaic pattern of senescence challenges the generality of the association between decreased extrinsic mortality and delayed senescence and invites consideration of more derived theories for the evolution of senescence.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Calif Inst Arts, Sch Crit Studies, Valencia, CA 91355 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Reznick, DN (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM david.reznick@ucr.edu
NR 32
TC 337
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 223
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1095
EP 1099
DI 10.1038/nature02936
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800040
PM 15510147
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI Power to the people
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 928
EP 929
DI 10.1038/430928a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800054
PM 15318231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grima, B
   Chèlot, E
   Xia, RH
   Rouyer, F
AF Grima, B
   Chèlot, E
   Xia, RH
   Rouyer, F
TI Morning and evening peaks of activity rely on different clock neurons of the Drosophila brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian pacemaker cells; behavioral rhythms; nervous-system; period; gene; melanogaster; oscillations; neuropeptide; projections; mutation
AB In Drosophila, a 'clock' situated in the brain controls circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. This clock relies on several groups of neurons that express the Period ( PER) protein, including the ventral lateral neurons (LN(v)s), which express the Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide, and the PDF-negative dorsal lateral neurons (LN(d)s)(1). In normal cycles of day and night, adult flies exhibit morning and evening peaks of activity(1,2); however, the contribution of the different clock neurons to the rest activity pattern remains unknown. Here, we have used targeted expression of PER to restore the clock function of specific subsets of lateral neurons in arrhythmic per 0 mutant flies. We show that PER expression restricted to the LNvs only restores the morning activity, whereas expression of PER in both the LNvs and LNds also restores the evening activity. This provides the first neuronal bases for 'morning' and 'evening' oscillators in the Drosophila brain. Furthermore, we show that the LNvs alone can generate 24 h activity rhythms in constant darkness, indicating that the morning oscillator is sufficient to drive the circadian system.
C1 CNRS, UPR 2216, NGI, Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Rouyer, F (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 2216, NGI, Inst Neurobiol Alfred Fessard, Av Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM rouyer@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 21
TC 562
Z9 677
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 869
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature02935
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500052
PM 15483616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heil, M
   Greiner, S
   Meimberg, H
   Krüger, R
   Noyer, JL
   Heubl, G
   Linsenmair, KE
   Boland, W
AF Heil, M
   Greiner, S
   Meimberg, H
   Krüger, R
   Noyer, JL
   Heubl, G
   Linsenmair, KE
   Boland, W
TI Evolutionary change from induced to constitutive expression of an indirect plant resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic reconstruction; nectar production; induced responses; defenses; fabaceae; matk; biosynthesis; mimosoideae; induction; herbivory
AB Induced plant resistance traits are expressed in response to attack and occur throughout the plant kingdom(1,2). Despite their general occurrence, the evolution of such resistances has rarely been investigated(3). Here we report that extrafloral nectar, a usually inducible trait, is constitutively secreted by Central American Acacia species that are obligately inhabited by ants. Extrafloral nectar is secreted as an indirect resistance(4), attracting ants that defend plants against herbivores(5). Leaf damage induces extrafloral nectar secretion in several plant species(6-8); among these are various Acacia species and other Fabaceae investigated here. In contrast, Acacia species obligately inhabited by symbiotic ants(9) nourish these ants by secreting extrafloral nectar constitutively at high rates that are not affected by leaf damage. The phylogeny of the genus Acacia and closely related genera indicate that the inducibility of extrafloral nectar is the plesiomorphic or 'original' state, whereas the constitutive extrafloral nectar flow is derived within Acacia. A constitutive resistance trait has evolved from an inducible one, obviously in response to particular functional demands.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Bioorgan Chem, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl Zool 3, D-94074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Dept Biol 1, Sect Biodivers Res, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
   CIRAD, UMR 1096, PIA, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Wurzburg; University of Munich; CIRAD
RP Heil, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Bioorgan Chem, Hans Knoll Str 8,Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
EM Heil_Martin@web.de
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 205
EP 208
DI 10.1038/nature02703
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600043
PM 15241414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffetaut, E
   Martill, D
   Escuillié, F
AF Buffetaut, E
   Martill, D
   Escuillié, F
TI Pterosaurs as part of a spinosaur diet - A rare fossilized action snapshot captures a mortal tussle with a hungry predator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France.
   Univ Portsmouth, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, Hants, England.
   Eldonia, F-03800 Gannat, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Portsmouth
RP Buffetaut, E (corresponding author), CNRS, 16 Cour Liegat, F-75013 Paris, France.
EM eric.buffetaut@wanadoo.fr
NR 10
TC 73
Z9 82
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 33
EP 33
DI 10.1038/430033a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800031
PM 15229562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller-Navarra, DC
   Brett, MT
   Park, S
   Chandra, S
   Ballantyne, AP
   Zorita, E
   Goldman, CR
AF Müller-Navarra, DC
   Brett, MT
   Park, S
   Chandra, S
   Ballantyne, AP
   Zorita, E
   Goldman, CR
TI Unsaturated fatty acid content in seston and tropho-dynamic coupling in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food quality; stoichiometric constraints; community structure; pelagic ecosystems; limitation; consumer
AB Determining the factors that control food web interactions is a key issue in ecology(1,2). The empirical relationship between nutrient loading (total phosphorus) and phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) in lakes was described about 30 years ago(3) and is central for managing surface water quality. The efficiency with which biomass and energy are transferred through the food web and sustain the production of higher trophic levels (such as fish) declines with nutrient loading and system productivity(4,5), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that in seston (fine particles in water) during summer, specific omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3-PUFAs), which are important for zooplankton(6-10), are significantly correlated to the trophic status of the lake. The omega3-PUFAs octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid, decrease on a double-logarithmic scale with increasing total phosphorus. By combining the empirical relationship between EPA-to-carbon content and total phosphorus with functional models relating EPA-to-carbon content to the growth and egg production of daphnids(8), we predict secondary production for this key consumer. Thus, the decreasing efficiency in energy transfer with increasing lake productivity can be explained by differences in omega3-PUFA-associated food quality at the plant-animal interface.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Inst Coastal Res, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon
RP Müller-Navarra, DC (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Hydrobiol & Fishery Sci, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany.
EM doerthe.mueller-navarra@uni-hamburg.de
NR 30
TC 265
Z9 299
U1 5
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature02210
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000035
PM 14702086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schawalder, SB
   Kabani, M
   Howald, I
   Choudhury, U
   Werner, M
   Shore, D
AF Schawalder, SB
   Kabani, M
   Howald, I
   Choudhury, U
   Werner, M
   Shore, D
TI Growth-regulated recruitment of the essential yeast ribosomal protein gene activator Ifh1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome-wide location; fork head protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; environmental-changes; expression; pathway; rap1; binding; fhl1
AB Regulation of ribosome biogenesis is central to the control of cell growth(1). In rapidly growing yeast cells, ribosomal protein (RP) genes account for approximately one-half of all polymerase II transcription-initiation events(1), yet these genes are markedly and coordinately downregulated in response to a number of environmental stress conditions(2-4), or during the transition from fermentation to respiration(5). Although several conserved signalling pathways (TOR, RAS/protein kinase A and protein kinase C) impinge upon RP gene transcription(1), little is known about how initiation at these genes is controlled. Rap1 (refs 6, 7) and more recently Fhl1 (ref. 8) were shown to bind upstream of many RP genes. Here we show that the essential protein Ifh1 binds to and activates many RP gene promoters under optimal growth conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ifh1 is recruited to RP gene promoters through the forkhead-associated domain of Fhl1. Ifh1 binding decreases when RP genes are downregulated either by TOR inhibition or nutrient depletion, and is restored after release from starvation or upon regulated induction of IFH1 expression. These findings indicate a central role for Ifh1 and Fhl1 in RP gene regulation.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, NCCR Program Frontiers Genet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Biochim & Genet Mol, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Shore, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, Sci 3,30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM David.Shore@molbio.unige.ch
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1058
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature03200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000049
PM 15616569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giulini, A
   Wang, J
   Jackson, D
AF Giulini, A
   Wang, J
   Jackson, D
TI Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue ABPHYL1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; gene encodes; shoot; expression; pattern; maize; phosphorelay; growth; amp1
AB Phyllotaxy describes the geometric pattern of leaves and flowers, and has intrigued botanists and mathematicians for centuries(1,2). How these patterns are initiated is poorly understood, and this is partly due to the paucity of mutants(3). Signalling by the plant hormone auxin appears to determine the site of leaf initiation; however, this observation does not explain how distinct patterns of phyllotaxy are initiated(4). abphyl1 (abph1) mutants of maize initiate leaves in a decussate pattern ( that is, paired at 1808), in contrast to the alternating or distichous phyllotaxy observed in wild-type maize and other grasses(5). Here we show that ABPH1 is homologous to two-component response regulators and is induced by the plant hormone cytokinin. ABPH1 is expressed in the embryonic shoot apical meristem, and its spatial expression pattern changes rapidly with cytokinin treatment. We propose that ABPH1 controls phyllotactic patterning by negatively regulating the cytokinin-induced expansion of the shoot meristem, thereby limiting the space available for primordium initiation at the apex.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Jackson, D (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM jacksond@cshl.edu
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 293
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1031
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/nature02778
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900044
PM 15329722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonen, T
   Sliz, P
   Kistler, J
   Cheng, YF
   Walz, T
AF Gonen, T
   Sliz, P
   Kistler, J
   Cheng, YF
   Walz, T
TI Aquaporin-0 membrane junctions reveal the structure of a closed water pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrinsic protein mip; human lens membrane; electron crystallography; mammalian lens; selectivity; transport; bacteriorhodopsin; permeation; channel; aqp1
AB The lens-specific water pore aquaporin-0 (AQP0) is the only aquaporin known to form membrane junctions in vivo(1). We show here that AQP0 from the lens core, containing some carboxy-terminally cleaved AQP0(2,3), forms double-layered crystals that recapitulate in vivo junctions. We present the structure of the AQP0 membrane junction as determined by electron crystallography. The junction is formed by three localized interactions between AQP0 molecules in adjoining membranes, mainly mediated by proline residues conserved in AQP0s from different species but not present in most other aquaporins. Whereas all previously determined aquaporin structures show the pore in an open conformation(4-9), the water pore is closed in AQP0 junctions. The water pathway in AQP0 also contains an additional pore constriction, not seen in other known aquaporin structures(4-9), which may be responsible for pore gating.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Mol Med Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Auckland
RP Walz, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM twalz@hms.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 311
Z9 364
U1 3
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 193
EP 197
DI 10.1038/nature02503
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300044
PM 15141214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, E
   Becker, K
   Dziak, R
   Cassidy, J
   Wang, K
   Lilley, M
AF Davis, E
   Becker, K
   Dziak, R
   Cassidy, J
   Wang, K
   Lilley, M
TI Hydrological response to a seafloor spreading episode on the Juan de Fuca ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID event; deformation
AB Seafloor hydrothermal systems are known to respond to seismic and magmatic activity along mid-ocean ridges, often resulting in locally positive changes in hydrothermal discharge rate, temperature and microbial activity, and shifts in composition occurring at the time of earthquake swarms and axial crustal dike injections(1-10). Corresponding regional effects have also been observed(11). Here we present observations of a hydrological response to seafloor spreading activity, which resulted in a negative formation-fluid pressure transient during and after an earthquake swarm in the sediment-sealed igneous crust of the Middle Valley rift of the northernmost Juan de Fuca ridge. The observations were made with a borehole seal and hydrologic observatory originally established in 1991 to study the steady-state pressure and temperature conditions in this hydrothermally active area(12,13). The magnitude of the co-seismic response is consistent with the elastic strain that would be expected from the associated earthquakes, but the prolonged negative pressure transient after the swarm is surprising and suggests net co-seismic dilatation of the upper, permeable igneous crust. The rift valley was visited four weeks after the onset of the seismic activity, but no signature of increased hydrothermal activity was detected in the water column. It appears that water, not magma, filled the void left by this spreading episode.
C1 Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Miami; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Oregon State University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Davis, E (corresponding author), Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
EM edavis@nrcan.gc.ca
NR 22
TC 34
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/nature02755
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200037
PM 15254534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Regan, BC
   Aloni, S
   Ritchie, RO
   Dahmen, U
   Zettl, A
AF Regan, BC
   Aloni, S
   Ritchie, RO
   Dahmen, U
   Zettl, A
TI Carbon nanotubes as nanoscale mass conveyors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; single atoms; electromigration; nanocapillarity; capillarity; chemistry; surfaces; probes
AB The development of manipulation tools that are not too 'fat' or too 'sticky' for atomic scale assembly is an important challenge facing nanotechnology(1). Impressive nanofabrication capabilities have been demonstrated with scanning probe manipulation of atoms(2-5) and molecules(4,6) on clean surfaces. However, as fabrication tools, both scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes suffer from a loading deficiency: although they can manipulate atoms already present, they cannot efficiently deliver atoms to the work area. Carbon nanotubes, with their hollow cores and large aspect ratios, have been suggested(7,8) as possible conduits for nanoscale amounts of material. Already much effort has been devoted to the filling of nanotubes(8-11) and the application of such techniques(12,13). Furthermore, carbon nanotubes have been used as probes in scanning probe microscopy(14-16). If the atomic placement and manipulation capability already demonstrated by scanning probe microscopy could be combined with a nanotube delivery system, a formidable nanoassembly tool would result. Here we report the achievement of controllable, reversible atomic scale mass transport along carbon nanotubes, using indium metal as the prototype transport species. This transport process has similarities to conventional electromigration, a phenomenon of critical importance to the semiconductor industry(17,18).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Zettl, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM azettl@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 272
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 924
EP 927
DI 10.1038/nature02496
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000035
PM 15118721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, GKS
   Liu, B
   Wang, J
   Zhang, Y
   Yang, X
   Zhang, ZJ
   Meng, QS
   Zhou, J
   Li, DW
   Zhang, JJ
   Ni, PX
   Li, SG
   Ran, LH
   Li, H
   Zhang, JG
   Li, RQ
   Li, ST
   Zheng, HK
   Lin, W
   Li, GY
   Wang, XL
   Zhao, WM
   Li, J
   Ye, C
   Dai, MT
   Ruan, J
   Zhou, Y
   Li, YZ
   He, XM
   Zhang, YZ
   Wang, J
   Huang, XG
   Tong, W
   Chen, J
   Ye, J
   Chen, C
   Wei, N
   Li, GQ
   Dong, L
   Lan, FD
   Sun, YQ
   Zhang, ZP
   Yang, Z
   Yu, YP
   Huang, YQ
   He, DD
   Xi, Y
   Wei, D
   Qi, QH
   Li, WJ
   Shi, JP
   Wang, MH
   Xie, F
   Wang, JJ
   Zhang, XW
   Wang, P
   Zhao, YQ
   Li, N
   Yang, N
   Dong, W
   Hu, SN
   Zeng, CQ
   Zheng, WM
   Hao, BL
   Hillier, LW
   Yang, SP
   Warren, WC
   Wilson, RK
   Brandström, M
   Ellegren, H
   Crooijmans, RPMA
   van der Poel, JJ
   Bovenhuis, H
   Groenen, MAM
   Ovcharenko, I
   Gordon, L
   Stubbs, L
   Lucas, S
   Glavina, T
   Aerts, A
   Kaiser, P
   Rothwell, L
   Young, JR
   Rogers, S
   Walker, BA
   van Hateren, A
   Kaufman, J
   Bumstead, N
   Lamont, SJ
   Zhou, HJ
   Hocking, PM
   Morrice, D
   de Koning, DJ
   Law, A
   Bartley, N
   Burt, DW
   Hunt, H
   Cheng, HH
   Gunnarsson, U
   Wahlberg, P
   Andersson, L
   Kindlund, E
   Tammi, MT
   Andersson, B
   Webber, C
   Ponting, CP
   Overton, IM
   Boardman, PE
   Tang, HZ
   Hubbard, SJ
   Wilson, SA
   Yu, J
   Wang, J
   Yang, HM
AF Wong, GKS
   Liu, B
   Wang, J
   Zhang, Y
   Yang, X
   Zhang, ZJ
   Meng, QS
   Zhou, J
   Li, DW
   Zhang, JJ
   Ni, PX
   Li, SG
   Ran, LH
   Li, H
   Zhang, JG
   Li, RQ
   Li, ST
   Zheng, HK
   Lin, W
   Li, GY
   Wang, XL
   Zhao, WM
   Li, J
   Ye, C
   Dai, MT
   Ruan, J
   Zhou, Y
   Li, YZ
   He, XM
   Zhang, YZ
   Wang, J
   Huang, XG
   Tong, W
   Chen, J
   Ye, J
   Chen, C
   Wei, N
   Li, GQ
   Dong, L
   Lan, FD
   Sun, YQ
   Zhang, ZP
   Yang, Z
   Yu, YP
   Huang, YQ
   He, DD
   Xi, Y
   Wei, D
   Qi, QH
   Li, WJ
   Shi, JP
   Wang, MH
   Xie, F
   Wang, JJ
   Zhang, XW
   Wang, P
   Zhao, YQ
   Li, N
   Yang, N
   Dong, W
   Hu, SN
   Zeng, CQ
   Zheng, WM
   Hao, BL
   Hillier, LW
   Yang, SP
   Warren, WC
   Wilson, RK
   Brandström, M
   Ellegren, H
   Crooijmans, RPMA
   van der Poel, JJ
   Bovenhuis, H
   Groenen, MAM
   Ovcharenko, I
   Gordon, L
   Stubbs, L
   Lucas, S
   Glavina, T
   Aerts, A
   Kaiser, P
   Rothwell, L
   Young, JR
   Rogers, S
   Walker, BA
   van Hateren, A
   Kaufman, J
   Bumstead, N
   Lamont, SJ
   Zhou, HJ
   Hocking, PM
   Morrice, D
   de Koning, DJ
   Law, A
   Bartley, N
   Burt, DW
   Hunt, H
   Cheng, HH
   Gunnarsson, U
   Wahlberg, P
   Andersson, L
   Kindlund, E
   Tammi, MT
   Andersson, B
   Webber, C
   Ponting, CP
   Overton, IM
   Boardman, PE
   Tang, HZ
   Hubbard, SJ
   Wilson, SA
   Yu, J
   Wang, J
   Yang, HM
TI A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative trait loci; diversity; sequence; mutation; markers; growth; snp
AB We describe a genetic variation map for the chicken genome containing 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs). This map is based on a comparison of the sequences of three domestic chicken breeds ( a broiler, a layer and a Chinese silkie) with that of their wild ancestor, red jungle fowl. Subsequent experiments indicate that at least 90% of the variant sites are true SNPs, and at least 70% are common SNPs that segregate in many domestic breeds. Mean nucleotide diversity is about five SNPs per kilobase for almost every possible comparison between red jungle fowl and domestic lines, between two different domestic lines, and within domestic lines - in contrast to the notion that domestic animals are highly inbred relative to their wild ancestors. In fact, most of the SNPs originated before domestication, and there is little evidence of selective sweeps for adaptive alleles on length scales greater than 100 kilobases.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Inst Genom, Beijing Proteom Inst, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China.
   Zhejiang Univ, James D Watson Inst Genome Sci, Hangzhou Genom Inst, Key Lab Genom Bioinformat Zhejiang Prov, Hangzhou 310008, Peoples R China.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, UW Genome Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Beijing N Computat Ctr, Beijing 100091, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Theoret Phys, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
   China Agr Univ, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Evolutionay Biol, SE-75234 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Anim Breeding & Genet Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Genome Biol Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, Berks, England.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Roslin Inst Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Ctr Genom & Bioinformat, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117548, Singapore.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biochem, Singapore 117548, Singapore.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Human Anat & Genet, MRC, Funct Gent Unit, Oxford OX1 3QX, England.
   Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biomol Sci, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Institute of Genomics, CAS; Zhejiang University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Peking University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Theoretical Physics, CAS; China Agricultural University; Washington University (WUSTL); Uppsala University; Wageningen University & Research; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Joint Genome Institute - JGI; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Iowa State University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Roslin Institute; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Uppsala University; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Karolinska Institutet; National University of Singapore; National University of Singapore; University of Oxford; University of Manchester; University of Sheffield
RP Wong, GKS (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Inst Genom, Beijing Proteom Inst, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China.
EM gksw@genomics.org.cn; leif.andersson@imbim.uu.se; hyang@genomics.org.cn
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/13497] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/13497] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 47
TC 394
Z9 500
U1 3
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 717
EP 722
DI 10.1038/nature03156
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200039
PM 15592405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siemers, BM
   Schnitzler, HU
AF Siemers, BM
   Schnitzler, HU
TI Echolocation signals reflect niche differentiation in five sympatric congeneric bat species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID notch-eared bat; foraging behavior; myotis-emarginatus; flight performance; rhinolophoid bats; genus myotis; eating bats; vespertilionidae; prey; chiroptera
AB Echolocating bats can be divided into guilds according to their preferred habitat and foraging behaviour(1-4), which coincide with distinct adaptations in wing morphology(5) and structure of echolocation signals(6). Although coarse structuring of niche space between different guilds is generally accepted, it is not clear how niches differ within guilds(7-10), or whether there is fine-grained niche differentiation reflected in echolocation signal structure(11,12). Using a standardized performance test, here we show clutter-dependent differences in prey-capture success for bats from five species of European Myotis. These species are morphologically similar, sympatric(13), and all belong to the guild labelled "edge space aerial/trawling foragers"(4). We further demonstrate a strong correlation between the prey-detection ability of the species and the respective search-call bandwidth. Our findings indicate that differences in echolocation signals contribute to within-guild niche differentiation. This is the first study relating sensory abilities of a set of potentially competing animal species to a direct measure of their respective foraging performance, suggesting an important role of sensory ecology in the structuring of animal communities.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Zool, D-72706 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Siemers, BM (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Zool, Morgenstelle 28, D-72706 Tubingen, Germany.
EM bjoern.siemers@uni-tuebingen.de
NR 29
TC 289
Z9 337
U1 4
U2 120
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 657
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature02547
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600040
PM 15190352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowan, CR
   Hyman, AA
AF Cowan, CR
   Hyman, AA
TI Centrosomes direct cell polarity independently of microtubule assembly in C-elegans embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; anteroposterior axis; protein spd-2; gamma-tubulin; spindle; polarization; maturation; establishment; duplication; domains
AB Polarity establishment requires a symmetry-breaking event, resulting in an axis along which determinants are segregated. In Caenorhabditis elegans, oocytes are apolar and are triggered to polarize rapidly along one axis after fertilization. The establishment of this first polarity axis is revealed by the asymmetric distribution of PAR proteins and cortical activity in the one-celled embryo. Current evidence suggests that the centrosome pronucleus complex contributed by the sperm is involved in defining the polarization axis(1-6). Here we directly assess the contribution of the centrosome to polarity establishment by laser ablating the centrosome before and during polarization. We find that the centrosome is required to initiate polarity but not to maintain it. Initiation of polarity coincides with the proximity of the centrosome to the cortex and the assembly of pericentriolar material on the immature sperm centrosome. Depletion of microtubules or the microtubule nucleator gamma-tubulin did not affect polarity establishment. These results demonstrate that the centrosome provides an initiating signal that polarizes C. elegans embryos and indicate that this signalling event might be independent of the role of the centrosome as a microtubule nucleator.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Cowan, CR (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM cowan@mpi-cbg.de
NR 24
TC 177
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature02825
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500048
PM 15343338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tibbetts, EA
   Dale, J
AF Tibbetts, EA
   Dale, J
TI A socially enforced signal of quality in a paper wasp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID individual identity; plumage variability; sparrows; size; badges; cost
AB Organisms use signals of quality to communicate information about aspects of their relative phenotypic and genetic constitution(1-4). Badges of status(5-7) are a subset of signals of quality that reveal information about an individual's size and dominance. In general, signals of quality require high and differential costs to remain honest(1,2) (that is, prevent low-quality cheaters from exploiting any fitness benefits associated with communicating high quality). The theoretically required costs for badges of status remain controversial because the development (or 'production') of such signals often seems to be relatively cost-free(5,6,8). One important hypothesis is that such signals impose social (or 'maintenance') costs incurred through repeated agonistic interactions with other individuals(9-12). However, convincing empirical evidence for social costs remains elusive(6,7). Here we report social costs in a previously undescribed badge of status: the highly variable black facial patterns of female paper wasps, Polistes dominulus. Facial patterns strongly predict body size and social dominance. Moreover, in staged contests between pairs of unfamiliar wasps, subordinate wasps with experimentally altered facial features ('cheaters') received considerably more aggression from the dominant than did sham controls, indicating that facial patterns are signals and that dishonest signalling imposes social costs.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Ctr Insect Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Div Neurobiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
C3 Cornell University; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Simon Fraser University
RP Tibbetts, EA (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM eat11@email.arizona.edu
NR 30
TC 325
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 218
EP 222
DI 10.1038/nature02949
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200046
PM 15538369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poremba, A
   Malloy, M
   Saunders, RC
   Carson, RE
   Herscovitch, P
   Mishkin, M
AF Poremba, A
   Malloy, M
   Saunders, RC
   Carson, RE
   Herscovitch, P
   Mishkin, M
TI Species-specific calls evoke asymmetric activity in the monkey's temporal poles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory-cortex; vocalizations; representation; perception; marmoset; brain
AB It has often been proposed that the vocal calls of monkeys are precursors of human speech, in part because they provide critical information to other members of the species who rely on them for survival and social interactions(1,2). Both behavioural and lesion studies suggest that monkeys, like humans, use the auditory system of the left hemisphere preferentially to process vocalizations(3,4). To investigate the pattern of neural activity that might underlie this particular form of functional asymmetry in monkeys, we measured local cerebral metabolic activity while the animals listened passively to species-specific calls compared with a variety of other classes of sound. Within the superior temporal gyrus, significantly greater metabolic activity occurred on the left side than on the right, only in the region of the temporal pole and only in response to monkey calls. This functional asymmetry was absent when these regions were separated by forebrain commissurotomy, suggesting that the perception of vocalizations elicits concurrent interhemispheric interactions that focus the auditory processing within a specialized area of one hemisphere.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   NIMH, Neuropsychol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIH, PET Dept, Ctr Clin, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Clinical Center (CC)
RP Poremba, A (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM amy-poremba@uiowa.edu
NR 24
TC 234
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/nature02268
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500045
PM 14749833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faure, J
   Glinec, Y
   Pukhov, A
   Kiselev, S
   Gordienko, S
   Lefebvre, E
   Rousseau, JP
   Burgy, F
   Malka, V
AF Faure, J
   Glinec, Y
   Pukhov, A
   Kiselev, S
   Gordienko, S
   Lefebvre, E
   Rousseau, JP
   Burgy, F
   Malka, V
TI A laser-plasma accelerator producing monoenergetic electron beams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wake-field acceleration; wave excitation; pulses; wakefields; channels
AB Particle accelerators are used in a wide variety of fields, ranging from medicine and biology to high-energy physics. The accelerating fields in conventional accelerators are limited to a few tens of MeV m(-1), owing to material breakdown at the walls of the structure. Thus, the production of energetic particle beams currently requires large-scale accelerators and expensive infrastructures. Laser - plasma accelerators(1) have been proposed as a next generation of compact accelerators because of the huge electric fields they can sustain(2-5) (> 100 GeV m(-1)). However, it has been difficult to use them efficiently for applications because they have produced poor-quality particle beams with large energy spreads(2-10), owing to a randomization of electrons in phase space. Here we demonstrate that this randomization can be suppressed and that the quality of the electron beams can be dramatically enhanced. Within a length of 3 mm, the laser drives a plasma bubble(11) that traps and accelerates plasma electrons. The resulting electron beam is extremely collimated and quasi-monoenergetic, with a high charge of 0.5 nC at 170 MeV.
C1 Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, CNRS,UMR 7639, Lab Opt Appl, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Theoret Phys 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   CEA DAM Ile France, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; ENSTA Paris; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; CEA
RP Malka, V (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, CNRS,UMR 7639, Lab Opt Appl, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
EM victor.malka@ensta.fr
NR 21
TC 1984
Z9 2185
U1 12
U2 351
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature02963
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700039
PM 15457253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Nadal, E
   Zapater, M
   Alepuz, PM
   Sumoy, L
   Mas, G
   Posas, F
AF de Nadal, E
   Zapater, M
   Alepuz, PM
   Sumoy, L
   Mas, G
   Posas, F
TI The MAPK Hog1 recruits Rpd3 histone deacetylase to activate osmoresponsive genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID osmotic-stress; kinase hog1; yeast; transcription; acetylation; osmostress
AB Regulation of gene expression by mitogen- activated protein kinases ( MAPKs) is essential for proper cell adaptation to extracellular stimuli. Exposure of yeast cells to high osmolarity results in rapid activation of the MAPK Hog1, which coordinates the transcriptional programme required for cell survival on osmostress(1). The mechanisms by which Hog1 and MAPKs in general regulate gene expression are not completely understood, although Hog1 can modify some transcription factors(2). Here we propose that Hog1 induces gene expression by a mechanism that involves recruiting a specific histone deacetylase complex to the promoters of genes regulated by osmostress. Cells lacking the Rpd3 - Sin3 histone deacetylase complex are sensitive to high osmolarity and show compromised expression of osmostress genes. Hog1 interacts physically with Rpd3 in vivo and in vitro and, on stress, targets the deacetylase to specific osmostress-responsive genes. Binding of the Rpd3 - Sin3 complex to specific promoters leads to histone deacetylation, entry of RNA polymerase II and induction of gene expression. Together, our data indicate that targeting of the Rpd3 histone deacetylase to osmo-responsive promoters by the MAPK Hog1 is required to induce gene expression on stress.
C1 Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Ciencies Expt & Salut, Cell Signaling Unit, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
   CRG, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Pompeu Fabra University; Centre de Regulacio Genomica (CRG)
RP Posas, F (corresponding author), Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Ciencies Expt & Salut, Cell Signaling Unit, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
EM francesc.posas@upf.edu
NR 16
TC 255
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 370
EP 374
DI 10.1038/nature02258
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200045
PM 14737171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaudhuri, J
   Khuong, C
   Alt, FW
AF Chaudhuri, J
   Khuong, C
   Alt, FW
TI Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-switch recombination; single-stranded-dna; b-cells; immunoglobulin genes; in-vitro; transcription; sequences; mechanism; region
AB Activation-induced cytidine deaminase ( AID) is a single-stranded ( ss) DNA deaminase required for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Class switch recombination involves transcription through switch regions, which generates ssDNA within R loops. However, although transcription through immunoglobulin variable region exons is required for SHM, it does not generate stable ssDNA, which leaves the mechanism of AID targeting unresolved. Here we characterize the mechanism of AID targeting to in-vitro-transcribed substrates harbouring SHM motifs. We show that the targeting activity of AID is due to replication protein A (RPA), a ssDNA-binding protein involved in replication, recombination and repair. The 32-kDa subunit of RPA interacts specifically with AID from activated B cells in a manner that seems to be dependent on post-translational AID modification. Thus, our study implicates RPA as a novel factor involved in immunoglobulin diversification. We propose that B-cell-specific AID-RPA complexes preferentially bind to ssDNA of small transcription bubbles at SHM 'hotspots', leading to AID-mediated deamination and RPA-mediated recruitment of DNA repair proteins.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Ctr Blood Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Ctr Blood Res, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alt@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 50
TC 316
Z9 401
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 992
EP 998
DI 10.1038/nature02821
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900034
PM 15273694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheng, YN
   Wu, XC
   Ji, Q
AF Cheng, YN
   Wu, XC
   Ji, Q
TI Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sauropterygia
AB Sauropterygians form the largest and most diverse group of ancient marine reptiles that lived throughout nearly the entire Mesozoic era (from 250 to 65 million years ago)(1,2). Although thousands of specimens of this group have been collected around the world since the description of the first plesiosaur in 1821 (ref. 3), no direct evidence has been found to determine whether any sauropterygians came on shore to lay eggs (oviparity) like sea turtles, or gave birth in the water to live young (viviparity) as ichthyosaurs and mosasauroids (marine lizards) did(4-6). Viviparity has been proposed for plesiosaur, pachypleurosaur and nothosaur sauropterygians(7-10), but until now no concrete evidence has been advanced. Here we report two gravid specimens of Keichousaurus hui Young from the Middle Triassic of China. These exquisitely preserved specimens not only provide the first unequivocal evidence of reproductive mode and sexual dimorphism in sauropterygians, but also indicate that viviparity could have been expedited by the evolution of a movable pelvis in pachypleurosaurs. By extension, this has implications for the reproductive pattern of other sauropterygians and Mesozoic marine reptiles that possessed a movable pelvis.
C1 Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
   Natl Museum Nat Sci, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing 100037, Peoples R China.
C3 China Geological Survey; Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
RP Cheng, YN (corresponding author), Canadian Museum Nat, POB 3443 Stn D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
EM joe@mail.nmns.edu.tw; xcwu@mus-nature.ca
NR 25
TC 88
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/nature03050
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400053
PM 15549103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stradner, A
   Sedgwick, H
   Cardinaux, F
   Poon, WCK
   Egelhaaf, SU
   Schurtenberger, P
AF Stradner, A
   Sedgwick, H
   Cardinaux, F
   Poon, WCK
   Egelhaaf, SU
   Schurtenberger, P
TI Equilibrium cluster formation in concentrated protein solutions and colloids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; model; separation; gelation; liquid; states
AB Controlling interparticle interactions, aggregation and cluster formation is of central importance in a number of areas, ranging from cluster formation in various disease processes to protein crystallography and the production of photonic crystals. Recent developments in the description of the interaction of colloidal particles with short-range attractive potentials have led to interesting findings including metastable liquid-liquid phase separation and the formation of dynamically arrested states (such as the existence of attractive and repulsive glasses, and transient gels)(1-7). The emerging glass paradigm has been successfully applied to complex soft-matter systems, such as colloid polymer systems(8) and concentrated protein solutions(9). However, intriguing problems like the frequent occurrence of cluster phases remain(10-13). Here we report small-angle scattering and confocal microscopy investigations of two model systems: protein solutions and colloid-polymer mixtures. We demonstrate that in both systems, a combination of short-range attraction and long-range repulsion results in the formation of small equilibrium clusters. We discuss the relevance of this finding for nucleation processes during protein crystallization, protein or DNA self-assembly and the previously observed formation of cluster and gel phases in colloidal suspensions(12-17).
C1 Univ Fribourg, Dept Phys, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Phys, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, COSMIC, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Fribourg; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
RP Schurtenberger, P (corresponding author), Univ Fribourg, Dept Phys, Chemin Musee 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
EM peter.schurtenberger@unifr.ch
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S10377/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 25
TC 991
Z9 1060
U1 4
U2 454
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/nature03109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100043
PM 15565151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Azzouz, M
   Ralph, GS
   Storkebaum, E
   Walmsley, LE
   Mitrophanous, KA
   Kingsman, SM
   Carmeliet, P
   Mazarakis, ND
AF Azzouz, M
   Ralph, GS
   Storkebaum, E
   Walmsley, LE
   Mitrophanous, KA
   Kingsman, SM
   Carmeliet, P
   Mazarakis, ND
TI VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis; motor-neuron degeneration; lentiviral vectors; nervous-system; axonal-transport; gene-transfer; mice; disease; expression
AB Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes adult-onset, progressive motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in paralysis and death three to five years after onset in most patients(1). ALS is still incurable, in part because its complex aetiology remains insufficiently understood. Recent reports have indicated that reduced levels of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF), which is essential in angiogenesis and has also been implicated in neuroprotection(2-4), predispose mice and humans to ALS(5,6). However, the therapeutic potential of VEGF for the treatment of ALS has not previously been assessed. Here we report that a single injection of a VEGF-expressing lentiviral vector into various muscles delayed onset and slowed progression of ALS in mice engineered to overexpress the gene coding for the mutated G93A form of the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1(G93A)) (refs 7-10), even when treatment was only initiated at the onset of paralysis. VEGF treatment increased the life expectancy of ALS mice by 30 per cent without causing toxic side effects, thereby achieving one of the most effective therapies reported in the field so far.
C1 Oxford BioMed Plc, Oxford, England.
   Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Transgene Technol & Gene Therapy, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)
RP Azzouz, M (corresponding author), Oxford BioMed Plc, Oxford Sci Pk,Medawar Ctr, Oxford, England.
EM m.azzouz@oxfordbiomedica.co.uk; n.mazarakis@oxfordbiomedica.co.uk
NR 27
TC 502
Z9 634
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 413
EP 417
DI 10.1038/nature02544
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600039
PM 15164063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasuda, S
   Oceguera-Yanez, F
   Kato, T
   Okamoto, M
   Yonemura, S
   Terada, Y
   Ishizaki, T
   Narumiya, S
AF Yasuda, S
   Oceguera-Yanez, F
   Kato, T
   Okamoto, M
   Yonemura, S
   Terada, Y
   Ishizaki, T
   Narumiya, S
TI Cdc42 and mDia3 regulate microtubule attachment to kinetochores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitotic spindle; mammalian homolog; rho-gtpases; hela-cells; cenp-a; cytokinesis; checkpoint; proteins; mgcracgap; pathway
AB During mitosis, the mitotic spindle, a bipolar structure composed of microtubules (MTs) and associated motor proteins(1,2), segregates sister chromatids to daughter cells. Initially some MTs emanating from one centrosome attach to the kinetochore at the centromere of one of the duplicated chromosomes. This attachment allows rapid poleward movement of the bound chromosome. Subsequent attachment of the sister kinetochore to MTs growing from the other centrosome results in the bi-orientation of the chromosome, in which interactions between kinetochores and the plus ends of MTs are formed and stabilized(2). These processes ensure alignment of chromosomes during metaphase and their correct segregation during anaphase. Although many proteins constituting the kinetochore have been identified and extensively studied, the signalling responsible for MT capture and stabilization is unclear(1,2). Small GTPases of the Rho family regulate cell morphogenesis by organizing the actin cytoskeleton and regulating MT alignment and stabilization(3). We now show that one member of this family, Cdc42, and its effector, mDia3, regulate MT attachment to kinetochores.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Horizontal Med Res Org, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   RIKEN, Lab Cellular Morphogenesis, Ctr Dev Biol, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; RIKEN; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Narumiya, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM snaru@mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 156
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 767
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature02452
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800044
PM 15085137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, SA
   Collettini, C
   Chiaraluce, L
   Cocco, M
   Barchi, M
   Kaus, BJP
AF Miller, SA
   Collettini, C
   Chiaraluce, L
   Cocco, M
   Barchi, M
   Kaus, BJP
TI Aftershocks driven by a high-pressure CO2 source at depth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fault-valve behavior; fluid pressures; seismicity; sequence; example; crust; model; flow
AB In northern Italy in 1997, two earthquakes of magnitudes 5.7 and 6 (separated by nine hours) marked the beginning of a sequence that lasted more than 30 days, with thousands of aftershocks including four additional events with magnitudes between 5 and 6. This normal-faulting sequence is not well explained with models of elastic stress transfer(1,2), particularly the persistence of hanging-wall seismicity(3) that included two events with magnitudes greater than 5. Here we show that this sequence may have been driven by a fluid pressure pulse generated from the coseismic release of a known deep source(4) of trapped high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2). We find a strong correlation between the high-pressure front and the aftershock hypocentres over a two-week period, using precise hypocentre locations(5) and a simple model of nonlinear diffusion. The triggering amplitude (10-20 MPa) of the pressure pulse overwhelms the typical (0.1-0.2 MPa) range from stress changes in the usual stress triggering models(1,6). We propose that aftershocks of large earthquakes in such geologic environments may be driven by the coseismic release of trapped, high-pressure fluids propagating through damaged zones created by the mainshock. This may provide a link between earthquakes, aftershocks, crust/mantle degassing and earthquake-triggered large-scale fluid flow.
C1 ETH, Inst Geophys, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
   Inst Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
   ETH, Inst Geol, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Perugia; Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV); Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Miller, SA (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Geophys, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM steve.miller@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 696
Z9 737
U1 1
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature02251
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000040
PM 14973482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bizzarro, M
   Baker, JA
   Haack, H
AF Bizzarro, M
   Baker, JA
   Haack, H
TI Mg isotope evidence for contemporaneous formation of chondrules and refractory inclusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-lived nuclides; aluminum-rich inclusions; solar-system; ferromagnesian chondrules; nebula; origin; al-26; constraints; ages
AB Primitive or undifferentiated meteorites (chondrites) date back to the origin of the Solar System(1), and thus preserve a record of the physical and chemical processes that occurred during the earliest evolution of the accretion disk surrounding the young Sun. The oldest Solar System materials present within these meteorites are millimetre- to centimetre-sized calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) and ferromagnesian silicate spherules (chondrules), which probably originated by thermal processing of pre-existing nebula solids(2-4). Chondrules are currently believed to have formed similar to2-3 million years (Myr) after CAIs (refs 5-10)-a timescale inconsistent with the dynamical lifespan of small particles in the early Solar System(11). Here, we report the presence of excess Mg-26 resulting from in situ decay of the short-lived Al-26 nuclide in CAIs and chondrules from the Allende meteorite. Six CAIs define an isochron corresponding to an initial Al-26/Al-27 ratio of (5.25 +/- 0.10) x 10(-5), and individual model ages with uncertainties as low as +/-30,000 years, suggesting that these objects possibly formed over a period as short as 50,000 years. In contrast, the chondrules record a range of initial Al-26/Al-27 ratios from (5.66 +/- 0.80) to (1.36 +/- 0.52) x 10(-5), indicating that Allende chondrule formation began contemporaneously with the formation of CAIs, and continued for at least 1.4 Myr. Chondrule formation processes recorded by Allende and other chondrites may have persisted for at least 2-3 Myr in the young Solar System.
C1 Danish Lithosphere Ctr, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Earth Sci, Wellington, New Zealand.
C3 Victoria University Wellington
RP Bizzarro, M (corresponding author), Danish Lithosphere Ctr, OSter Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM mbi@dlc.ku.dk
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/nature02882
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000031
PM 15372023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clardy, J
   Walsh, C
AF Clardy, J
   Walsh, C
TI Lessons from natural molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyanobacterium lyngbya-majuscula; antibody-targeted chemotherapy; taxol biosynthesis; antitumor agents; gene-cluster; vancomycin biosynthesis; substrate-specificity; biological-property; cytotoxic peptides; coupling reaction
AB Natural products have inspired chemists and physicians for millennia. Their rich structural diversity and complexity has prompted synthetic chemists to produce them in the laboratory, often with therapeutic applications in mind, and many drugs used today are natural products or natural-product derivatives. Recent years have seen considerable advances in our understanding of natural-product biosynthesis. Coupled with improvements in approaches for natural-product isolation, characterization and synthesis, these could be opening the door to a new era in the investigation of natural products in academia and industry.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Clardy, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM jon_clardy@hms.harvard.edu
NR 81
TC 947
Z9 1165
U1 5
U2 252
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 829
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature03194
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500039
PM 15602548
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawyers, C
AF Sawyers, C
TI Targeted cancer therapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic myeloid-leukemia; kinase inhibitor; imatinib mesylate; egfr mutations; high-frequency; lung-cancer; resistance; sti571; gene; bevacizumab
AB Disruption of the normal regulation of cell-cycle progression and division lies at the heart of the events leading to cancer. Complex networks of regulatory factors, the tumour microenvironment and stress signals, such as those resulting from damaged DNA, dictate whether cancer cells proliferate or die. Recent progress in understanding the molecular changes that underlie cancer development offer the prospect of specifically targeting malfunctioning molecules and pathways to achieve more effective and rational cancer therapy.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, David Geffen Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Sawyers, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, David Geffen Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM csawyers@mednet.ucla.edu
NR 31
TC 928
Z9 1157
U1 0
U2 139
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 294
EP 297
DI 10.1038/nature03095
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400038
PM 15549090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wittkopp, PJ
   Haerum, BK
   Clark, AG
AF Wittkopp, PJ
   Haerum, BK
   Clark, AG
TI Evolutionary changes in cis and trans gene regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; transcriptional regulation; expression; rescue; simulans; hybrids; crosses; mouse
AB Differences in gene expression are central to evolution. Such differences can arise from cis-regulatory changes that affect transcription initiation, transcription rate and/or transcript stability in an allele-specific manner, or from trans-regulatory changes that modify the activity or expression of factors that interact with cis-regulatory sequences(1,2). Both cis- and trans-regulatory changes contribute to divergent gene expression, but their respective contributions remain largely unknown(3). Here we examine the distribution of cis- and trans-regulatory changes underlying expression differences between closely related Drosophila species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans, and show functional cis- regulatory differences by comparing the relative abundance of species-specific transcripts in F-1 hybrids(4,5). Differences in trans-regulatory activity were inferred by comparing the ratio of allelic expression in hybrids with the ratio of gene expression between species. Of 29 genes with interspecific expression differences, 28 had differences in cis- regulation, and these changes were sufficient to explain expression divergence for about half of the genes. Trans-regulatory differences affected 55% (16 of 29) of genes, and were always accompanied by cis-regulatory changes. These data indicate that interspecific expression differences are not caused by select trans-regulatory changes with widespread effects, but rather by many cis- acting changes spread throughout the genome.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Wittkopp, PJ (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM pw72@cornell.edu
NR 23
TC 676
Z9 829
U1 0
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature02698
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800048
PM 15229602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jia, JH
   Tong, C
   Wang, B
   Luo, LP
   Jiang, J
AF Jia, JH
   Tong, C
   Wang, B
   Luo, LP
   Jiang, J
TI Hedgehog signalling activity of Smoothened requires phosphorylation by protein kinase A and casein kinase I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cubitus interruptus; drosophila; transduction; transcription; localization; recognition; proteolysis; expression; inhibitor; activator
AB The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs cell growth and patterning in animal development(1). The Hh signal is transduced by the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo); however, the mechanism by which Smo is regulated remains largely unknown. Here we show that protein kinase A (PKA) and casein kinase I (CKI) regulate Smo cell-surface accumulation and activity in response to Hh. Blocking PKA or CKI activity in the Drosophila wing disc prevents Hh-induced Smo accumulation and attenuates pathway activity, whereas increasing PKA activity promotes Smo accumulation and pathway activation. We show that PKA and CKI phosphorylate Smo at several sites, and that phosphorylation-deficient forms of Smo fail to accumulate on the cell surface and are unable to transduce the Hh signal. Conversely, phosphorylation-mimicking Smo variants show constitutive cell-surface expression and signalling activity. Furthermore, we find that the levels of Smo cell-surface expression and activity correlate with its levels of phosphorylation. Our data indicate that Hh induces progressive Smo phosphorylation by PKA and CKI, leading to elevation of Smo cell-surface levels and signalling activity.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Jiang, J (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM jin.jiang@utsouthwestern.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061269, R01 GM067045] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 354
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1045
EP 1050
DI 10.1038/nature03179
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000046
PM 15616566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montague, PR
   Hyman, SE
   Cohen, JD
AF Montague, PR
   Hyman, SE
   Cohen, JD
TI Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medial frontal-cortex; prefrontal cortex; neural responses; human brain; temporal prediction; monetary gains; reward; error; reinforcement; addiction
AB Neuromodulators such as dopamine have a central role in cognitive disorders. In the past decade, biological findings on dopamine function have been infused with concepts taken from computational theories of reinforcement learning. These more abstract approaches have now been applied to describe the biological algorithms at play in our brains when we form value judgements and make choices. The application of such quantitative models has opened up new fields, ripe for attack by young synthesizers and theoreticians.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Menninger Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Ctr Study Brain Mind & Behav, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Harvard University; Princeton University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Montague, PR (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM read@bcm.tmc.edu; seh@harvard.edu; jdc@princeton.edu
NR 72
TC 685
Z9 825
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 760
EP 767
DI 10.1038/nature03015
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500031
PM 15483596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manoli, DS
   Baker, BS
AF Manoli, DS
   Baker, BS
TI Median bundle neurons coordinate behaviours during Drosophila male courtship
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID determination gene fruitless; male sexual-behavior; expression patterns; melanogaster; protein; mutant; orientation; encodes; domain; roles
AB Throughout the animal kingdom the innate nature of basic behaviour routines suggests that the underlying neuronal substrates necessary for their execution are genetically determined and developmentally programmed(1-2). Complex innate behaviours require proper timing and ordering of individual component behaviours. In Drosophila melanogaster, analyses of combinations of mutations of the fruitless (fru) gene have shown that male-specific isoforms (Fru(M)) of the Fru transcription factor are necessary for proper execution of all steps of the innate courtship ritual(3-9). Here, we eliminate Fru(M) expression in one group of about 60 neurons in the Drosophila central nervous system and observe severely contracted courtship behaviour, including rapid courtship initiation, absence of orienting and tapping, and the simultaneous occurrence of wing vibration, licking and attempted copulation. Our results identify a small group of median bundle neurons, that in wild-type Drosophila appropriately trigger the sequential execution of the component behaviours that constitute the Drosophila courtship ritual.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Baker, BS (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM bbaker@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 25
TC 63
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 564
EP 569
DI 10.1038/nature02713
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100049
PM 15282607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serizawa, T
   Hamada, K
   Akashi, M
AF Serizawa, T
   Hamada, K
   Akashi, M
TI Polymerization within a molecular-scale stereoregular template
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate); radical polymerization; methyl-methacrylate; stereocomplex; substrate; acid)
AB Enzymes efficiently synthesize biopolymers by organizing monomer units within regularly structured molecular-scale spaces and exploiting weak non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, to control the polymerization(1) process. This 'template' approach is both attractive and challenging for synthetic polymer synthesis, where structurally regulated molecular-scale spaces could in principle provide solid-phase reaction sites for precision polymerization. Previously, free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in solutions containing stereoregular isotactic ( it) or syndiotactic (st) poly( methyl methacrylate) ( PMMA) has been shown to result in template synthesis(2,3) of the opposite PMMA based on stereocomplex formation(4,5) with van der Waals interactions. However, using the structure of a solid to determine the stereochemical structure of a polymer has not been satisfactorily achieved(6). Here we show that macromolecularly porous ultrathin films, fabricated by a single assembly step, can be used for the highly efficient stereoregular template polymerization of methacrylates through stereocomplex formation. This reaction mould accurately transfers its structural properties of stereo-regularity, molecular weight and organization within the template to the new polymer.
C1 Kagoshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Dept Nanostruct & Adv Mat, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan.
C3 Kagoshima University
RP Akashi, M (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mol Chem, 2-1 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM akashi@chem.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 15
TC 157
Z9 166
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature02525
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100040
PM 15129276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mallik, R
   Carter, BC
   Lex, SA
   King, SJ
   Gross, SP
AF Mallik, R
   Carter, BC
   Lex, SA
   King, SJ
   Gross, SP
TI Cytoplasmic dynein functions as a gear in response to load
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain; optical traps; kinesin; atp; force; movements; dynactin; protein; myosin
AB Cytoskeletal molecular motors belonging to the kinesin and dynein families transport cargos (for example, messenger RNA, endosomes, virus) on polymerized linear structures called microtubules in the cel(l)1. These 'nanomachines' use energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis to generate force(2), and move in a step-like manner on microtubules. Dynein(3-5) has a complex and fundamentally different structure from other motor families. Thus, understanding dynein's force generation can yield new insight into the architecture and function of nanomachines. Here, we use an optical trap(6) to quantify motion of polystyrene beads driven along microtubules by single cytoplasmic dynein motors. Under no load, dynein moves predominantly with a mixture of 24-nm and 32-nm steps. When moving against load applied by an optical trap, dynein can decrease step size to 8 nm and produce force up to 1.1 pN. This correlation between step size and force production is consistent with a molecular gear mechanism. The ability to take smaller but more powerful strokes under load-that is, to shift gears-depends on the availability of ATP. We propose a model whereby the gear is downshifted through load-induced binding of ATP at secondary sites in the dynein head.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92612 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Sch Biol Sci, Div Mol Biol & Biochem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Kansas City
RP Gross, SP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92612 USA.
EM sgross@uci.edu
NR 30
TC 406
Z9 506
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 649
EP 652
DI 10.1038/nature02293
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300045
PM 14961123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrulle, J
   Pourquié, O
AF Dubrulle, J
   Pourquié, O
TI fgf8 mRNA decay establishes a gradient that couples axial elongation to patterning in the vertebrate embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling controls; gene; segmentation; regions
AB Formation and patterning of the vertebrate embryo occur in a head-to-tail sequence. This progressive mode of body formation from the posterior end of the embryo requires a strict temporal coordination of tissue differentiation - a process involving fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. Here we show that transcription of fgf8 messenger RNA is restricted to the growing posterior tip of the embryo. fgf8 mRNA is progressively degraded in the newly formed tissues, resulting in the formation of an mRNA gradient in the posterior part of the embryo. This fgf8 mRNA gradient is translated into a gradient of FGF8 protein, which correlates with graded phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, a downstream effector of FGF signalling. Such a mechanism provides an efficient means to monitor the timing of FGF signalling, coupling the differentiation of embryonic tissues to the posterior elongation of the embryo. In addition, this mechanism provides a novel model for morphogen gradient formation.
C1 Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Pourquié, O (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
EM olp@stowers-institute.org
NR 21
TC 346
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 419
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature02216
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500036
PM 14749824
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korzhnev, DM
   Salvatella, X
   Vendruscolo, M
   Di Nardo, AA
   Davidson, AR
   Dobson, CM
   Kay, LE
AF Korzhnev, DM
   Salvatella, X
   Vendruscolo, M
   Di Nardo, AA
   Davidson, AR
   Dobson, CM
   Kay, LE
TI Low-populated folding intermediates of Fyn SH3 characterized by relaxation dispersion NMR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-state; protein; domain; kinetics
AB Many biochemical processes proceed through the formation of functionally significant intermediates(1,2). Although the identification and characterization of such species can provide vital clues about the mechanisms of the reactions involved, it is challenging to obtain information of this type in cases where the intermediates are transient or present only at low population(1-4). One important example of such a situation involves the folding behaviour of small proteins that represents a model for the acquisition of functional structure in biology(1). Here we use relaxation dispersion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify, for two mutational variants of one such protein, the SH3 domain from Fyn tyrosine kinase(5), a low-population folding intermediate in equilibrium with its unfolded and fully folded states. By performing the NMR experiments at different temperatures, this approach has enabled characterization of the kinetics and energetics of the folding process as well as providing structures of the intermediates. A general strategy emerges for an experimental determination of the energy landscape of a protein by applying this methodology to a series of mutants whose intermediates have differing degrees of native-like structure.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Prot Engn Network Ctr Excellence, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Cambridge
RP Kay, LE (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, 100 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
EM cmd44@cam.ac.uk; kay@pound.med.utoronto.ca
NR 28
TC 419
Z9 493
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/nature02655
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100054
PM 15282609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZG
   Wang, DZ
   Hockemeyer, D
   McAnally, J
   Nordheim, A
   Olson, EN
AF Wang, ZG
   Wang, DZ
   Hockemeyer, D
   McAnally, J
   Nordheim, A
   Olson, EN
TI Myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for SRF to control smooth muscle gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID serum response factor; transcription factors; cell-differentiation; factor elk-1; domain; coactivator; activation; promoter; protein; sm22-alpha
AB Smooth muscle cells switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes in response to extracellular cues(1), but the transcriptional mechanisms that confer such phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. Serum response factor (SRF) activates genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation and proliferation by recruiting muscle-restricted cofactors, such as the transcriptional coactivator myocardin, and ternary complex factors (TCFs) of the ETS-domain family, respectively(2-9). Here we show that growth signals repress smooth muscle genes by triggering the displacement of myocardin from SRF by Elk-1, a TCF that acts as a myogenic repressor. The opposing influences of myocardin and Elk-1 on smooth muscle gene expression are mediated by structurally related SRF-binding motifs that compete for a common docking site on SRF. A mutant smooth muscle promoter, retaining responsiveness to myocardin and SRF but defective in TCF binding, directs ectopic transcription in the embryonic heart, demonstrating a role for TCFs in suppression of smooth muscle gene expression in vivo. We conclude that growth and developmental signals modulate smooth muscle gene expression by regulating the association of SRF with antagonistic cofactors.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Carolina Cardiovasc Biol Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Tubingen, Dept Mol Biol, Inst Cell Biol, D-72704 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Olson, EN (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM Eric.Olson@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 29
TC 484
Z9 582
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 185
EP 189
DI 10.1038/nature02382
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600050
PM 15014501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, XF
   Auler, AS
   Edwards, RL
   Cheng, H
   Cristalli, PS
   Smart, PL
   Richards, DA
   Shen, CC
AF Wang, XF
   Auler, AS
   Edwards, RL
   Cheng, H
   Cristalli, PS
   Smart, PL
   Richards, DA
   Shen, CC
TI Wet periods in northeastern Brazil over the past 210 kyr linked to distant climate anomalies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical atlantic; north-atlantic; greenland ice; monsoon; circulation; variability; resolution; dynamics; aridity; record
AB The tropics are the main source of the atmosphere's sensible and latent heat, and water vapour, and are therefore important for reconstructions of past climate(1). But long, accurately dated records of southern tropical palaeoclimate, which would allow the establishment of climatic connections to distant regions, have not been available. Here we present a 210,000-year (210-kyr) record of wet periods in tropical northeastern Brazil - a region that is currently semi-arid. The record is obtained from speleothems and travertine deposits that are accurately dated using the U/Th method. We find wet periods that are synchronous with periods of weak East Asian summer monsoons(2), cold periods in Greenland(3), Heinrich events in the North Atlantic(4) and periods of decreased river runoff to the Cariaco basin(5). We infer that the wet periods may be explained with a southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This widespread synchroneity of climate anomalies suggests a relatively rapid global reorganization of the ocean - atmosphere system. We conclude that the wet periods probably affected rainforest distribution, as plant fossils show that forest expansion occurred during these intermittent wet intervals, and opened a forest corridor(6-8) between the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Geociencias, CPMTC, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geociencias, BR-05508080 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Lab Ciencias Terra, Mogi Das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geosci, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes; University of Bristol; National Taiwan University
RP Wang, XF (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM wang0452@umn.edu
NR 30
TC 684
Z9 801
U1 1
U2 130
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/nature03067
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200044
PM 15592409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lodahl, P
   van Driel, AF
   Nikolaev, IS
   Irman, A
   Overgaag, K
   Vanmaekelbergh, D
   Vos, WL
AF Lodahl, P
   van Driel, AF
   Nikolaev, IS
   Irman, A
   Overgaag, K
   Vanmaekelbergh, D
   Vos, WL
TI Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID band-gap; turnstile device; laser; microcavity
AB Control of spontaneously emitted light lies at the heart of quantum optics. It is essential for diverse applications ranging from miniature lasers and light-emitting diodes(1-5), to single-photon sources for quantum information(6-8), and to solar energy harvesting(9). To explore such new quantum optics applications, a suitably tailored dielectric environment is required in which the vacuum fluctuations that control spontaneous emission can be manipulated(10,11). Photonic crystals provide such an environment: they strongly modify the vacuum fluctuations, causing the decay of emitted light to be accelerated or slowed down(12,13), to reveal unusual statistics(14), or to be completely inhibited in the ideal case of a photonic bandgap(1,15). Here we study spontaneous emission from semiconductor quantum dots embedded in inverse opal photonic crystals(16). We show that the spectral distribution and time-dependent decay of light emitted from excitons confined in the quantum dots are controlled by the host photonic crystal. Modified emission is observed over large frequency bandwidths of 10%, orders of magnitude larger than reported for resonant optical microcavities(17). Both inhibited and enhanced decay rates are observed depending on the optical emission frequency, and they are controlled by the crystals' lattice parameter. Our experimental results provide a basis for all-solid-state dynamic control of optical quantum systems(18).
C1 Univ Twente, Dept Sci & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Twente, MESA Res Inst, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Twente; University of Twente; Utrecht University
RP Lodahl, P (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Dept Sci & Technol, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
EM p.lodahl@utwente.nl
NR 30
TC 1112
Z9 1233
U1 8
U2 467
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 654
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature02772
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400039
PM 15295594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, Y
   Mellem, JE
   Brockie, PJ
   Madsen, DM
   Maricq, AV
AF Zheng, Y
   Mellem, JE
   Brockie, PJ
   Madsen, DM
   Maricq, AV
TI SOL-1 is a CUB-domain protein required for GLR-1 glutamate receptor function in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; semaphorin-iii; mutation; subunit; neurons; gene; neuropilin; channel; system; module
AB Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate most excitatory synaptic signalling between neurons. Binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate causes a conformational change in these receptors that gates open a transmembrane pore through which ions can pass. The gating of iGluRs is crucially dependent on a conserved amino acid that was first identified in the 'lurcher' ataxic mouse(1). Through a screen for modifiers of iGluR function in a transgenic strain of Caenorhabditis elegans expressing a GLR-1 subunit containing the lurcher mutation, we identify suppressor of lurcher (sol-1). This gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is predicted to contain four extracellular beta-barrel-forming domains known as CUB domains(2,3). SOL-1 and GLR-1 are colocalized at the cell surface and can be coimmunoprecipitated. By recording from neurons expressing GLR-1, we show that SOL-1 is an accessory protein that is selectively required for glutamate-gated currents. We propose that SOL-1 participates in the gating of non-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) iGluRs, thereby providing a previously unknown mechanism of regulation for this important class of neurotransmitter receptor.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Maricq, AV (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM maricq@biology.utah.edu
NR 28
TC 108
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 451
EP 457
DI 10.1038/nature02244
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500046
PM 14749834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imhoff, ML
   Bounoua, L
   Ricketts, T
   Loucks, C
   Harriss, R
   Lawrence, WT
AF Imhoff, ML
   Bounoua, L
   Ricketts, T
   Loucks, C
   Harriss, R
   Lawrence, WT
TI Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human appropriation; model
AB The human population and its consumption profoundly affect the Earth's ecosystems(1,2). A particularly compelling measure of humanity's cumulative impact is the fraction of the planet's net primary production that we appropriate for our own use(3,4). Net primary production-the net amount of solar energy converted to plant organic matter through photosynthesis-can be measured in units of elemental carbon and represents the primary food energy source for the world's ecosystems. Human appropriation of net primary production, apart from leaving less for other species to use, alters the composition of the atmosphere(5), levels of biodiversity(6), energy flows within food webs(7) and the provision of important ecosystem services(8). Here we present a global map showing the amount of net primary production required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial balance sheet of net primary production 'supply' and 'demand' for the world. We show that human appropriation of net primary production varies spatially from almost zero to many times the local primary production. These analyses reveal the uneven footprint of human consumption and related environmental impacts, indicate the degree to which human populations depend on net primary production 'imports' and suggest policy options for slowing future growth of human appropriation of net primary production.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Foothills Lab, Environm & Societal Impacts Grp, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Bowie State Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Bowie, MD 20715 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; World Wildlife Fund; Stanford University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; University System of Maryland; Bowie State University
RP Imhoff, ML (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM Marc.L.Imhoff@nasa.gov
NR 29
TC 491
Z9 572
U1 4
U2 427
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 870
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature02619
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000041
PM 15215863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Almaas, E
   Kovács, B
   Vicsek, T
   Oltvai, ZN
   Barabási, AL
AF Almaas, E
   Kovács, B
   Vicsek, T
   Oltvai, ZN
   Barabási, AL
TI Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID definition
AB Cellular metabolism, the integrated interconversion of thousands of metabolic substrates through enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions, is the most investigated complex intracellular web of molecular interactions. Although the topological organization of individual reactions into metabolic networks is well understood(1-4), the principles that govern their global functional use under different growth conditions raise many unanswered questions(5-7). By implementing a flux balance analysis(8-12) of the metabolism of Escherichia coli strain MG1655, here we show that network use is highly uneven. Whereas most metabolic reactions have low fluxes, the overall activity of the metabolism is dominated by several reactions with very high fluxes. E. coli responds to changes in growth conditions by reorganizing the rates of selected fluxes predominantly within this high-flux backbone. This behaviour probably represents a universal feature of metabolic activity in all cells, with potential implications for metabolic engineering.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Biol Phys Dept, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Res Grp HAS, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; Eotvos Lorand University; Eotvos Lorand University; Northwestern University
RP Barabási, AL (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM alb@nd.edu
FU Division Of Materials Research; Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0837678] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 29
TC 525
Z9 631
U1 2
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 839
EP 843
DI 10.1038/nature02289
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500040
PM 14985762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karlson, RH
   Cornell, HV
   Hughes, TP
AF Karlson, RH
   Cornell, HV
   Hughes, TP
TI Coral communities are regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species richness; diversity; patterns; scale; reefs
AB Ecological communities are influenced by processes operating at multiple scales(1-5). Thus, a better understanding of how broad- as well as local-scale processes affect species diversity and richness is increasingly becoming a central focus in modern community ecology(6-9). Here, in a study of unprecedented geographical scope, we show significant regional and local variation in the species richness of coral assemblages across an oceanic biodiversity gradient. The gradient that we sampled extends 10,000 km eastwards from the world's richest coral biodiversity hotspot in the central Indo-Pacific(10). Local richness and the size of regional species pools decline significantly across 15 islands spanning the gradient. In addition, richness declines across three adjacent habitats ( reef slopes, crests and flats). In each habitat, a highly consistent linear relationship between local and regional species richness indicates strong regional enrichment. Thus, even on the most diverse coral reefs in the world, local coral assemblages are profoundly affected by regional-scale processes. Understanding these historical and biogeographical influences is essential for the effective management and preservation of these endangered communities.
C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Coral Reef Biodivers, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 University of Delaware; James Cook University
RP Karlson, RH (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
EM rkarlson@udel.edu
NR 30
TC 117
Z9 130
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 867
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature02685
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000040
PM 15201847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dixit, NM
   Layden-Almer, JE
   Layden, TJ
   Perelson, AS
AF Dixit, NM
   Layden-Almer, JE
   Layden, TJ
   Perelson, AS
TI Modelling how ribavirin improves interferon response rates in hepatitis C virus infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID viral dynamics; plus ribavirin; combination therapy; initial treatment; controlled trial; placebo; alpha; replication; monotherapy; kinetics
AB Nearly 200 million individuals worldwide are currently infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV)(1). Combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin, the latest treatment for HCV infection, elicits long-term responses in only about 50% of patients treated(2-4). No effective alternative treatments exist for non-responders(5). Consequently, significant efforts are continuing to maximize response to combination therapy(6,7). However, rational therapy optimization is precluded by the poor understanding of the mechanism(s) of ribavirin action against HCV8. Ribavirin alone induces either a transient early decline or no decrease in HCV viral load(9-12), but in combination with interferon it significantly improves long-term response rates(2-4,13-15). Here we present a model of HCV dynamics in which, on the basis of growing evidence(16-21), we assume that ribavirin decreases HCV infectivity in an infected individual in a dose-dependent manner. The model quantitatively predicts long-term response rates to interferon monotherapy and combination therapy, fits observed patterns of HCV RNA decline in patients undergoing therapy, reconciles conflicting observations of the influence of ribavirin on HCV RNA decline, provides key insights into the mechanism of ribavirin action against HCV, and establishes a framework for rational therapy optimization.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Perelson, AS (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM asp@lanl.gov
NR 30
TC 276
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 922
EP 924
DI 10.1038/nature03153
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500058
PM 15602565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milliron, DJ
   Hughes, SM
   Cui, Y
   Manna, L
   Li, JB
   Wang, LW
   Alivisatos, AP
AF Milliron, DJ
   Hughes, SM
   Cui, Y
   Manna, L
   Li, JB
   Wang, LW
   Alivisatos, AP
TI Colloidal nanocrystal heterostructures with linear and branched topology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dot quantum-well; cdse nanocrystals; growth; molecules; nanorods; states
AB The development of colloidal quantum dots has led to practical applications of quantum confinement, such as in solution-processed solar cells(1), lasers(2) and as biological labels(3). Further scientific and technological advances should be achievable if these colloidal quantum systems could be electronically coupled in a general way. For example, this was the case when it became possible to couple solid-state embedded quantum dots into quantum dot molecules(4,5). Similarly, the preparation of nanowires with linear alternating compositions-another form of coupled quantum dots-has led to the rapid development of single-nanowire light-emitting diodes(6) and single-electron transistors(7). Current strategies to connect colloidal quantum dots use organic coupling agents(8,9), which suffer from limited control over coupling parameters and over the geometry and complexity of assemblies. Here we demonstrate a general approach for fabricating inorganically coupled colloidal quantum dots and rods, connected epitaxially at branched and linear junctions within single nanocrystals. We achieve control over branching and composition throughout the growth of nanocrystal heterostructures to independently tune the properties of each component and the nature of their interactions. Distinct dots and rods are coupled through potential barriers of tuneable height and width, and arranged in three-dimensional space at well-defined angles and distances. Such control allows investigation of potential applications ranging from quantum information processing to artificial photosynthesis.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Computat Res Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Natl Nanotechnol Lab INFM, Via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Alivisatos, AP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM alivis@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 1112
Z9 1295
U1 2
U2 504
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 190
EP 195
DI 10.1038/nature02695
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600039
PM 15241410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsodyks, M
   Gilbert, C
AF Tsodyks, M
   Gilbert, C
TI Neural networks and perceptual learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; orientation selectivity; discrimination task; response property; nucleus basalis; model; neurons; context; vision; v1
AB Sensory perception is a learned trait. The brain strategies we use to perceive the world are constantly modified by experience. With practice, we subconsciously become better at identifying familiar objects or distinguishing fine details in our environment. Current theoretical models simulate some properties of perceptual learning, but neglect the underlying cortical circuits. Future neural network models must incorporate the top-down alteration of cortical function by expectation or perceptual tasks. These newly found dynamic processes are challenging earlier views of static and feedforward processing of sensory information.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Rockefeller University
RP Tsodyks, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM misha@weizmann.ac.il; gilbert@mail.rockefeller.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY007968] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 126
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 775
EP 781
DI 10.1038/nature03013
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500033
PM 15483598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, Y
   Stock, DW
   Jeffery, WR
AF Yamamoto, Y
   Stock, DW
   Jeffery, WR
TI Hedgehog signalling controls eye degeneration in blind cavefish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic hedgehog; gene; astyanax; expression; evolution; system; retina; pax2
AB Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are responsible for critical signalling events during development(1) but their evolutionary roles remain to be determined. Here we show that hh gene expression at the embryonic midline controls eye degeneration in blind cavefish. We use the teleost Astyanax mexicanus, a single species with an eyed surface-dwelling form ( surface fish) and many blind cave forms ( cavefish) 2, to study the evolution of eye degeneration. Small eye primordia are formed during cavefish embryogenesis, which later arrest in development, degenerate and sink into the orbits. Eye degeneration is caused by apoptosis of the embryonic lens, and transplanting a surface fish embryonic lens into a cavefish optic cup can restore a complete eye(3-5). Here we show that sonic hedgehog (shh) and tiggy-winkle hedgehog ( twhh) gene expression is expanded along the anterior embryonic midline in several different cavefish populations. The expansion of hh signalling results in hyperactivation of downstream genes, lens apoptosis and arrested eye growth and development. These features can be mimicked in surface fish by twhh and/or shh overexpression, supporting the role of hh signalling in the evolution of cavefish eye regression.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Jeffery, WR (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM jeffery@umd.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014619] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 207
Z9 244
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature02864
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500047
PM 15483612
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fairén, AG
   Fernández-Remolar, D
   Dohm, JM
   Baker, VR
   Amils, R
AF Fairén, AG
   Fernández-Remolar, D
   Dohm, JM
   Baker, VR
   Amils, R
TI Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact erosion; iron; minerals
AB Several lines of evidence have recently reinforced the hypothesis that an ocean existed on early Mars(1-7). Carbonates are accordingly expected to have formed from oceanic sedimentation of carbon dioxide from the ancient martian atmosphere(7,8). But spectral imaging of the martian surface has revealed the presence of only a small amount of carbonate, widely distributed in the martian dust(9). Here we examine the feasibility of carbonate synthesis in ancient martian oceans using aqueous equilibrium calculations. We show that partial pressures of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the range 0.8-4 bar, in the presence of up to 13.5 mM sulphate and 0.8 mM iron in sea water(8), result in an acidic oceanic environment with a pH of less than 6.2. This precludes the formation of siderite, usually expected to be the first major carbonate mineral to precipitate(8). We conclude that extensive interaction between an atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide and a lasting sulphate- and iron-enriched acidic ocean on early Mars is a plausible explanation for the observed absence of carbonates.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Biol Mol, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid 28850, Spain.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); University of Arizona; University of Arizona
RP Fairén, AG (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Biol Mol, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
EM agfairen@cbm.uam.es
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 423
EP 426
DI 10.1038/nature02911
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500032
PM 15386004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horner-Devine, MC
   Lage, M
   Hughes, JB
   Bohannan, BJM
AF Horner-Devine, MC
   Lage, M
   Hughes, JB
   Bohannan, BJM
TI A taxa-area relationship for bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID populations; dna
AB A positive power-law relationship between the number of species in an area and the size of that area has been observed repeatedly in plant and animal communities(1). This species - area relationship, thought to be one of the few laws in ecology(2), is fundamental to our understanding of the distribution of global biodiversity. However, such a relationship has not been reported for bacteria, and little is known regarding the spatial distribution of bacteria, relative to what is known of plants and animals(3). Here we describe a taxa - area relationship for bacteria over a scale of centimetres to hundreds of metres in salt marsh sediments. We found that bacterial communities located close together were more similar in composition than communities located farther apart, and we used the decay of community similarity with distance to show that bacteria can exhibit a taxa - area relationship. This relationship was driven primarily by environmental heterogeneity rather than geographic distance or plant composition.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Brown University
RP Horner-Devine, MC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM mchd@u.washington.edu
NR 29
TC 571
Z9 692
U1 4
U2 270
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 750
EP 753
DI 10.1038/nature03073
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200047
PM 15592412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayden, SM
   Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Perring, TG
   Dogan, F
AF Hayden, SM
   Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Perring, TG
   Dogan, F
TI The structure of the high-energy spin excitations in a high-transition-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-scattering; magnetic excitations; fluctuations; spectrum; stripes
AB In conventional superconductors, lattice vibrations (phonons) mediate the attraction between electrons that is responsible for superconductivity(1). The high transition temperatures (high-T-c) of the copper oxide superconductors has led to collective spin excitations being proposed as the mediating excitations in these materials(2). The mediating excitations must be strongly coupled to the conduction electrons, have energy greater than the pairing energy, and be present at T-c. The most obvious feature in the magnetic excitations of high-T-c superconductors such as YBa2Cu3O6+x is the so-called 'resonance'(3-6). Although the resonance may be strongly coupled to the superconductivity(3-8), it is unlikely to be the main cause, because it has not been found in the La2-x(Ba,Sr)(x)CuO4 family and is not universally present in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (ref. 9). Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to characterize possible mediating excitations at higher energies in YBa2Cu3O6.6. We observe a square-shaped continuum of excitations peaked at incommensurate positions. These excitations have energies greater than the superconducting pairing energy, are present at T-c, and have spectral weight far exceeding that of the 'resonance'. The discovery of similar excitations in La2-xBaxCuO4 (ref. 10) suggests that they are a general property of the copper oxides, and a candidate for mediating the electron pairing.
C1 Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Ceram Engn, Rolla, MO 65409 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Missouri System; Missouri University of Science & Technology
RP Hayden, SM (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
EM S.Hayden@bristol.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 343
Z9 363
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/nature02576
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700031
PM 15175744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chini, R
   Hoffmeister, V
   Kimeswenger, S
   Nielbock, M
   Nurnberger, D
   Schmidtobreick, L
   Sterzik, M
AF Chini, R
   Hoffmeister, V
   Kimeswenger, S
   Nielbock, M
   Nurnberger, D
   Schmidtobreick, L
   Sterzik, M
TI The formation of a massive protostar through the disk accretion of gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tauri magnetospheric accretion; emission-line diagnostics; star-formation; stellar objects; young stars; region
AB The formation of low-mass stars like our Sun can be explained by the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud fragment into a protostellar core and the subsequent accretion of gas and dust from the surrounding interstellar medium(1-3). Theoretical considerations suggest that the radiation pressure from the protostar on the in-falling material may prevent the formation of stars above ten solar masses through this mechanism(4), although some calculations have claimed that stars up to 40 solar masses can in principle be formed via accretion through a disk(5-7). Given this uncertainty and the fact that most massive stars are born in dense clusters, it was suggested that high-mass stars are the result of the runaway merging of intermediate-mass stars(8). Here we report observations that clearly show a massive star being born from a large rotating accretion disk. The protostar has already assembled about 20 solar masses, and the accretion process is still going on. The gas reservoir of the circumstellar disk contains at least 100 solar masses of additional gas, providing sufficient fuel for substantial further growth of the forming star.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Astrophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum; University of Innsbruck; European Southern Observatory
RP Chini, R (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
EM chini@astro.rub.de
NR 23
TC 106
Z9 111
U1 1
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 155
EP 157
DI 10.1038/nature02507
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300033
PM 15141204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aharonian, FA
   Akhperjanian, AG
   Aye, KM
   Bazer-Bachi, AR
   Beilicke, M
   Benbow, W
   Berge, D
   Berghaus, P
   Bernlöhr, K
   Bolz, O
   Boisson, C
   Borgmeier, C
   Breitling, F
   Brown, AM
   Gordo, JB
   Chadwick, PM
   Chitnis, VR
   Chounet, LM
   Cornils, R
   Costamante, L
   Degrange, B
   Djannati-Ataï, A
   Drury, LO
   Ergin, T
   Espigat, P
   Feinstein, F
   Fleury, P
   Fontaine, G
   Funk, S
   Gallant, YA
   Giebels, B
   Gillessen, S
   Goret, P
   Guy, J
   Hadjichristidis, C
   Hauser, M
   Heinzelmann, G
   Henri, G
   Hermann, G
   Hinton, JA
   Hofmann, W
   Holleran, M
   Horns, D
   de Jager, OC
   Jung, I
   Khéilifi, B
   Komin, N
   Konopelko, A
   Latham, IJ
   Le Gallou, R
   Lemoine, M
   Lemière, A
   Leroy, N
   Lohse, T
   Marcowith, A
   Masterson, C
   McComb, TJL
   de Naurois, M
   Nolan, SJ
   Noutsos, A
   Orford, KJ
   Osborne, JL
   Ouchriff, M
   Panter, M
   Pelletier, G
   Pita, S
   Pohl, M
   Pühlhofer, G
   Punch, M
   Raubenheimer, BC
   Raue, M
   Raux, J
   Rayner, SM
   Redondo, I
   Reimer, A
   Reimer, O
   Ripken, J
   Rivoal, M
   Rob, L
   Rolland, L
   Rowell, G
   Sahakian, V
   Saugé, L
   Schlenker, S
   Schlickeiser, R
   Schuster, C
   Schwanke, U
   Siewert, M
   Sol, H
   Steenkamp, R
   Stegmann, C
   Tavernet, JP
   Théoret, CG
   Tluczykont, M
   van der Walt, DJ
   Vasileiadis, G
   Vincent, P
   Visser, B
   Völk, HJ
   Wagner, SJ
AF Aharonian, FA
   Akhperjanian, AG
   Aye, KM
   Bazer-Bachi, AR
   Beilicke, M
   Benbow, W
   Berge, D
   Berghaus, P
   Bernlöhr, K
   Bolz, O
   Boisson, C
   Borgmeier, C
   Breitling, F
   Brown, AM
   Gordo, JB
   Chadwick, PM
   Chitnis, VR
   Chounet, LM
   Cornils, R
   Costamante, L
   Degrange, B
   Djannati-Ataï, A
   Drury, LO
   Ergin, T
   Espigat, P
   Feinstein, F
   Fleury, P
   Fontaine, G
   Funk, S
   Gallant, YA
   Giebels, B
   Gillessen, S
   Goret, P
   Guy, J
   Hadjichristidis, C
   Hauser, M
   Heinzelmann, G
   Henri, G
   Hermann, G
   Hinton, JA
   Hofmann, W
   Holleran, M
   Horns, D
   de Jager, OC
   Jung, I
   Khéilifi, B
   Komin, N
   Konopelko, A
   Latham, IJ
   Le Gallou, R
   Lemoine, M
   Lemière, A
   Leroy, N
   Lohse, T
   Marcowith, A
   Masterson, C
   McComb, TJL
   de Naurois, M
   Nolan, SJ
   Noutsos, A
   Orford, KJ
   Osborne, JL
   Ouchriff, M
   Panter, M
   Pelletier, G
   Pita, S
   Pohl, M
   Pühlhofer, G
   Punch, M
   Raubenheimer, BC
   Raue, M
   Raux, J
   Rayner, SM
   Redondo, I
   Reimer, A
   Reimer, O
   Ripken, J
   Rivoal, M
   Rob, L
   Rolland, L
   Rowell, G
   Sahakian, V
   Saugé, L
   Schlenker, S
   Schlickeiser, R
   Schuster, C
   Schwanke, U
   Siewert, M
   Sol, H
   Steenkamp, R
   Stegmann, C
   Tavernet, JP
   Théoret, CG
   Tluczykont, M
   van der Walt, DJ
   Vasileiadis, G
   Vincent, P
   Visser, B
   Völk, HJ
   Wagner, SJ
TI High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray emission; snr rx-j1713.7-3946; cassiopeia-a; cosmic-rays; g347.3-0.5; discovery; spectrum; system; origin
AB A significant fraction of the energy density of the interstellar medium is in the form of high-energy charged particles ( cosmic rays)(1). The origin of these particles remains uncertain. Although it is generally accepted that the only sources capable of supplying the energy required to accelerate the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays are supernova explosions, and even though the mechanism of particle acceleration in expanding supernova remnant (SNR) shocks is thought to be well understood theoretically(2,3), unequivocal evidence for the production of high-energy particles in supernova shells has proven remarkably hard to find. Here we report on observations of the SNR RX J1713.7 - 3946 ( G347.3 - 0.5), which was discovered by ROSAT(4) in the X-ray spectrum and later claimed as a source of high-energy gamma-rays(5,6) of TeV energies (1 TeV = 10(12) eV). We present a TeV gamma-ray image of the SNR: the spatially resolved remnant has a shell morphology similar to that seen in X-rays, which demonstrates that very-high-energy particles are accelerated there. The energy spectrum indicates efficient acceleration of charged particles to energies beyond 100 TeV, consistent with current ideas of particle acceleration in young SNR shocks.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan 375036, Armenia.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   UPS, CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse 4, France.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
   Coll France, CNRS, IN2P3, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Observ Paris, CNRS, UMR 8102, LUTH, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, IN2P3, Grp Astroparticules Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Phys Nucl & Hautes Energies, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 07, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Ecole Polytech, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab Leprince Ringuet, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   CE Saclay, CEA, DSM, DAPNIA,Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Landessternwarte Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, INSU, Lab Astrophys Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   North West Univ, Unit Space Phys, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Theoret Phys, Lehrstuhl Weltraum & Astrophys 4, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Charles Univ, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   Univ Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Yerevan Physics Institute; Durham University; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Hamburg; Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Humboldt University of Berlin; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); North West University - South Africa; Ruhr University Bochum; Charles University Prague; University of Namibia
RP Berge, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, POB 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM David.Berge@mpi-hd.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 446
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 75
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature02960
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900040
PM 15525982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Drug discovery in reverse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 227
EP 227
DI 10.1038/428227a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wertz, IE
   O'Rourke, KM
   Zhou, HL
   Eby, M
   Aravind, L
   Seshagiri, S
   Wu, P
   Wiesmann, C
   Baker, R
   Boone, DL
   Ma, A
   Koonin, EV
   Dixit, VM
AF Wertz, IE
   O'Rourke, KM
   Zhou, HL
   Eby, M
   Aravind, L
   Seshagiri, S
   Wu, P
   Wiesmann, C
   Baker, R
   Boone, DL
   Ma, A
   Koonin, EV
   Dixit, VM
TI De-ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligase domains of A20 downregulate NF-κB signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zinc-finger protein; tnf receptor; cell-death; deubiquitinating enzyme; cysteine proteases; kinase rip; activation; traf2; ikk; recruitment
AB NF-kappaB transcription factors mediate the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta(1). Failure to downregulate NF-kappaB transcriptional activity results in chronic inflammation and cell death, as observed in A20-deficient mice(2). A20 is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappaB signalling, but its mechanism of action is unknown(2). Here we show that A20 downregulates NF-kappaB signalling through the cooperative activity of its two ubiquitin-editing domains. The amino-terminal domain of A20, which is a de-ubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme of the OTU (ovarian tumour) family(3), removes lysine-63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin chains from receptor interacting protein ( RIP), an essential mediator of the proximal TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signalling complex(4,5). The carboxy-terminal domain of A20, composed of seven C-2/C-2 zinc fingers(6), then functions as a ubiquitin ligase by polyubiquitinating RIP with K48-linked ubiquitin chains, thereby targeting RIP for proteasomal degradation. Here we define a novel ubiquitin ligase domain and identify two sequential mechanisms by which A20 downregulates NF-kappaB signalling. We also provide an example of a protein containing separate ubiquitin ligase and DUB domains, both of which participate in mediating a distinct regulatory effect.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   NCBI, Computat Biol Branch, Natl Lib Med, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Div Mol Biosci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; University of California System; University of California Davis; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Dixit, VM (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM dixit@gene.com
FU National Library of Medicine [ZIALM000061] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 1596
Z9 1885
U1 4
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 694
EP 699
DI 10.1038/nature02794
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400050
PM 15258597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamashita, S
   Miyagi, C
   Fukada, T
   Kagara, N
   Che, YS
   Hirano, T
AF Yamashita, S
   Miyagi, C
   Fukada, T
   Kagara, N
   Che, YS
   Hirano, T
TI Zinc transporter LIVI controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition in zebrafish gastrula organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor snail; breast-cancer; mutant embryos; cell movements; wild-type; expression; stat3; gene; morphogenesis; involvement
AB Vertebrate gastrulation is a critical step in the establishment of body plan. During gastrulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs(1). EMT is one of the central events of embryonic development, organ and tissue regeneration, and cancer metastasis(1,2). Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) mediate biological actions such as cell proliferation, differentiation and survival in response to cytokines and growth factors, in a variety of biological processes(3-6). STATs are also important in EMT during gastrulation, organogenesis, wound healing and cancer progression(7-9). We previously showed that STAT3 is activated in the organizer during zebrafish gastrulation and its activity is essential for gastrulation movements. The requirement for STAT3 is cell-autonomous for the anterior migration of gastrula organizer cells, and non-cell-autonomous for the convergence of neighbouring cells(10). The molecular mechanisms of STAT's action in EMT, however, are unknown. Here we identify LIV1, a breast-cancer-associated zinc transporter protein(11-13), as a downstream target of STAT3 that is essential and sufficient for STAT3's cell-autonomous role in the EMT of zebrafish gastrula organizer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LIV1 is essential for the nuclear localization of zinc-finger protein Snail, a master regulator of EMT1,2,14,15. These results establish a molecular link between STAT3, LIV1 and Snail in EMT.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Lab Dev Immunol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Oncol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   RIKEN, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Lab Cytokine Signaling, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; RIKEN
RP Hirano, T (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Lab Dev Immunol, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM hirano@molonc.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 307
Z9 366
U1 3
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 298
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature02545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900043
PM 15129296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geddes, CGR
   Toth, C
   van Tilborg, J
   Esarey, E
   Schroeder, CB
   Bruhwiler, D
   Nieter, C
   Cary, J
   Leemans, WP
AF Geddes, CGR
   Toth, C
   van Tilborg, J
   Esarey, E
   Schroeder, CB
   Bruhwiler, D
   Nieter, C
   Cary, J
   Leemans, WP
TI High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thomson scattering; pulses; generation; injection
AB Laser-driven accelerators, in which particles are accelerated by the electric field of a plasma wave ( the wakefield) driven by an intense laser, have demonstrated accelerating electric fields of hundreds of GV m(-1) ( refs 1 - 3). These fields are thousands of times greater than those achievable in conventional radiofrequency accelerators, spurring interest in laser accelerators(4,5) as compact next-generation sources of energetic electrons and radiation. To date, however, acceleration distances have been severely limited by the lack of a controllable method for extending the propagation distance of the focused laser pulse. The ensuing short acceleration distance results in low-energy beams with 100 per cent electron energy spread(1-3), which limits potential applications. Here we demonstrate a laser accelerator that produces electron beams with an energy spread of a few per cent, low emittance and increased energy ( more than 10(9) electrons above 80 MeV). Our technique involves the use of a preformed plasma density channel to guide a relativistically intense laser, resulting in a longer propagation distance. The results open the way for compact and tunable high-brightness sources of electrons and radiation.
C1 Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Tech Univ Eindhoven, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Tech X Corp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Eindhoven University of Technology; Tech-X Corporation; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Leemans, WP (corresponding author), Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM wpleemans@lbl.gov
NR 30
TC 1897
Z9 2106
U1 12
U2 293
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 538
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature02900
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700038
PM 15457252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mempel, TR
   Henrickson, SE
   von Andrian, UH
AF Mempel, TR
   Henrickson, SE
   von Andrian, UH
TI T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological synapse; antigen presentation; activation; expression; chemokine; induction
AB Primary T-cell responses in lymph nodes (LNs) require contact-dependent information exchange between T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Because lymphocytes continually enter and leave normal LNs, the resident lymphocyte pool is composed of nonsynchronized cells with different dwell times that display heterogeneous behaviour in mouse LNs in vitro(1-3). Here we employ two-photon microscopy in vivo to study antigen-presenting DCs and naive T cells whose dwell time in LNs was synchronized. During the first 8 h after entering from the blood, T cells underwent multiple short encounters with DCs, progressively decreased their motility, and upregulated activation markers. During the subsequent 12 h T cells formed long-lasting stable conjugates with DCs and began to secrete interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. On the second day, coinciding with the onset of proliferation, T cells resumed their rapid migration and short DC contacts. Thus, T-cell priming by DCs occurs in three successive stages: transient serial encounters during the first activation phase are followed by a second phase of stable contacts culminating in cytokine production, which makes a transition into a third phase of high motility and rapid proliferation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School
RP von Andrian, UH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, CBR Inst Biomed Res, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM uva@cbr.med.harvard.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007753] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1391
Z9 1706
U1 0
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 154
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature02238
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900035
PM 14712275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minot, ED
   Yaish, Y
   Sazonova, V
   McEuen, PL
AF Minot, ED
   Yaish, Y
   Sazonova, V
   McEuen, PL
TI Determination of electron orbital magnetic moments in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID susceptibility
AB The remarkable transport properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are determined by their unusual electronic structure(1). The electronic states of a carbon nanotube form one-dimensional electron and hole sub-bands, which, in general, are separated by an energy gap(2,3). States near the energy gap are predicted(4,5) to have an orbital magnetic moment, mu(orb), that is much larger than the Bohr magneton (the magnetic moment of an electron due to its spin). This large moment is due to the motion of electrons around the circumference of the nanotube, and is thought to play a role in the magnetic susceptibility of CNTs6-9 and the magnetoresistance observed in large multiwalled CNTs10-12. But the coupling between magnetic field and the electronic states of individual nanotubes remains to be quantified experimentally. Here we report electrical measurements of relatively small diameter (2-5 nm) individual CNTs in the presence of an axial magnetic field. We observe field-induced energy shifts of electronic states and the associated changes in sub-band structure, which enable us to confirm quantitatively the predicted values for mu(orb).
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP McEuen, PL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM mceuen@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 27
TC 231
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature02425
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100035
PM 15057825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, J
AF Clayton, J
TI Rnai options
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 599
EP 599
DI 10.1038/431599b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okamoto, S
   Millis, AJ
AF Okamoto, S
   Millis, AJ
TI Electronic reconstruction at an interface between a Mott insulator and a band insulator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-metal oxides; surface; superlattices; lattice; physics; srtio3
AB Surface science is an important and well-established branch of materials science involving the study of changes in material properties near a surface or interface. A fundamental issue has been atomic reconstruction: how the surface lattice symmetry differs from the bulk. 'Correlated-electron compounds' are materials in which strong electron-electron and electron-lattice interactions produce new electronic phases, including interaction-induced (Mott) insulators, many forms of spin, charge and orbital ordering, and (presumably) high-transition-temperature superconductivity(1,2). Here we propose that the fundamental issue for the new field of correlated-electron surface/interface science is 'electronic reconstruction': how does the surface/interface electronic phase differ from that in the bulk? As a step towards a general understanding of such phenomena, we present a theoretical study of an interface between a strongly correlated Mott insulator and a band insulator. We find dramatic interface-induced electronic reconstructions: in wide parameter ranges, the near-interface region is metallic and ferromagnetic, whereas the bulk phase on either side is insulating and anti-ferromagnetic. Extending the analysis to a wider range of interfaces and surfaces is a fundamental scientific challenge and may lead to new applications for correlated electron materials.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Millis, AJ (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM millis@phys.columbia.edu
NR 21
TC 491
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 190
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature02450
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200037
PM 15071589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ilani, S
   Martin, J
   Teitelbaum, E
   Smet, JH
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
   Yacoby, A
AF Ilani, S
   Martin, J
   Teitelbaum, E
   Smet, JH
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
   Yacoby, A
TI The microscopic nature of localization in the quantum Hall effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-insulator-transition; 2-dimensional electron-system; transport; states; fluctuations; behavior; density; regime
AB The quantum Hall effect arises from the interplay between localized and extended states that form when electrons, confined to two dimensions, are subject to a perpendicular magnetic field(1). The effect involves exact quantization of all the electronic transport properties owing to particle localization. In the conventional theory of the quantum Hall effect, strong- field localization is associated with a single- particle drift motion of electrons along contours of constant disorder potential(2). Transport experiments that probe the extended states in the transition regions between quantum Hall phases have been used to test both the theory and its implications for quantum Hall phase transitions. Although several experiments(3-9) on highly disordered samples have affirmed the validity of the single- particle picture, other experiments(10-12) and some recent theories(13-15) have found deviations from the predicted universal behaviour. Here we use a scanning single- electron transistor to probe the individual localized states, which we find to be strikingly different from the predictions of single- particle theory. The states are mainly determined by Coulomb interactions, and appear only when quantization of kinetic energy limits the screening ability of electrons. We conclude that the quantum Hall effect has a greater diversity of regimes and phase transitions than predicted by the single-particle framework. Our experiments suggest a unified picture of localization in which the single- particle model is valid only in the limit of strong disorder.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Max Planck Society
RP Ilani, S (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM shahal.ilani@cornell.edu
NR 24
TC 175
Z9 202
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 328
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature02230
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200034
PM 14737162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reithmaier, JP
   Sek, G
   Löffler, A
   Hofmann, C
   Kuhn, S
   Reitzenstein, S
   Keldysh, LV
   Kulakovskii, VD
   Reinecke, TL
   Forchel, A
AF Reithmaier, JP
   Sek, G
   Löffler, A
   Hofmann, C
   Kuhn, S
   Reitzenstein, S
   Keldysh, LV
   Kulakovskii, VD
   Reinecke, TL
   Forchel, A
TI Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibited spontaneous emission; atoms; electrodynamics; photons; regime; device; boxes
AB Cavity quantum electrodynamics, a central research field in optics and solid-state physics(1-3), addresses properties of atom-like emitters in cavities and can be divided into a weak and a strong coupling regime. For weak coupling, the spontaneous emission can be enhanced or reduced compared with its vacuum level by tuning discrete cavity modes in and out of resonance with the emitter(2,4-13). However, the most striking change of emission properties occurs when the conditions for strong coupling are fulfilled. In this case there is a change from the usual irreversible spontaneous emission to a reversible exchange of energy between the emitter and the cavity mode. This coherent coupling may provide a basis for future applications in quantum information processing or schemes for coherent control. Until now, strong coupling of individual two-level systems has been observed only for atoms in large cavities(14-17). Here we report the observation of strong coupling of a single two-level solid-state system with a photon, as realized by a single quantum dot in a semiconductor microcavity. The strong coupling is manifest in photoluminescence data that display anti-crossings between the quantum dot exciton and cavity-mode dispersion relations, characterized by a vacuum Rabi splitting of about 140 mueV.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Wroclaw Tech Univ, Inst Phys, PL-50370 Wroclaw, Poland.
C3 University of Wurzburg; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; Wroclaw University of Science & Technology
RP Forchel, A (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM alfred.forchel@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 28
TC 1783
Z9 1968
U1 6
U2 561
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 197
EP 200
DI 10.1038/nature02969
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200039
PM 15538362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, JG
   Rogina, B
   Lavu, S
   Howitz, K
   Helfand, SL
   Tatar, M
   Sinclair, D
AF Wood, JG
   Rogina, B
   Lavu, S
   Howitz, K
   Helfand, SL
   Tatar, M
   Sinclair, D
TI Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-span; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; drosophila-melanogaster; sir2 protein; longevity; deacetylase; yeast; nad; selection; nutrition
AB Caloric restriction extends lifespan in numerous species. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this effect requires Sir2 (ref. 1), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent deacetylases(2,3). Sirtuin activating compounds (STACs) can promote the survival of human cells and extend the replicative lifespan of yeast(4). Here we show that resveratrol and other STACs activate sirtuins from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, and extend the lifespan of these animals without reducing fecundity. Lifespan extension is dependent on functional Sir2, and is not observed when nutrients are restricted. Together these data indicate that STACs slow metazoan ageing by mechanisms that may be related to caloric restriction.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   BIOMOL Res Labs Inc, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Connecticut; Brown University
RP Sinclair, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM shelfand@neuron.uchc.edu; marc_tatar@brown.edu; david_sinclair@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIA NIH HHS [RF1 AG024353, R01 AG028730, R37 AG016667] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK100263] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 1527
Z9 1791
U1 2
U2 216
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/nature02789
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400048
PM 15254550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kah, LC
   Lyons, TW
   Frank, TD
AF Kah, LC
   Lyons, TW
   Frank, TD
TI Low marine sulphate and protracted oxygenation of the proterozoic biosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfur isotopic composition; ocean chemistry; seawater; basin; geochemistry; rise
AB Progressive oxygenation of the Earth's early biosphere is thought to have resulted in increased sulphide oxidation during continental weathering, leading to a corresponding increase in marine sulphate concentration(1). Accurate reconstruction of marine sulphate reservoir size is therefore important for interpreting the oxygenation history of early Earth environments. Few data, however, specifically constrain how sulphate concentrations may have changed during the Proterozoic era (2.5 - 0.54 Gyr ago). Prior to 2.2 Gyr ago, when oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere(2,3), sulphate concentrations are inferred to have been <1 mM and possibly < 200 muM, on the basis of limited isotopic variability preserved in sedimentary sulphides(4) and experimental data showing suppressed isotopic fractionation at extremely low sulphate concentrations(1,5). By 0.8 Gyr ago, oxygen and thus sulphate levels may have risen significantly(6,7). Here we report large stratigraphic variations in the sulphur isotope composition of marine carbonate-associated sulphate, and use a rate-dependent model for sulphur isotope change that allows us to track changes in marine sulphate concentrations throughout the Proterozoic. Our calculations indicate sulphate levels between 1.5 and 4.5 mM, or 5 - 15 per cent of modern values, for more than 1 Gyr after initial oxygenation of the Earth's biosphere. Persistence of low oceanic sulphate demonstrates the protracted nature of Earth's oxygenation. It links biospheric evolution to temporal patterns in the depositional behaviour of marine iron- and sulphur-bearing minerals(4), biological cycling of redox-sensitive elements(6) and availability of trace metals essential to eukaryotic development(8).
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Kah, LC (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM lckah@utk.edu
NR 30
TC 404
Z9 480
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 834
EP 838
DI 10.1038/nature02974
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500044
PM 15483609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, O
   Birkmann, SM
   Rieke, GH
   Lemke, D
   Klaas, U
   Hines, DC
   Gordon, KD
AF Krause, O
   Birkmann, SM
   Rieke, GH
   Lemke, D
   Klaas, U
   Hines, DC
   Gordon, KD
TI No cold dust within the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oh
AB A large amount ( about three solar masses) of cold ( 18 K) dust in the prototypical type II supernova remnant Cassiopeia A was recently reported(1). It was concluded that dust production in type II supernovae can explain how the large quantities (similar to10(8) solar masses) of dust observed(2) in the most distant quasars could have been produced within only 700 million years after the Big Bang. Foreground clouds of interstellar material, however, complicate the interpretation of the earlier submillimetre observations of Cas A. Here we report far-infrared and molecular line observations that demonstrate that most of the detected submillimetre emission originates from interstellar dust in a molecular cloud complex located in the line of sight between the Earth and Cas A, and is therefore not associated with the remnant. The argument that type II supernovae produce copious amounts of dust is not supported by the case of Cas A, which previously appeared to provide the best evidence for this possibility.
C1 Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Max Planck Society
RP Krause, O (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM krause@as.arizona.edu
NR 25
TC 86
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 596
EP 598
DI 10.1038/nature03110
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200038
PM 15577902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meister, G
   Tuschl, T
AF Meister, G
   Tuschl, T
TI Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dsrna-binding-protein; small interfering rna; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; argonaute family; nuclear export; virus-resistance; distinct roles; enzyme complex; immune-system
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab RNA Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Meister, G (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab RNA Mol Biol, 1230 York Ave,Box 186, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM ttuschl@rockefeller.edu
NR 98
TC 1968
Z9 2538
U1 4
U2 431
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 343
EP 349
DI 10.1038/nature02873
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000050
PM 15372041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sourjik, V
   Berg, HC
AF Sourjik, V
   Berg, HC
TI Functional interactions between receptors in bacterial chemotaxis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; signal-transduction; covalent modification; model; chemoreceptor; sensitivity; complex; binding; methylation; components
AB Bacterial chemotaxis is a model system for signal transduction, noted for its relative simplicity, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and robustness. Changes in ligand concentrations are sensed by a protein assembly consisting of transmembrane receptors, a coupling protein ( CheW) and a histidine kinase (CheA)(1-4). In Escherichia coli, these components are organized at the cell poles in tight clusters that contain several thousand copies of each protein(1,4-6). Here we studied the effects of variation in the composition of clusters on the activity of the kinase and its sensitivity to attractant stimuli, monitoring responses in vivo using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Our results indicate that assemblies of bacterial chemoreceptors work in a highly cooperative manner, mimicking the behaviour of allosteric proteins. Conditions that favour steep responses to attractants in mutants with homogeneous receptor populations also enhance the sensitivity of the response in wild-type cells. This is consistent with a number of models(7-11) that assume long-range cooperative interactions between receptors as a general mechanism for signal integration and amplification.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Rowland Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Berg, HC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM hberg@biosun.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 392
Z9 455
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 437
EP 441
DI 10.1038/nature02406
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300045
PM 15042093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Will creativity thrive in an island paradise?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 220
EP 221
DI 10.1038/429220a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300051
PM 15141221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Mée, L
   Girardeau, J
   Monnier, C
AF Le Mée, L
   Girardeau, J
   Monnier, C
TI Mantle segmentation along the Oman ophiolite fossil mid-ocean ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spreading center; redox state; peridotites; beneath; ocean; abyssal; spinel; geochemistry; origin; indicators
AB It has been difficult to relate the segmentation of mid-ocean ridges to processes occurring in the Earth's underlying mantle, as the mantle is rarely sampled directly and chemical variations observed in lavas at the surface are heavily influenced by details of their production as melt extracted from the mantle. Our understanding of such mantle processes has therefore relied on the analysis of pieces of fossil oceanic lithosphere now exposed at the Earth's surface, known as ophiolites. Here we present the phase chemistry and whole-rock major- and trace-element contents of 174 samples of the mantle collected along over 400 km of the Oman Sultanate ophiolite. We show that, when analysed along the fossil ridge, variations of elemental ratios sensitive to the melting process define a three-dimensional geometry of mantle upwellings, which can be related to the segmentation observed in modern mid-ocean ridge environments.
C1 Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, CNRS, UMR 6112, F-44322 Nantes 3, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Nantes Universite
RP Le Mée, L (corresponding author), Univ Nantes, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, CNRS, UMR 6112, 2 Rue Houssiniere,BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes 3, France.
EM Laurent.Lemee@chimie.univ-nantes.fr
NR 50
TC 86
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 167
EP 172
DI 10.1038/nature03075
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200034
PM 15538358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowen, GJ
   Beerling, DJ
   Koch, PL
   Zachos, JC
   Quattlebaum, T
AF Bowen, GJ
   Beerling, DJ
   Koch, PL
   Zachos, JC
   Quattlebaum, T
TI A humid climate state during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-isotope composition; massive dissociation; sea-level; eocene; temperature; model; assimilation; methane; leaves; fossil
AB An abrupt climate warming of 5 to 10 degreesC during the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary thermal maximum (PETM) 55 Myr ago is linked to the catastrophic release of similar to1,050-2,100 Gt of carbon from sea-floor methane hydrate reservoirs(1). Although atmospheric methane, and the carbon dioxide derived from its oxidation, probably contributed to PETM warming, neither the magnitude nor the timing of the climate change is consistent with direct greenhouse forcing by the carbon derived from methane hydrate. Here we demonstrate significant differences between marine(2,3) and terrestrial(4-6) carbon isotope records spanning the PETM. We use models of key carbon cycle processes(7-9) to identify the cause of these differences. Our results provide evidence for a previously unrecognized discrete shift in the state of the climate system during the PETM, characterized by large increases in mid-latitude tropospheric humidity and enhanced cycling of carbon through terrestrial ecosystems. A more humid atmosphere helps to explain PETM temperatures, but the ultimate mechanisms underlying the shift remain unknown.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Sheffield
RP Bowen, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM gbowen@biology.utah.edu
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 323
U1 2
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 495
EP 499
DI 10.1038/nature03115
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100044
PM 15565152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Panchanathan, K
   Boyd, R
AF Panchanathan, K
   Boyd, R
TI Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID group selection; evolution; norms; punishment; defectors
AB Models of large-scale human cooperation take two forms. 'Indirect reciprocity'(1) occurs when individuals help others in order to uphold a reputation and so be included in future cooperation. In 'collective action'(2), individuals engage in costly behaviour that benefits the group as a whole. Although the evolution of indirect reciprocity is theoretically plausible(3-6), there is no consensus about how collective action evolves. Evidence suggests that punishing free riders can maintain cooperation(7-9), but why individuals should engage in costly punishment is unclear. Solutions to this 'second-order free rider problem' include meta-punishment(10), mutation(11), conformism(12), signalling(13-15) and group-selection(16-18). The threat of exclusion from indirect reciprocity can sustain collective action in the laboratory(19). Here, we show that such exclusion is evolutionarily stable, providing an incentive to engage in costly cooperation, while avoiding the second-order free rider problem because punishers can withhold help from free riders without damaging their reputations. However, we also show that such a strategy cannot invade a population in which indirect reciprocity is not linked to collective action arises.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Behav Evolut & Culture, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Anthropol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Panchanathan, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Behav Evolut & Culture, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM buddha@ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 621
Z9 701
U1 0
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/nature02978
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100045
PM 15565153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zufall, RA
   Rausher, MD
AF Zufall, RA
   Rausher, MD
TI Genetic changes associated with floral adaptation restrict future evolutionary potential
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; substrate-specificity; ipomoea; flowers; glycosides
AB A commonly accepted evolutionary principle is that adaptive change constrains the potential directions of future evolutionary change(1-3). One manifestation of this is Dollo's law, which states that character elimination is irreversible(4,5). Although the common occurrence of irreversibility has been documented by phylogenetic analyses of phenotypic transitions, little is known about the underlying causes of this phenomenon(4). One explanation for evolutionary irreversibility relies on the fact that many characteristics result from interactions between multiple gene products(4,6). Such characteristics may often be eliminated by inactivation of just one gene in the network. If they serve no other functions, other genes of the network are then free to accumulate mutations or evolve new functions. Evolutionary change after character loss results in the accumulation of redundant loss-of-function mutations. Such pathway degeneration makes it very unlikely that the characteristic will re-evolve, because multiple simultaneous mutations would be required(4). Here we describe what appear to be the initial stages of such degeneration in the anthyocyanin pigment pathway associated with an adaptive change from blue to red flowers in the morning glory Ipomoea quamoclit.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Zufall, RA (corresponding author), Smith Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Northampton, MA 01063 USA.
EM bzufall@smith.edu
NR 29
TC 136
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 847
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature02489
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300038
PM 15103375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Funato, Y
   Makino, J
   Hut, P
   Kokubo, E
   Kinoshita, D
AF Funato, Y
   Makino, J
   Hut, P
   Kokubo, E
   Kinoshita, D
TI The formation of Kuiper-belt binaries through exchange reactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-star scattering; cross-sections; planetesimals; evolution; objects; origin
AB Recent observations(1-8) have revealed that an unexpectedly high fraction-a few per cent-of the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) that inhabit the Kuiper belt are binaries. The components have roughly equal masses, with very eccentric orbits that are wider than a hundred times the radius of the primary. Standard theories of binary asteroid formation tend to produce close binaries with circular orbits, so two models have been proposed(9,10) to explain the unique characteristics of the TNOs. Both models, however, require extreme assumptions regarding the size distribution of the TNOs. Here we report a mechanism that is capable of producing binary TNOs with the observed properties during the early stages of their formation and growth. The only required assumption is that the TNOs were initially formed through gravitational instabilities(11) in the protoplanetary dust disk. The basis of the mechanism is an exchange reaction in which a binary whose primary component is much more massive than the secondary interacts with a third body, whose mass is comparable to that of the primary. The low-mass secondary component is ejected and replaced by the third body in a wide but eccentric orbit.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 153, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ, Mitaka, Tokyo 180, Japan.
   Natl Cent Univ, Chungli 32054, Taiwan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Central University
RP Funato, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 153, Japan.
EM funato@chianti.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 79
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 518
EP 520
DI 10.1038/nature02323
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800034
PM 14765188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmutz, J
   Wheeler, J
   Grimwood, J
   Dickson, M
   Yang, DJ
   Caoile, C
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Chan, YM
   Denys, M
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Garcia, C
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Haydu, L
   Lopez, F
   Ramirez, L
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salazar, A
   Tsai, M
   Myers, RM
AF Schmutz, J
   Wheeler, J
   Grimwood, J
   Dickson, M
   Yang, DJ
   Caoile, C
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Chan, YM
   Denys, M
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Garcia, C
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Haydu, L
   Lopez, F
   Ramirez, L
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salazar, A
   Tsai, M
   Myers, RM
TI Quality assessment of the human genome sequency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequence; chromosome
AB As the final sequencing of the human genome has now been completed, we present the results of the largest examination of the quality of the finished DNA sequence. The competed study covers the major contributing sequencing centres and is based on a rigorous combination of laboratory experiments and computational analysis.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Schmutz, J (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, 975 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM jeremy@shgc.stanford.edu; myers@shgc.stanford.edu
NR 14
TC 128
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/nature02390
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600028
PM 15164052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, M
   Richardson, AJ
AF Edwards, M
   Richardson, AJ
TI Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; consequences; temperature; copepods; growth
AB Phenology, the study of annually recurring life cycle events such as the timing of migrations and flowering, can provide particularly sensitive indicators of climate change(1). Changes in phenology may be important to ecosystem function because the level of response to climate change may vary across functional groups and multiple trophic levels. The decoupling of phenological relationships will have important ramifications for trophic interactions, altering food-web structures and leading to eventual ecosystem-level changes. Temperate marine environments may be particularly vulnerable to these changes because the recruitment success of higher trophic levels is highly dependent on synchronization with pulsed planktonic production(2,3). Using long-term data of 66 plankton taxa during the period from 1958 to 2002, we investigated whether climate warming signals(4) are emergent across all trophic levels and functional groups within an ecological community. Here we show that not only is the marine pelagic community responding to climate changes, but also that the level of response differs throughout the community and the seasonal cycle, leading to a mismatch between trophic levels and functional groups.
C1 The Lab, Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
RP Edwards, M (corresponding author), The Lab, Sir Alister Hardy Fdn Ocean Sci, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
EM maed@sahfos.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 1702
Z9 2005
U1 15
U2 1086
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 881
EP 884
DI 10.1038/nature02808
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800039
PM 15318219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Felis, T
   Lohmann, G
   Kuhnert, H
   Lorenz, SJ
   Scholz, D
   Pätzold, J
   Al-Rousan, SA
   Al-Moghrabi, SM
AF Felis, T
   Lohmann, G
   Kuhnert, H
   Lorenz, SJ
   Scholz, D
   Pätzold, J
   Al-Rousan, SA
   Al-Moghrabi, SM
TI Increased seasonality in Middle East temperatures during the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; climate; variability; teleconnections; reconstruction; simulation; evolution; corals; trends; enso
AB The last interglacial period ( about 125,000 years ago) is thought to have been at least as warm as the present climate(1). Owing to changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, it is thought that insolation in the Northern Hemisphere varied more strongly than today on seasonal timescales(2), which would have led to corresponding changes in the seasonal temperature cycle(3). Here we present seasonally resolved proxy records using corals from the northernmost Red Sea, which record climate during the last interglacial period, the late Holocene epoch and the present. We find an increased seasonality in the temperature recorded in the last interglacial coral. Today, climate in the northern Red Sea is sensitive to the North Atlantic Oscillation(4,5), a climate oscillation that strongly influences winter temperatures and precipitation in the North Atlantic region. From our coral records and simulations with a coupled atmosphere - ocean circulation model, we conclude that a tendency towards the high-index state of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last interglacial period, which is consistent with European proxy records(6-8), contributed to the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Middle East.
C1 Univ Bremen, DFG Forschszentrum Ozeanrander, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Fachbereich Geowissensch, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Heidelberger Akad Wissensch, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Jordan, Marine Sci Stn, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
   Yarmouk Univ, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
C3 University of Bremen; University of Bremen; Max Planck Society; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Jordan; Yarmouk University
RP Felis, T (corresponding author), Univ Bremen, DFG Forschszentrum Ozeanrander, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM tfelis@allgeo.uni-bremen.de
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 164
EP 168
DI 10.1038/nature02546
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300036
PM 15141207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, QX
   Wang, DN
   MacKinnon, R
AF Jiang, QX
   Wang, DN
   MacKinnon, R
TI Electron microscopic analysis of KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channels in an open conformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ion channels; angular reconstitution; gating charge; s4 segment; resolution; cryomicroscopy; orientation; perspective; movements; protein
AB Voltage-dependent ion channels serve as field-effect transistors by opening a gate in response to membrane voltage changes(1). The gate's response to voltage is mediated by voltage sensors(2), which are arginine-containing structures that must move with respect to the membrane electric field. We have analysed by electron microscopy a voltage-dependent K+ channel from Aeropyrum pernix (KvAP)(3). Fab fragments were attached to 'voltage sensor paddles' and identified in the electron microscopy map at 10.5 Angstrom resolution. The extracellular surface location of the Fab fragments in the map is consistent with the membrane-depolarized, open conformation of the channel in electrophysiological experiments. Comparison of the map with a crystal structure(4) demonstrates that the voltage sensor paddles are 'up' ( that is, near the channel's extracellular surface) and situated at the protein - lipid interface. This finding supports the hypothesis that in response to changes in voltage the sensors move at the protein - lipid interface(5) rather than in a gating pore surrounded by protein(6,7).
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; New York University
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 806
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature02735
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600048
PM 15306816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iavarone, A
   King, ER
   Dai, XM
   Leone, G
   Stanley, ER
   Lasorella, A
AF Iavarone, A
   King, ER
   Dai, XM
   Leone, G
   Stanley, ER
   Lasorella, A
TI Retinoblastoma promotes definitive erythropoiesis by repressing Id2 in fetal liver macrophages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow; complex-formation; chimeric mice; in-vitro; mouse; rb; cells; differentiation; protein; gene
AB tiation(1,2). Targeted disruption of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumour suppressor gene in the mouse leads to embryonic death caused by failure of erythroblasts to enucleate(3-5). The erythroid defect has been attributed to loss of Rb in cells that support erythropoiesis, but the identity of these cells is unknown(6). Here we show that Rb-deficient embryos carry profound abnormalities of fetal liver macrophages that prevent physical interactions with erythroblasts. In contrast, wild-type macrophages bind Rb-deficient erythroblasts and lead them to terminal differentiation and enucleation. Loss of Id2, a helix - loop - helix protein that mediates the lethality of Rb-deficient embryos(7), rescues the defects of Rb-deficient fetal liver macrophages. Rb promotes differentiation of macrophages by opposing the inhibitory functions of Id2 on the transcription factor PU.1, a master regulator of macrophage differentiation. Thus, Rb has a cell autonomous function in fetal liver macrophages, and restrains Id2 in these cells in order to implement definitive erythropoiesis.In mammals, the fetal liver is the first site of definitive erythropoiesis - the generation of mature, enucleated red cells. The functional unit for definitive erythropoiesis is the erythroblastic island, a multicellular structure composed of a central macrophage surrounded by erythroblasts at various stages of differen
C1 Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Virol Immunol & Med Genet, Human Canc Genet Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Dev & Mol Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Iavarone, A (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM ai2102@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 116
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1040
EP 1045
DI 10.1038/nature03068
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000045
PM 15616565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, XP
   Donoghue, PCJ
   Cheng, H
   Liu, JB
AF Dong, XP
   Donoghue, PCJ
   Cheng, H
   Liu, JB
TI Fossil embryos from the Middle and Late Cambrian period of Hunan, South China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Comparative embryology is integral to uncovering the pattern and process of metazoan phylogeny(1), but it relies on the assumption that life histories of living taxa are representative of their antecedents. Fossil embryos provide a crucial test of this assumption and, potentially, insight into the evolution of development, but because discoveries so far(2-5) lack phylogenetic constraint, their significance is moot. Here we describe a collection of embryos from the Middle and Late Cambrian period (500 million years ago) of Hunan, south China, that preserves stages of development from cleavage to the pre-hatching embryo of a direct-developing animal comparable to living Scalidophora (phyla Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera). The latest-stage embryos show affinity to the Lower Cambrian embryo Markuelia(3), whose life-history strategy contrasts both with the primitive condition inferred for metazoan phyla and with many proposed hypotheses of affinity(3,6), all of which prescribe indirect development. Phylogenetic tests based on these embryological data suggest a stem Scalidophora affinity. These discoveries corroborate, rather than contradict, the predictions of comparative embryology, providing direct historical support for the view that the life-history strategies of living taxa are representative of their stem lineages.
C1 Peking Univ, Dept Geol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
C3 Peking University; University of Bristol; Peking University
RP Dong, XP (corresponding author), Peking Univ, Dept Geol, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
EM dongxp@pku.edu.cn; phil.donoghue@bristol.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 104
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 237
EP 240
DI 10.1038/nature02215
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100041
PM 14724636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Losos, JB
   Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
AF Losos, JB
   Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
TI Predator-induced behaviour shifts and natural selection in field-experimental lizard populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anolis lizards; drive
AB The role of behaviour in evolutionary change has long been debated. On the one hand, behavioural changes may expose individuals to new selective pressures by altering the way that organisms interact with the environment, thus driving evolutionary divergence(1-3). Alternatively, behaviour can act to retard evolutionary change(4-6): by altering behavioural patterns in the face of new environmental conditions, organisms can minimize exposure to new selective pressures. This constraining influence of behaviour has been put forward as an explanation for evolutionary stasis within lineages(4,7-9) and niche conservatism within clades(10,11). Nonetheless, the hypothesis that behavioural change prevents natural selection from operating in new environments has never been experimentally tested. We conducted a controlled and replicated experimental study of selection in entirely natural populations; we demonstrate that lizards alter their habitat use in the presence of an introduced predator, but that these behavioural shifts do not prevent patterns of natural selection from changing in experimental populations.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Losos, JB (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM losos@biology.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 254
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/nature03039
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100047
PM 15565155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freed, AM
   Bürgmann, R
AF Freed, AM
   Bürgmann, R
TI Evidence of power-law flow in the Mojave desert mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1999 hector-mine; postseismic deformation; grain-size; landers; california; earthquake; rheology; beneath; fault; slip
AB Studies of the Earth's response to large earthquakes can be viewed as large rock deformation experiments in which sudden stress changes induce viscous flow in the lower crust and upper mantle that lead to observable postseismic surface deformation(1). Laboratory experiments suggest that viscous flow of deforming hot lithospheric rocks is characterized by a power law in which strain rate is proportional to stress raised to a power, n ( refs 2, 3). Most geodynamic models of flow in the lower crust and upper mantle, however, resort to newtonian ( linear) stress - strain rate relations(4-10). Here we show that a power-law model of viscous flow in the mantle with n = 3.5 successfully explains the spatial and temporal evolution of transient surface deformation following the 1992 Landers(11) and 1999 Hector Mine(12) earthquakes in southern California. A power-law rheology implies that viscosity varies spatially with stress causing localization of strain, and varies temporally as stress evolves, rendering newtonian models untenable. Our findings are consistent with laboratory-derived flow law parameters for hot and wet olivine - the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle - and support the contention that, at least beneath the Mojave desert(5,6), the upper mantle is weaker than the lower crust.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Freed, AM (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM freed@purdue.edu
NR 29
TC 258
Z9 304
U1 2
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 548
EP 551
DI 10.1038/nature02784
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100044
PM 15282602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okamoto, YK
   Kataza, H
   Honda, M
   Yamashita, T
   Onaka, T
   Watanabe, J
   Miyata, T
   Sako, S
   Fujiyoshi, T
   Sakon, I
AF Okamoto, YK
   Kataza, H
   Honda, M
   Yamashita, T
   Onaka, T
   Watanabe, J
   Miyata, T
   Sako, S
   Fujiyoshi, T
   Sakon, I
TI An early extrasolar planetary system revealed by planetesimal belts in β Pictoris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar silicate mineralogy; cooled midinfrared camera; subaru-telescope; dust disk; spectrometer; spectrum; forces; grains; models; comics
AB beta Pictoris (beta Pic) is a main-sequence star with an edge-on dust disk(1-3) that might represent a state of the early Solar System. The dust does not seem to be a remnant from the original protoplanetary disk, but rather is thought to have been generated from large bodies like planetesimals and/or comets(4,5). The history and composition of the parent bodies can therefore be revealed by determining the spatial distribution, grain size, composition and crystallinity of the dust through high-resolution mid-infrared observations. Here we report that the sub-micrometre amorphous silicate grains around beta Pic have peaks in their distribution around 6, 16 and 30 AU (1 AU is the Sun-Earth distance), whereas the crystalline and micrometre-sized amorphous silicate grains are concentrated in the disk centre. As sub-micrometre grains are blown quickly out from the system by radiation pressure from the central star, the peaks indicate the locations of ongoing dust replenishment, which originates from ring-like distributions of planetesimals or 'planetesimal belts'.
C1 Kitasato Univ, Coll Liberal Arts & Sci, Ctr Nat Sci, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
   Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Dept Infrared Astrophys, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1810015, Japan.
C3 Kitasato University; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Tokyo
RP Okamoto, YK (corresponding author), Ibaraki Univ, Inst Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo 2-1-1, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan.
EM okamtoys@cc.nao.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 110
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 660
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature02948
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300032
PM 15470420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brecht, M
   Schneider, M
   Sakmann, B
   Margrie, TW
AF Brecht, M
   Schneider, M
   Sakmann, B
   Margrie, TW
TI Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells in rat motor cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatosensory cortex; cortical-neurons; firing patterns; barrel cortex; tract cells; representation; cats; microstimulation; organization; facilitation
AB Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evoke long sequences of small whisker movements. For layer-5 pyramids, we find that evoked rhythmic movements have a constant phase relative to the AP train, indicating that single layer-5 pyramids can reset the rhythm of whisker movements. Action potentials evoked in layer-6 pyramids can generate bursts of rhythmic whisking, with a variable phase of movements relative to the AP train. An increasing number of APs decreases the latency to onset of movement, whereas AP frequency determines movement direction and amplitude. We find that the efficacy of cortical APs in evoking whisker movements is not dependent on background cortical activity and is greatly enhanced in waking rats. We conclude that in vibrissae motor cortex sparse AP activity can evoke movements.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Cell Physiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of London; University College London
RP Brecht, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Res, Dept Cell Physiol, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM brecht@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de
NR 45
TC 269
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 704
EP 710
DI 10.1038/nature02266
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000035
PM 14973477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morley, M
   Molony, CM
   Weber, TM
   Devlin, JL
   Ewens, KG
   Spielman, RS
   Cheung, VG
AF Morley, M
   Molony, CM
   Weber, TM
   Devlin, JL
   Ewens, KG
   Spielman, RS
   Cheung, VG
TI Genetic analysis of genome-wide variation in human gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative trait; linkage; dissection; map
AB Natural variation in gene expression is extensive in humans and other organisms, and variation in the baseline expression level of many genes has a heritable component. To localize the genetic determinants of these quantitative traits ( expression phenotypes) in humans, we used microarrays to measure gene expression levels and performed genome-wide linkage analysis for expression levels of 3,554 genes in 14 large families. For approximately 1,000 expression phenotypes, there was significant evidence of linkage to specific chromosomal regions. Both cis- and trans-acting loci regulate variation in the expression levels of genes, although most act in trans. Many gene expression phenotypes are influenced by several genetic determinants. Furthermore, we found hotspots of transcriptional regulation where significant evidence of linkage for several expression phenotypes ( up to 31) coincides, and expression levels of many genes that share the same regulatory region are significantly correlated. The combination of microarray techniques for phenotyping and linkage analysis for quantitative traits allows the genetic mapping of determinants that contribute to variation in human gene expression.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Spielman, RS (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM spielman@pobox.upenn.edu; vcheung@mail.med.upenn.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM081930] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 940
Z9 1146
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 743
EP 747
DI 10.1038/nature02797
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600032
PM 15269782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinberger, B
   Sutherland, R
   O'Connell, RJ
AF Steinberger, B
   Sutherland, R
   O'Connell, RJ
TI Prediction of Emperor-Hawaii seamount locations from a revised model of global plate motion and mantle flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID new-zealand region; antarctic peninsula; southwest pacific; ethiopian traps; earths mantle; fracture-zone; tasman sea; plumes; ridge; constraints
AB The bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is a prominent feature usually attributed to a change in Pacific plate motion similar to47 Myr ago. However, global plate motion reconstructions fail to predict the bend. Here we show how the geometry of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain and other hotspot tracks can be explained when we combine global plate motions with intraplate deformation and movement of hotspot plumes through distortion by global mantle flow. Global mantle flow models predict a southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot. This, in combination with a plate motion reconstruction connecting Pacific and African plates through Antarctica, predicts the Hawaiian track correctly since the date of the bend, but predicts the chain to be too far west before it. But if a reconstruction through Australia and Lord Howe rise is used instead, the track is predicted correctly back to 65Myr ago, including the bend. The difference between the two predictions indicates the effect of intraplate deformation not yet recognized or else not recorded on the ocean floor. The remaining misfit before 65 Myr ago can be attributed to additional intraplate deformation of similar magnitude.
C1 Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Inst Frontier Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
   Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; Harvard University
RP Steinberger, B (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
EM bernhard.steinberger@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 50
TC 295
Z9 331
U1 2
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 167
EP 173
DI 10.1038/nature02660
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600034
PM 15241405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Halliday, AN
AF Halliday, AN
TI Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial magma ocean; early core formation; hf-w chronometry; element depletion; giant impact; moon; origin; age; mantle; model
AB The degree to which efficient mixing of new material or losses of earlier accreted material to space characterize the growth of Earth-like planets is poorly constrained and probably changed with time. These processes can be studied by parallel modelling of data from different radiogenic isotope systems. The tungsten isotope composition of the silicate Earth yields a model timescale for accretion that is faster than current estimates based on terrestrial lead and xenon isotope data and strontium, tungsten and lead data for lunar samples. A probable explanation for this is that impacting core material did not always mix efficiently with the silicate portions of the Earth before being added to the Earth's core. Furthermore, tungsten and strontium isotope compositions of lunar samples provide evidence that the Moon-forming impacting protoplanet Theia was probably more like Mars, with a volatile-rich, oxidized mantle. Impact-driven erosion was probably a significant contributor to the variations in moderately volatile element abundance and oxidation found among the terrestrial planets.
C1 ETH Zentrum, NO, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Halliday, AN (corresponding author), ETH Zentrum, NO, Dept Earth Sci, Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM halliday@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 50
TC 176
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 505
EP 509
DI 10.1038/nature02275
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800032
PM 14765187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humphray, SJ
   Oliver, K
   Hunt, AR
   Plumb, RW
   Loveland, JE
   Howe, KL
   Andrews, TD
   Searle, S
   Hunt, SE
   Scott, CE
   Jones, MC
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Babbage, S
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, DJ
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, K
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, D
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Chen, Y
   Clarke, G
   Clark, SY
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Collier, RE
   Corby, N
   Crosier, M
   Cummings, AT
   Davies, J
   Dhami, P
   Dunn, M
   Dutta, I
   Dyer, LW
   Earthrowl, ME
   Faulkner, L
   Fleming, CJ
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, JA
   French, L
   Fricker, DG
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Ghori, J
   Gilbert, JGR
   Glison, C
   Grafham, DV
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Jones, SG
   Grocock, R
   Guy, J
   Hall, RE
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Harrison, ESI
   Hart, EA
   Heath, PD
   Henderson, CD
   Hopkins, BL
   Howard, PJ
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Joy, AA
   Kay, M
   Keenan, S
   Kershaw, JK
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Lovell, J
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   McLaren, S
   McLay, KE
   McMurray, A
   Milne, S
   Nickerson, T
   Nisbett, J
   Nordsiek, G
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Porter, KM
   Pandian, R
   Pelan, S
   Phillimore, B
   Povey, S
   Ramsey, Y
   Rand, V
   Scharfe, M
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, SK
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Steward, CA
   Swarbreck, D
   Sycamore, N
   Tester, J
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Thomas, DW
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   West, AP
   Whitehead, SL
   Willey, DL
   Williams, SA
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Young, L
   Ashurst, JL
   Coulson, A
   Blöcker, H
   Durbin, R
   Sulston, JE
   Hubbard, T
   Jackson, MJ
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Dunham, I
AF Humphray, SJ
   Oliver, K
   Hunt, AR
   Plumb, RW
   Loveland, JE
   Howe, KL
   Andrews, TD
   Searle, S
   Hunt, SE
   Scott, CE
   Jones, MC
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Babbage, S
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, DJ
   Barlow, KF
   Bates, K
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, D
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Chen, Y
   Clarke, G
   Clark, SY
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Collier, RE
   Corby, N
   Crosier, M
   Cummings, AT
   Davies, J
   Dhami, P
   Dunn, M
   Dutta, I
   Dyer, LW
   Earthrowl, ME
   Faulkner, L
   Fleming, CJ
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, JA
   French, L
   Fricker, DG
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Ghori, J
   Gilbert, JGR
   Glison, C
   Grafham, DV
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Jones, SG
   Grocock, R
   Guy, J
   Hall, RE
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Harrison, ESI
   Hart, EA
   Heath, PD
   Henderson, CD
   Hopkins, BL
   Howard, PJ
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Joy, AA
   Kay, M
   Keenan, S
   Kershaw, JK
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Leversha, M
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Lovell, J
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   McLaren, S
   McLay, KE
   McMurray, A
   Milne, S
   Nickerson, T
   Nisbett, J
   Nordsiek, G
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Porter, KM
   Pandian, R
   Pelan, S
   Phillimore, B
   Povey, S
   Ramsey, Y
   Rand, V
   Scharfe, M
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, SK
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Steward, CA
   Swarbreck, D
   Sycamore, N
   Tester, J
   Thorpe, A
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Thomas, DW
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   West, AP
   Whitehead, SL
   Willey, DL
   Williams, SA
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Young, L
   Ashurst, JL
   Coulson, A
   Blöcker, H
   Durbin, R
   Sulston, JE
   Hubbard, T
   Jackson, MJ
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Dunham, I
TI DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome sequence; bcr-abl; segmental duplications; gene; evolution; region; map; conservation; boundary; receptor
AB Chromosome 9 is highly structurally polymorphic. It contains the largest autosomal block of heterochromatin, which is heteromorphic in 6-8% of humans, whereas pericentric inversions occur in more than 1% of the population. The finished euchromatic sequence of chromosome 9 comprises 109,044,351 base pairs and represents >99.6% of the region. Analysis of the sequence reveals many intra- and interchromosomal duplications, including segmental duplications adjacent to both the centromere and the large heterochromatic block. We have annotated 1,149 genes, including genes implicated in male-to-female sex reversal, cancer and neurodegenerative disease, and 426 pseudogenes. The chromosome contains the largest interferon gene cluster in the human genome. There is also a region of exceptionally high gene and G + C content including genes paralogous to those in the major histocompatibility complex. We have also detected recently duplicated genes that exhibit different rates of sequence divergence, presumably reflecting natural selection.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Int Ctr Life, Inst Human Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, Tyne & Wear, England.
   German Res Ctr Biotechnol GBF, Dept Genome Anal, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   UCL, Dept Biol, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Newcastle University - UK; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; University of London; University College London
RP Humphray, SJ (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM sjh@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 99
Z9 899
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 369
EP 374
DI 10.1038/nature02465
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600029
PM 15164053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, ZH
   Herbert, TD
AF Liu, ZH
   Herbert, TD
TI High-latitude influence on the eastern equatorial Pacific climate in the early Pleistocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; ocean; atlantic; calibration; insolation; cycles
AB Many records of tropical sea surface temperature and marine productivity exhibit cycles of 23 kyr (orbital precession) and 100 kyr during the past 0.5 Myr (refs 1-5), whereas high-latitude sea surface temperature records display much more pronounced obliquity cycles at a period of about 41 kyr (ref. 6). Little is known, however, about tropical climate variability before the mid-Pleistocene transition about 900 kyr ago, which marks the change from a climate dominated by 41-kyr cycles(7) (when ice-age cycles and high-latitude sea surface temperature variations were dictated by changes in the Earth's obliquity(8,9)) to the more recent 100-kyr cycles of ice ages. Here we analyse alkenones from marine sediments in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean to reconstruct sea surface temperatures and marine productivity over the past 1.8 Myr. We find that both records are dominated by the 41-kyr
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Liu, ZH (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Zhonghui_Liu@brown.edu
NR 27
TC 179
Z9 211
U1 3
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature02338
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000039
PM 14973481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aggarwal, BD
   Calvi, BR
AF Aggarwal, BD
   Calvi, BR
TI Chromatin regulates origin activity in Drosophila follicle cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chorion gene amplification; histone acetyltransferase hbo1; dna-replication; transcriptional repression; protein; localization; deacetylase; melanogaster; organization; mechanisms
AB It is widely believed that DNA replication in multicellular animals (metazoa) begins at specific origins to which a prereplicative complex (pre-RC) binds(1). Nevertheless, a consensus sequence for origins has yet to be identified in metazoa. Origin identity can change during development, suggesting that there are epigenetic influences. A notable example of developmental specificity occurs in Drosophila, where somatic follicle cells of the ovary transition from genomic replication to exclusive rereplication at origins that control amplification of the eggshell ( chorion) protein genes(2). Here we show that chromatin acetylation is critical for this developmental transition in origin specificity. We find that histones at the active origins are hyper-acetylated, coincident with binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC). Mutation of the histone deacetylase ( HDAC) Rpd3 induced genome-wide hyperacetylation, genomic replication and a redistribution of the origin-binding protein ORC2 in amplification-stage cells, independent of effects on transcription. Tethering Rpd3 or Polycomb proteins to the origin decreased its activity, whereas tethering the Chameau acetyltransferase increased origin activity. These results suggest that nucleosome acetylation and other epigenetic changes are important modulators of origin activity in metazoa.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Calvi, BR (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM Calvi@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 29
TC 225
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 372
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature02694
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200046
PM 15254542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boughn, S
   Crittenden, R
AF Boughn, S
   Crittenden, R
TI A correlation between the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure in the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe wmap observations; sky
AB Observations of distant supernovae and the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicate that the expansion of the Universe may be accelerating(1) under the action of a 'cosmological constant' or some other form of 'dark energy'. This dark energy now appears to dominate the Universe and not only alters its expansion rate, but also affects the evolution of fluctuations in the density of matter, slowing down the gravitational collapse of material (into, for example, clusters of galaxies) in recent times. Additional fluctuations in the temperature of CMB photons are induced as they pass through large-scale structures(2) and these fluctuations are necessarily correlated with the distribution of relatively nearby matter(3). Here we report the detection of correlations between recent CMB data(4) and two probes of large-scale structure: the X-ray background(5) and the distribution of radio galaxies(6). These correlations are consistent with those predicted by dark energy, indicating that we are seeing the imprint of dark energy on the growth of structure in the Universe.
C1 Univ Portsmouth, Inst Cosmol & Gravitat, Portsmouth PO1 2EG, Hants, England.
   Haverford Coll, Dept Astron, Haverford, PA 19041 USA.
C3 University of Portsmouth; Haverford College
RP Crittenden, R (corresponding author), Univ Portsmouth, Inst Cosmol & Gravitat, Portsmouth PO1 2EG, Hants, England.
EM Robert.Crittenden@port.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 313
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/nature02139
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000027
PM 14702078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mora, CV
   Davison, M
   Wild, JM
   Walker, MM
AF Mora, CV
   Davison, M
   Wild, JM
   Walker, MM
TI Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discrimination; navigation
AB Two conflicting hypotheses compete to explain how a homing pigeon can return to its loft over great distances. One proposes the use of atmospheric odours(1) and the other the Earth's magnetic field(2-4) in the 'map' step of the map and compass' hypothesis of pigeon homing(5). Although magnetic effects on pigeon orientation(6,7) provide indirect evidence for a magnetic 'map', numerous conditioning experiments(8) have failed to demonstrate reproducible responses to magnetic fields by pigeons. This has led to suggestions that homing pigeons and other birds have no useful sensitivity to the Earth's magnetic field(9-11). Here we demonstrate that homing pigeons (Columba livia) can discriminate between the presence and absence of a magnetic anomaly in a conditioned choice experiment. This discrimination is impaired by attachment of a magnet to the cere, local anaesthesia of the upper beak area, and bilateral section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, but not of the olfactory nerve. These results suggest that magnetoreception (probably magnetite-based) occurs in the upper beak area of the pigeon. Traditional methods of rendering pigeons anosmic might therefore cause simultaneous impairment of magnetoreception so that future orientation experiments will require independent evaluation of the pigeon's magnetic and olfactory systems.
C1 Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Med, Dept Psychol, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Auckland; University of Auckland; University of Auckland
RP Mora, CV (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Coker Hall,CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM cvmora@email.unc.edu
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 508
EP 511
DI 10.1038/nature03077
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100048
PM 15565156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickens, AF
   Gélinas, Y
   Masiello, CA
   Wakeham, S
   Hedges, JI
AF Dickens, AF
   Gélinas, Y
   Masiello, CA
   Wakeham, S
   Hedges, JI
TI Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black carbon; matter preservation; variability; degradation; sea
AB Marine sediments act as the ultimate sink for organic carbon, sequestering otherwise rapidly cycling carbon for geologic time-scales(1,2). Sedimentary organic carbon burial appears to be controlled by oxygen exposure time in situ(3,4), and much research has focused on understanding the mechanisms of preservation of organic carbon(5). In this context, combustion- derived black carbon has received attention as a form of refractory organic carbon that may be preferentially preserved in soils(6,7) and sediments(8,9). However, little is understood about the environmental roles, transport and distribution of black carbon. Here we apply isotopic analyses to graphitic black carbon samples isolated from pre- industrial marine and terrestrial sediments. We find that this material is terrestrially derived and almost entirely depleted of radiocarbon, suggesting that it is graphite weathered from rocks, rather than a combustion product. The widespread presence of fossil graphitic black carbon in sediments has therefore probably led to significant overestimates of burial of combustion-derived black carbon in marine sediments. It could be responsible for biasing radiocarbon dating of sedimentary organic carbon, and also reveals a closed loop in the carbon cycle. Depending on its susceptibility to oxidation, this recycled carbon may be locked away from the biologically mediated carbon cycle for many geologic cycles.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Concordia Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada.
   CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Concordia University - Canada; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
RP Dickens, AF (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM dickensa@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 227
Z9 303
U1 2
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 336
EP 339
DI 10.1038/nature02299
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200036
PM 14737163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maunz, P
   Puppe, T
   Schuster, I
   Syassen, N
   Pinkse, PWH
   Rempe, G
AF Maunz, P
   Puppe, T
   Schuster, I
   Syassen, N
   Pinkse, PWH
   Rempe, G
TI Cavity cooling of a single atom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion
AB All conventional methods to laser-cool atoms rely on repeated cycles of optical pumping and spontaneous emission of a photon by the atom. Spontaneous emission in a random direction provides the dissipative mechanism required to remove entropy from the atom. However, alternative cooling methods have been proposed(1,2) for a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse cavity; the role of spontaneous emission is replaced by the escape of a photon from the cavity. Application of such cooling schemes would improve the performance of atom-cavity systems for quantum information processing(3,4). Furthermore, as cavity cooling does not rely on spontaneous emission, it can be applied to systems that cannot be laser-cooled by conventional methods; these include molecules(2) (which do not have a closed transition) and collective excitations of Bose condensates(5), which are destroyed by randomly directed recoil kicks. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of single rubidium atoms stored in an intracavity dipole trap. The cooling mechanism results in extended storage times and improved localization of atoms. We estimate that the observed cooling rate is at least five times larger than that produced by free-space cooling methods, for comparable excitation of the atom.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Rempe, G (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM gerhard.rempe@mpq.mpg.de
NR 23
TC 306
Z9 339
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/nature02387
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800030
PM 14999275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frost, DJ
   Liebske, C
   Langenhorst, F
   McCammon, CA
   Tronnes, RG
   Rubie, DC
AF Frost, DJ
   Liebske, C
   Langenhorst, F
   McCammon, CA
   Tronnes, RG
   Rubie, DC
TI Experimental evidence for the existence of iron-rich metal in the Earth's lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnesium-silicate perovskite; spinel oxygen geobarometer; ferric iron; oxidation-state; spectroscopy; mossbauer; pressure; fugacity; history; melts
AB The oxidation state recorded by rocks from the Earth's upper mantle can be calculated from measurements of the distribution of Fe3+ and Fe2+ between the constituent minerals(1-3). The capacity for minerals to incorporate Fe3+ may also be a significant factor controlling the oxidation state of the mantle(4,5), and high-pressure experimental measurements of this property might provide important insights into the redox state of the more inaccessible deeper mantle. Here we show experimentally that the Fe3+ content of aluminous silicate perovskite, the dominant lower-mantle mineral, is independent of oxygen fugacity. High levels of Fe3+ are present in perovskite even when it is in chemical equilibrium with metallic iron. Silicate perovskite in the lower mantle will, therefore, have an Fe3+/total Fe ratio of at least 0.6, resulting in a whole-rock ratio of over ten times that of the upper mantle(5,6). Consequently, the lower mantle must either be enriched in Fe3+ or Fe3+ must form by the disproportionation of Fe2+ to produce Fe3+ plus iron metal. We argue that the lower mantle contains approximately 1 wt% of a metallic iron-rich alloy. The mantle's oxidation state and siderophile element budget have probably been influenced by the presence of this alloy.
C1 Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Univ Iceland, Nord Volcanol Inst, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 University of Bayreuth; University of Iceland
RP Frost, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
EM dan.frost@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 30
TC 526
Z9 589
U1 4
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/nature02413
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300038
PM 15042086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ridley, R
   Toure, Y
AF Ridley, R
   Toure, Y
TI Winning the drugs war
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discovery
C1 UNICEF UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme Res, New York, NY 10017 USA.
C3 UNICEF
RP Ridley, R (corresponding author), UNICEF UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme Res, New York, NY 10017 USA.
NR 10
TC 14
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 942
EP 943
DI 10.1038/430942a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800063
PM 15318240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferbitz, L
   Maier, T
   Patzelt, H
   Bukau, B
   Deuerling, E
   Ban, N
AF Ferbitz, L
   Maier, T
   Patzelt, H
   Bukau, B
   Deuerling, E
   Ban, N
TI Trigger factor in complex with the ribosome forms a molecular cradle for nascent proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID newly synthesized proteins; escherichia-coli; peptide; domains; dnak; isomerase; cytosol; binding; chains
AB During protein biosynthesis, nascent polypeptide chains that emerge from the ribosomal exit tunnel encounter ribosome-associated chaperones, which assist their folding to the native state(1,2). Here we present a 2.7 Angstrom crystal structure of Escherichia coli trigger factor, the best-characterized chaperone of this type, together with the structure of its ribosome-binding domain in complex with the Haloarcula marismortui large ribosomal subunit. Trigger factor adopts a unique conformation resembling a crouching dragon with separated domains forming the amino-terminal ribosome-binding 'tail', the peptidylprolyl isomerase 'head', the carboxy-terminal 'arms' and connecting regions building up the 'back'. From its attachment point on the ribosome, trigger factor projects the extended domains over the exit of the ribosomal tunnel, creating a protected folding space where nascent polypeptides may be shielded from proteases and aggregation. This study sheds new light on our understanding of co-translational protein folding, and suggests an unexpected mechanism of action for ribosome-associated chaperones.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Mol Biol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Ban, N (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, HPK Gebaude, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM e.deuerling@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de; ban@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 334
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 590
EP 596
DI 10.1038/nature02899
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700052
PM 15334087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, DE
   Nappi, VM
   Reeves, GT
   Shvartsman, SY
   Lemmon, MA
AF Klein, DE
   Nappi, VM
   Reeves, GT
   Shvartsman, SY
   Lemmon, MA
TI Argos inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by ligand sequestration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secreted spitz; drosophila; pathway; sulfate; binding; activation; proteins
AB The epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR) has critical functions in development and in many human cancers(1-3). During development, the spatial extent of EGFR signalling is regulated by feedback loops comprising both well-understood activators and less well-characterized inhibitors(3,4). In Drosophila melanogaster the secreted protein Argos functions as the only known extracellular inhibitor of EGFR(5), with clearly identified roles in multiple stages of development(3). Argos is only expressed when the Drosophila EGFR (DER) is activated at high levels(6), and downregulates further DER signalling. Although there is ample genetic evidence that Argos inhibits DER activation, the biochemical mechanism has not been established. Here we show that Argos inhibits DER signalling without interacting directly with the receptor, but instead by sequestering the DER-activating ligand Spitz. Argos binds tightly to the EGF motif of Spitz and forms a 1:1 ( Spitz: Argos) complex that does not bind DER in vitro or at the cell surface. Our results provide an insight into the mechanism of Argos function, and suggest new strategies for EGFR inhibitor design.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Stellar Chance Labs 809C, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Carl Icahn Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Carl Icahn Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Lemmon, MA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Stellar Chance Labs 809C, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM mlemmon@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 27
TC 111
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1040
EP 1044
DI 10.1038/nature02840
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900046
PM 15329724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, DZZ
   Jia, SP
   Dallos, P
AF He, DZZ
   Jia, SP
   Dallos, P
TI Mechanoelectrical transduction of adult outer hair cells studied in a gerbil hemicochlea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guinea-pig cochlea; intracellular-recordings; mechanical responses; motor protein; mouse cochlea; prestin; currents; conductance; adaptation; membrane
AB Sensory receptor cells of the mammalian cochlea are morphologically and functionally dichotomized. Inner hair cells transmit auditory information to the brain, whereas outer hair cells (OHC) amplify the mechanical signal, which is then transduced by inner hair cells(1). Amplification by OHCs is probably mediated by their somatic motility(2,3) in a mechanical feedback process. OHC motility in vivo is thought to be driven by the cell's receptor potential. The first steps towards the generation of the receptor potential are the deflection of the stereociliary bundle(4), and the subsequent flow of transducer current through the mechanosensitive transducer channels located at their tips(5). Quantitative relations between transducer currents and basilar membrane displacements are lacking, as well as their variation along the cochlear length. To address this, we simultaneously recorded OHC transducer currents (or receptor potentials) and basilar membrane motion in an excised and bisected cochlea, the hemicochlea(6). This preparation permits recordings from adult OHCs at various cochlear locations while the basilar membrane is mechanically stimulated. Furthermore, the stereocilia are deflected by the same means of stimulation as in vivo. Here we show that asymmetrical transducer currents and receptor potentials are significantly larger than previously thought, they possess a highly restricted dynamic range and strongly depend on cochlear location.
C1 Creighton Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Hair Cell Biophys Lab, Omaha, NE 68175 USA.
   Boys Town Natl Res Hosp, Omaha, NE 68131 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Hugh Knowles Ctr, Auditory Lab, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Commun Sci & Disorders, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Creighton University; Boys Town National Research Hospital; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP He, DZZ (corresponding author), Creighton Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Hair Cell Biophys Lab, Omaha, NE 68175 USA.
EM hed@creighton.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R21 DC006039, R01 DC004696] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 113
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 766
EP 770
DI 10.1038/nature02591
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900040
PM 15201911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braine, J
   Herpin, F
AF Braine, J
   Herpin, F
TI Molecular hydrogen beyond the optical edge of an isolated spiral galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID milky-way; gas; clouds; ngc-4414; anatomy; regions; dust; disk; m31
AB Knowledge about the outermost portions of galaxies is limited owing to the small amount of light coming from them. It is known that in many cases atomic hydrogen (H I) extends well beyond the optical radius(1). In the centres of galaxies, however, molecular hydrogen (H-2) usually dominates by a large factor(2-4), raising the question of whether H-2 is also abundant in the outer regions. Here we report the detection of emission from carbon monoxide (CO), the most abundant tracer of H-2, beyond the optical radius of the nearby galaxy NGC 4414. The host molecular clouds probably formed in the regions of relatively high H I column density and in the absence of spiral density waves. The relative strength of the lines from the two lowest rotational levels indicates that both the temperature and density of the H-2 are quite low compared to conditions closer to the centre. The inferred surface density of the molecular material continues the monotonic decrease from the inner regions. We conclude that although molecular clouds can form in the outer region of this galaxy, there is little mass associated with them.
C1 Observ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5804, INSU, F-33270 Floirac, France.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Braine, J (corresponding author), Observ Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5804, INSU, BP 89, F-33270 Floirac, France.
EM braine@obs.u-bordeaux1.fr
NR 20
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 369
EP 371
DI 10.1038/nature03054
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400048
PM 15549098
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tice, MM
   Lowe, DR
AF Tice, MM
   Lowe, DR
TI Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID barberton greenstone-belt; south-africa; swaziland supergroup; cherts; sedimentology; geochemistry; microfossils; australia
AB Recent re-evaluations of the geological record of the earliest life on Earth have led to the suggestion that some of the oldest putative microfossils(1) and carbonaceous matter were formed through abiotic hydrothermal processes(2,3). Similarly, many early Archaean ( more than 3,400-Myr-old) cherts have been reinterpreted as hydrothermal deposits rather than products of normal marine sedimentary processes(2,4,5). Here we present the results of a field, petrographic and geochemical study testing these hypotheses for the 3,416-Myr-old Buck Reef Chert, South Africa. From sedimentary structures and distributions of sand and mud, we infer that deposition occurred in normal open shallow to deep marine environments. The siderite enrichment that we observe in deep-water sediments is consistent with a stratified early ocean(6,7). We show that most carbonaceous matter was formed by photosynthetic mats within the euphotic zone and distributed as detrital matter by waves and currents to surrounding environments. We find no evidence that hydrothermal processes had any direct role in the deposition of either the carbonaceous matter or the enclosing sediments. Instead, we conclude that photosynthetic organisms had evolved and were living in a stratified ocean supersaturated in dissolved silica(8,9) 3,416 Myr ago.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Tice, MM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM mtice@pangea.stanford.edu
NR 21
TC 365
Z9 435
U1 4
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 549
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature02888
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700041
PM 15457255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peeters, FJC
   Acheson, R
   Brummer, GJA
   de Ruijter, WPM
   Schneider, RR
   Ganssen, GM
   Ufkes, E
   Kroon, D
AF Peeters, FJC
   Acheson, R
   Brummer, GJA
   de Ruijter, WPM
   Schneider, RR
   Ganssen, GM
   Ufkes, E
   Kroon, D
TI Vigorous exchange between the Indian and Atlantic oceans at the end of the past five glacial periods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; south-atlantic; overturning circulation; record; communication; fluctuations; oceanography; sector; heat
AB The magnitude of heat and salt transfer between the Indian and Atlantic oceans through 'Agulhas leakage' is considered important for balancing the global thermohaline circulation(1-3). Increases or reductions of this leakage lead to strengthening or weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning and associated variation of North Atlantic Deep Water formation(4-6). Here we show that modern Agulhas waters, which migrate into the south Atlantic Ocean in the form of an Agulhas ring, contain a characteristic assemblage of planktic foraminifera. We use this assemblage as a modern analogue to investigate the Agulhas leakage history over the past 550,000 years from a sediment record in the Cape basin. Our reconstruction indicates that Indian - Atlantic water exchange was highly variable: enhanced during present and past interglacials and largely reduced during glacial intervals. Coherent variability of Agulhas leakage with northern summer insolation suggests a teleconnection to the monsoon system. The onset of increased Agulhas leakage during late glacial conditions took place when glacial ice volume was maximal, suggesting a crucial role for Agulhas leakage in glacial terminations, timing of interhemispheric climate change(7) and the resulting resumption of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(6).
C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Paleoecol & Paleoclimatol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Chem & Geol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
   Univ Edinburgh, Grant Inst Geol, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Fac Phys & Astron, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Dept Geol & Oceanog, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of Edinburgh; Utrecht University; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Peeters, FJC (corresponding author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Paleoecol & Paleoclimatol, Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM frank.peeters@falw.vu.nl
NR 31
TC 326
Z9 354
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 661
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature02785
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400041
PM 15295596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Munekaga, Y
   Hashimoto, M
   Miyaka, C
   Tomizawa, KI
   Endo, T
   Tasaka, M
   Shikanai, T
AF Munekaga, Y
   Hashimoto, M
   Miyaka, C
   Tomizawa, KI
   Endo, T
   Tasaka, M
   Shikanai, T
TI Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nad(p)h dehydrogenase; nadh dehydrogenase; ndhb gene; transport; tobacco; chloroplasts; ferredoxin; photophosphorylation; components; complex
AB Photosynthesis provides at least two routes through which light energy can be used to generate a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, which is subsequently used to synthesize ATP. In the first route, electrons released from water in photosystem II (PSII) are eventually transferred to NADP(+) by way of photosystem I (PSI)(1). This linear electron flow is driven by two photochemical reactions that function in series. The cytochrome b(6)f complex mediates electron transport between the two photosystems and generates the proton gradient (DeltapH). In the second route, driven solely by PSI, electrons can be recycled from either reduced ferredoxin or NADPH to plastoquinone, and subsequently to the cytochrome b(6)f complex(2-5). Such cyclic flow generates DeltapH and thus ATP without the accumulation of reduced species. Whereas linear flow from water to NADP 1 is commonly used to explain the function of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the role of cyclic flow is less clear. In higher plants cyclic flow consists of two partially redundant pathways. Here we have constructed mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana in which both PSI cyclic pathways are impaired, and present evidence that cyclic flow is essential for efficient photosynthesis.
C1 Res Inst Innovat Technol Earth, Plant Res Grp, Kyoto 6190225, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300101, Japan.
C3 Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth; Kyoto University; Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Shikanai, T (corresponding author), CEA Cadarache, Dept Plant Ecophysiol & Microbiol, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France.
EM shikanai@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 773
Z9 884
U1 5
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 579
EP 582
DI 10.1038/nature02598
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700044
PM 15175756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, T
   Pan, Y
   Kao, SY
   Li, C
   Kohane, I
   Chan, J
   Yankner, BA
AF Lu, T
   Pan, Y
   Kao, SY
   Li, C
   Kohane, I
   Chan, J
   Yankner, BA
TI Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; repair; trafficking; microarrays; protein; profile
AB The ageing of the human brain is a cause of cognitive decline in the elderly and the major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease1. The time in life when brain ageing begins is undefined(2-4). Here we show that transcriptional profiling of the human frontal cortex from individuals ranging from 26 to 106 years of age defines a set of genes with reduced expression after age 40. These genes play central roles in synaptic plasticity, vesicular transport and mitochondrial function. This is followed by induction of stress response, antioxidant and DNA repair genes. DNA damage is markedly increased in the promoters of genes with reduced expression in the aged cortex. Moreover, these gene promoters are selectively damaged by oxidative stress in cultured human neurons, and show reduced base-excision DNA repair. Thus, DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in learning, memory and neuronal survival, initiating a programme of brain ageing that starts early in adult life.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Yankner, BA (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Enders 260,300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Bruce.Yankner@childrens.harvard.edu
NR 25
TC 1486
Z9 1742
U1 0
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 883
EP 891
DI 10.1038/nature02661
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000044
PM 15190254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
   Chou, IH
AF Cyranoski, D
   Chou, IH
TI Winds of change blow away the cobwebs on campus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 210
EP 214
DI 10.1038/429210a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300049
PM 15141219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qi, Y
   Gregory, MA
   Li, ZL
   Brousal, JP
   West, K
   Hann, SR
AF Qi, Y
   Gregory, MA
   Li, ZL
   Brousal, JP
   West, K
   Hann, SR
TI p19ARF directly and differentially controls the functions of c-Myc independently of p53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle progression; induced apoptosis; tumor-suppressor; p53-independent apoptosis; fibroblasts; induction; proteolysis; expression; ink4a/arf; target
AB Increased expression of the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc causes unregulated cell cycle progression(1). c-Myc can also cause apoptosis, but it is not known whether the activation and/or repression of c-Myc target genes mediates these diverse functions of c-Myc. Because unchecked cell cycle progression leads to hyperproliferation and tumorigenesis, it is essential for tumour suppressors, such as p53 and p19(ARF) (ARF), to curb cell cycle progression in response to increased c-Myc (refs 2, 3). Increased c-Myc has previously been shown to induce ARF expression, which leads to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis through the activation of p53 (ref. 4). Here we show that ARF can inhibit c-Myc by a unique and direct mechanism that is independent of p53. When c-Myc increases, ARF binds with c-Myc and dramatically blocks c-Myc's ability to activate transcription and induce hyperproliferation and transformation. In contrast, c-Myc's ability to repress transcription is unaffected by ARF and c-Myc-mediated apoptosis is enhanced. These differential effects of ARF on c-Myc function suggest that separate molecular mechanisms mediate c-Myc-induced hyperproliferation and apoptosis. This direct feedback mechanism represents a p53-independent checkpoint to prevent c-Myc-mediated tumorigenesis.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Hann, SR (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
EM steve.hann@vanderbilt.edu
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 712
EP 717
DI 10.1038/nature02958
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300046
PM 15361884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fedorka, KM
   Mousseau, TA
AF Fedorka, KM
   Mousseau, TA
TI Female mating bias results in conflicting sex-specific offspring fitness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mate choice; gifts
AB Indirect-benefit models of sexual selection assert that females gain heritable offspring advantages through a mating bias for males of superior genetic quality. This has generally been tested by associating a simple morphological quality indicator ( for example, bird tail length) with offspring viability(1). However, selection acts simultaneously on many characters, limiting the ability to detect significant associations, especially if the simple indicator is weakly correlated to male fitness(2,3). Furthermore, recent conceptual developments suggest that the benefits gained from such mating biases may be sex-specific because of sexually antagonistic genes that differentially influence male and female reproductive ability(4). A more suitable test of the indirect-benefit model would examine associations between an aggregate quality indicator(1,3) (such as male mating success) and gender-specific adult fitness components, under the expectation that these components may trade off(1). Here, we show that a father's mating success in the cricket, Allonemobius socius, is positively genetically correlated with his son's mating success but negatively with his daughter's reproductive success. This provides empirical evidence that a female mating bias can result in sexually antagonistic offspring fitness.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia
RP Fedorka, KM (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM fedorka@uga.edu
NR 15
TC 155
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature02492
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100044
PM 15129280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Constäncia, M
   Kelsey, G
   Reik, W
AF Constäncia, M
   Kelsey, G
   Reik, W
TI Resourceful imprinting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genes; expression; metabolism; genm; mammals; growth; locus
C1 Babraham Inst, Lab Dev Genet & Imprinting, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP Constäncia, M (corresponding author), Babraham Inst, Lab Dev Genet & Imprinting, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
EM miguel.constancia@bbsrc.ac.uk; gavin.kelsey@bbsrc.ac.uk; wolf.reik@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/B50118X/1] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/B50118X/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/432053a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900037
PM 15525980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyson, GW
   Chapman, J
   Hugenholtz, P
   Allen, EE
   Ram, RJ
   Richardson, PM
   Solovyev, VV
   Rubin, EM
   Rokhsar, DS
   Banfield, JF
AF Tyson, GW
   Chapman, J
   Hugenholtz, P
   Allen, EE
   Ram, RJ
   Richardson, PM
   Solovyev, VV
   Rubin, EM
   Rokhsar, DS
   Banfield, JF
TI Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ detection; mine drainage; phylogenetic identification; thiobacillus-ferrooxidans; leptospirillum; diversity; rusticyanin; sequences; bacteria; oxidase
AB Microbial communities are vital in the functioning of all ecosystems; however, most microorganisms are uncultivated, and their roles in natural systems are unclear. Here, using random shotgun sequencing of DNA from a natural acidophilic biofilm, we report reconstruction of near-complete genomes of Leptospirillum group II and Ferroplasma type II, and partial recovery of three other genomes. This was possible because the biofilm was dominated by a small number of species populations and the frequency of genomic rearrangements and gene insertions or deletions was relatively low. Because each sequence read came from a different individual, we could determine that single-nucleotide polymorphisms are the predominant form of heterogeneity at the strain level. The Leptospirillum group II genome had remarkably few nucleotide polymorphisms, despite the existence of low-abundance variants. The Ferroplasma type II genome seems to be a composite from three ancestral strains that have undergone homologous recombination to form a large population of mosaic genomes. Analysis of the gene complement for each organism revealed the pathways for carbon and nitrogen fixation and energy generation, and provided insights into survival strategies in an extreme environment.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Joint Genome Institute - JGI
RP Banfield, JF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jill@eps.berkeley.edu
NR 42
TC 1664
Z9 2075
U1 8
U2 641
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 37
EP 43
DI 10.1038/nature02340
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800028
PM 14961025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ojha, RP
   Lemieux, PA
   Dixon, PK
   Liu, AJ
   Durian, DJ
AF Ojha, RP
   Lemieux, PA
   Dixon, PK
   Liu, AJ
   Durian, DJ
TI Statistical mechanics of a gas-fluidized particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID granular matter; dynamics; vortex; glass; temperature; model
AB Characterization of the microscopic fluctuations in systems that are far from equilibrium is crucial for understanding the macroscopic response. One approach is to use an 'effective temperature'-such a quantity has been invoked for chaotic fluids(1,2), spin glasses(3,4), glasses(5,6) and colloids(7,8), as well as non-thermal systems such as flowing granular materials(9-14) and foams(15). We therefore ask to what extent the concept of effective temperature is valid. Here we investigate this question experimentally in a simple system consisting of a sphere placed on a fine screen in an upward flow of gas; the sphere rolls because of the turbulence it generates in the gas stream. In contrast to many-particle systems, in which it is difficult to measure and predict fluctuations, our system has no particle-particle interactions and its dynamics can be captured fully by video imaging. Surprisingly, we find that the sphere behaves exactly like a harmonically bound brownian particle. The random driving force and frequency-dependent drag satisfy the fluctuation-dissipation relation, a cornerstone of statistical mechanics. The statistical mechanics of near-equilibrium systems is therefore unexpectedly useful for studying at least some classes of systems that are driven far from equilibrium.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Durian, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM durian@physics.ucla.edu
NR 28
TC 161
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/nature02294
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800035
PM 14765189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turney, CSM
   Kershaw, AP
   Clemens, SC
   Branch, N
   Moss, PT
   Fifield, LK
AF Turney, CSM
   Kershaw, AP
   Clemens, SC
   Branch, N
   Moss, PT
   Fifield, LK
TI Millennial and orbital variations of El Nino/Southern Oscillation and high-latitude climate in the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-oscillation; variability; australia; patterns; record; ocean; enso; nino
AB The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is believed to have operated continuously over the last glacial interglacial cycle(1). ENSO variability has been suggested to be linked to millennial-scale oscillations in North Atlantic climate during that time(2,3), but the proposals disagree on whether increased frequency of El Nino events, the warm phase of ENSO, was linked to North Atlantic warm or cold periods. Here we present a high-resolution record of surface moisture, based on the degree of peat humification and the ratio of sedges to grass, from northern Queensland, Australia, covering the past 45,000 yr. We observe millennial-scale dry periods, indicating periods of frequent El Nino events ( summer precipitation declines in El Nino years in northeastern Australia). We find that these dry periods are correlated to the Dansgaard - Oeschger events - millennial-scale warm events in the North Atlantic climate record - although no direct atmospheric connection from the North Atlantic to our site can be invoked. Additionally, we find climatic cycles at a semiprecessional timescale (, 11,900 yr). We suggest that climate variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean on millennial as well as orbital timescales, which determined precipitation in northeastern Australia, also exerted an influence on North Atlantic climate through atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Archaeol & Paleoecol, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Monash Univ, Sch Geog & Environm Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geog, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Dept Nucl Phys, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Queens University Belfast; Monash University; Brown University; University of London; Royal Holloway University London; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Australian National University
RP Turney, CSM (corresponding author), Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
EM cturney@uow.edu.au
NR 30
TC 183
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 306
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature02386
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200040
PM 15029193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lickert, H
   Takeuchi, JK
   von Both, I
   Walls, JR
   McAuliffe, F
   Adamson, SL
   Henkelman, RM
   Wrana, JL
   Rossant, J
   Bruneau, BG
AF Lickert, H
   Takeuchi, JK
   von Both, I
   Walls, JR
   McAuliffe, F
   Adamson, SL
   Henkelman, RM
   Wrana, JL
   Rossant, J
   Bruneau, BG
TI Baf60c is essential for function of BAF chromatin remodelling complexes in heart development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian swi/snf complexes; transcription factors; muscle differentiation; mutual cofactors; mouse heart; in-vivo; nkx2-5; proliferation; cardiogenesis; expression
AB Tissue-specific transcription factors regulate several important aspects of embryonic development. They must function in the context of DNA assembled into the higher-order structure of chromatin. Enzymatic complexes such as the Swi/Snf-like BAF complexes remodel chromatin to allow the transcriptional machinery access to gene regulatory elements(1,2). Here we show that Smarcd3, encoding Baf60c, a subunit of the BAF complexes, is expressed specifically in the heart and somites in the early mouse embryo. Smarcd3 silencing by RNA interference in mouse embryos derived from embryonic stem cells causes defects in heart morphogenesis that reflect impaired expansion of the anterior/secondary heart field, and also results in abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation. An intermediate reduction in Smarcd3 expression leads to defects in outflow tract remodelling reminiscent of human congenital heart defects. Baf60c overexpressed in cell culture can mediate interactions between cardiac transcription factors and the BAF complex ATPase Brg1, thereby potentiating the activation of target genes. These results reveal tissue-specific and dose-dependent roles for Baf60c in recruiting BAF chromatin remodelling complexes to heart-specific enhancers, providing a novel mechanism to ensure transcriptional regulation during organogenesis.
C1 Hosp Sick Children, Mouse Imaging Ctr, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Ctr Excellence, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Coll Dublin, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Natl Matern Hosp, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Toronto, ON M5G 1L4, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University College Dublin; National Maternity Hospital, Dublin; University of Toronto
RP Rossant, J (corresponding author), Hosp Sick Children, Mouse Imaging Ctr, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
EM rossant@mshri.on.ca; bbruneau@sickkids.ca
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 107
EP 112
DI 10.1038/nature03071
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900050
PM 15525990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baudrier-Raybaut, M
   Haïdar, R
   Kupecek, P
   Lemasson, P
   Rosencher, E
AF Baudrier-Raybaut, M
   Haïdar, R
   Kupecek, P
   Lemasson, P
   Rosencher, E
TI Random quasi-phase-matching in bulk polycrystalline isotropic nonlinear materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID difference-frequency-generation; 2nd-harmonic generation; harmonic-generation; crystals
AB Three-wave mixing in nonlinear materials-the interaction of two light waves to produce a third-is a convenient way of generating new optical frequencies from common laser sources. However, the resulting optical conversion yield is generally poor, because the relative phases of the three interacting waves change continuously as they propagate through the material(1). This phenomenon, known as phase mismatch, is a consequence of optical dispersion ( wave velocity is frequency dependent), and is responsible for the poor optical conversion potential of isotropic nonlinear materials(2). Here we show that exploiting the random motion of the relative phases in highly transparent polycrystalline materials can be an effective strategy for achieving efficient phase matching in isotropic materials. Distinctive features of this 'random quasi-phase-matching' approach are a linear dependence of the conversion yield with sample thickness (predicted in ref. 3), the absence of the need for either preferential materials orientation or specific polarization selection rules, and the existence of a wavelength-dependent resonant size for the polycrystalline grains.
C1 Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DMPH, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DOTA, ONERA, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.
   CNRS, LPSC, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Ecole Polytech, Dept Phys, F-91228 Palaiseau, France.
C3 National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA); Universite Paris Saclay; National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique
RP Rosencher, E (corresponding author), Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DMPH, Chemin Huniere, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
EM rosencher@onera.fr
NR 20
TC 340
Z9 365
U1 8
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature03027
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400050
PM 15549100
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bashir, T
   Dorrello, NV
   Amador, V
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Pagano, M
AF Bashir, T
   Dorrello, NV
   Amador, V
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Pagano, M
TI Control of the SCFSkp2-Cks1 ubiquitin ligase by the APC/CCdh1 ubiquitin ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; box protein skp2; cell-cycle; degradation; binding; ubiquitylation; progression; mitosis
AB Skp2 and its cofactor Cks1 are the substrate-targeting subunits of the SCFSkp2-Cks1 (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex that regulates entry into S phase by inducing the degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 (ref. 1). Skp2 is an oncoprotein that often shows increased expression in human cancers(2); however, the mechanism that regulates its cellular abundance is not well understood. Here we show that both Skp2 and Cks1 proteins are unstable in G1 and that their degradation is mediated by the ubiquitin ligase APC/C-Cdh1 (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its activator Cdh1). Silencing of Cdh1 by RNA interference in G1 cells stabilizes Skp2 and Cks1, with a consequent increase in p21 and p27 proteolysis. Depletion of Cdh1 also increases the percentage of cells in S phase, whereas concomitant downregulation of Skp2 reverses this effect, showing that Skp2 is an essential target of APC/C-Cdh1. Expression of a stable Skp2 mutant that cannot bind APC/C-Cdh1 induces premature entry into S phase. Thus, the induction of Skp2 and Cks1 degradation in G1 represents a principal mechanism by which APC/C-Cdh1 prevents the unscheduled degradation of SCFSkp2-Cks1 substrates and maintains the G1 state.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Inst Canc, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University
RP Pagano, M (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, MSB 599,550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM michele.pagano@med.nyu.edu
NR 12
TC 424
Z9 510
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature02330
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600051
PM 15014502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagashima, K
   Krot, AN
   Yurimoto, H
AF Nagashima, K
   Krot, AN
   Yurimoto, H
TI Stardust silicates from primitive meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbonaceous chondrite; silicon-carbide; solar-system; grains
AB Primitive chondritic meteorites contain material (presolar grains(1)), at the level of a few parts per million, that predates the formation of our Solar System. Astronomical observations(2) and the chemical composition of the Sun(3) both suggest that silicates must have been the dominant solids in the protoplanetary disk from which the planets of the Solar System formed, but no presolar silicates have been identified in chondrites(4-6). Here we report the in situ discovery of presolar silicate grains 0.1 - 1 mum in size in the matrices of two primitive carbonaceous chondrites. These grains are highly enriched in O-17 (delta(17)O(SMOW) > 100 - 400%), but have solar silicon isotopic compositions within analytical uncertainties, suggesting an origin in an oxygen-rich red giant or an asymptotic giant branch star(7,8). The estimated abundance of these presolar silicates ( 3 - 30 parts per million) is higher than reported for other types of presolar grains in meteorites(1), consistent with their ubiquity in the early Solar System, but is about two orders of magnitude lower than their abundance in anhydrous interplanetary dust particles(9). This result is best explained by the destruction of silicates during high-temperature processing in the solar nebula.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa
RP Nagashima, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
EM kazu@geo.titech.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 161
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 921
EP 924
DI 10.1038/nature02510
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000034
PM 15118720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramsey, JM
   Chester, FM
AF Ramsey, JM
   Chester, FM
TI Hybrid fracture and the transition from extension fracture to shear fracture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID failure; stress; initiation; granite; strain
AB Fracture is a fundamental mechanism of material failure. Two basic types of brittle fractures are commonly observed in rock deformation experiments-extension (opening mode) fractures and shear fractures(1,2). For nearly half a century it has been hypothesized that extension and shear fractures represent end-members of a continuous spectrum of brittle fracture types(3-6). However, observations of transitional fractures that display both opening and shear modes (hybrids) in naturally deformed rock have often remained ambiguous, and a clear demonstration of hybrid fracture formation has not been provided by experiments(4). Here we present the results of triaxial extension experiments on Carrara marble that show a continuous transition from extension fracture to shear fracture with an increase in compressive stress. Hybrid fractures form under mixed tensile and compressive stress states at acute angles to the maximum principal compressive stress. Fracture angles are greater than those observed for extension fractures and less than those observed for shear fractures. Fracture surfaces also display a progressive change from an extension to shear fracture morphology.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Tectonophys, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Chester, FM (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Tectonophys, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM chesterf@geo.tamu.edu
NR 28
TC 297
Z9 338
U1 13
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/nature02333
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800034
PM 14999279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaasik, K
   Lee, CC
AF Kaasik, K
   Lee, CC
TI Reciprocal regulation of haem biosynthesis and the circadian clock in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synthase activity; melatonin rhythm; nitric-oxide; in-vivo; vitamin-b-12; mper1; transcription; promoters; mechanism; proteins
AB The circadian clock is the central timing system that controls numerous physiological processes. In mammals, one such process is haem biosynthesis, which the clock controls through regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme aminolevulinate synthase 1 (Alas1)(1,2). Several members of the core clock mechanism are PAS domain proteins, one of which, neuronal PAS 2 (NPAS2), has a haem-binding motif(3,4). Indeed, haem controls activity of the BMAL1-NPAS2 transcription complex in vitro by inhibiting DNA binding in response to carbon monoxide(3). Here we show that haem differentially modulates expression of the mammalian Period genes mPer1 and mPer2 in vivo by a mechanism involving NPAS2 and mPER2. Further experiments show that mPER2 positively stimulates activity of the BMAL1-NPAS2 transcription complex and, in turn, NPAS2 transcriptionally regulates Alas1. Vitamin B12 and haem compete for binding to NPAS2 and mPER2, but they have opposite effects on mPer2 and mPer1 expression in vivo. Our data show that the circadian clock and haem biosynthesis are reciprocally regulated and suggest that porphyrin-containing molecules are potential targets for therapy of circadian disorders.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Tartu, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Dept Biotechnol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; University of Tartu
RP Lee, CC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM cheng.c.lee@uth.tmc.edu
NR 29
TC 299
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 467
EP 471
DI 10.1038/nature02724
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400047
PM 15269772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kienberger, R
   Goulielmakis, E
   Uiberacker, M
   Baltuska, A
   Yakovlev, V
   Bammer, F
   Scrinzi, A
   Westerwalbesloh, T
   Kleineberg, U
   Heinzmann, U
   Drescher, M
   Krausz, F
AF Kienberger, R
   Goulielmakis, E
   Uiberacker, M
   Baltuska, A
   Yakovlev, V
   Bammer, F
   Scrinzi, A
   Westerwalbesloh, T
   Kleineberg, U
   Heinzmann, U
   Drescher, M
   Krausz, F
TI Atomic transient recorder
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID order harmonic-generation; femtosecond pulses; attosecond pulses; laser-pulses; ionization; fields; gases
AB In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the electron takes about 150 attoseconds (1 as = 10(-18) s) to orbit around the proton, defining the characteristic timescale for dynamics in the electronic shell of atoms. Recording atomic transients in real time requires excitation and probing on this scale. The recent observation of single sub-femtosecond ( 1 fs = 10(-15) s) extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light pulses(1) has stimulated the extension of techniques of femtochemistry(2) into the attosecond regime(3,4). Here we demonstrate the generation and measurement of single 250-attosecond XUV pulses. We use these pulses to excite atoms, which in turn emit electrons. An intense, waveform-controlled, few cycle laser pulse(5) obtains 'tomographic images' of the time-momentum distribution of the ejected electrons. Tomographic images of primary ( photo) electrons yield accurate information of the duration and frequency sweep of the excitation pulse, whereas the same measurements on secondary ( Auger) electrons will provide insight into the relaxation dynamics of the electronic shell following excitation. With the current similar to750-nm laser probe and similar to100-eV excitation, our transient recorder is capable of resolving atomic electron dynamics within the Bohr orbit time.
C1 Vienna Tech Univ, Inst Photon, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Tech Univ Vienna, Inst Spanlose Fertigung & Hochleistungslasertech, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; Technische Universitat Wien; University of Bielefeld; Max Planck Society
RP Krausz, F (corresponding author), Vienna Tech Univ, Inst Photon, Gusshausstr 27, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
EM ferenc.krausz@tuwien.ac.at
NR 22
TC 1218
Z9 1312
U1 4
U2 277
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 817
EP 821
DI 10.1038/nature02277
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500033
PM 14985755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stomp, M
   Huisman, J
   de Jongh, F
   Veraart, AJ
   Gerla, D
   Rijkeboer, M
   Ibelings, BW
   Wollenzien, UIA
   Stal, LJ
AF Stomp, M
   Huisman, J
   de Jongh, F
   Veraart, AJ
   Gerla, D
   Rijkeboer, M
   Ibelings, BW
   Wollenzien, UIA
   Stal, LJ
TI Adaptive divergence in pigment composition promotes phytoplankton biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID competition; marine; light; phototrophy
AB The dazzling diversity of the phytoplankton has puzzled biologists for decades(1-5). The puzzle has been enlarged rather than solved by the progressive discovery of new phototrophic microorganisms in the oceans, including picocyanobacteria(6,7), pico-eukaryotes(8), and bacteriochlorophyll-based(9-11) and rhodopsin-based phototrophic bacteria(12,13). Physiological and genomic studies suggest that natural selection promotes niche differentiation among these phototrophic microorganisms, particularly with respect to their photosynthetic characteristics(14-16). We have analysed competition for light between two closely related picocyanobacteria of the Synechococcus group that we isolated from the Baltic Sea(17). One of these two has a red colour because it contains the pigment phycoerythrin, whereas the other is blue-green because it contains high contents of the pigment phycocyanin. Here we report theory and competition experiments that reveal stable coexistence of the two picocyanobacteria, owing to partitioning of the light spectrum. Further competition experiments with a third marine cyanobacterium, capable of adapting its pigment composition, show that this species persists by investing in the pigment that absorbs the colour not used by its competitors. These results demonstrate the adaptive significance of divergence in pigment composition of phototrophic microorganisms, which allows an efficient utilization of light energy and favours species coexistence.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol NIOO KNAW, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol NIOO KNAW, Ctr Estuarine & Marine Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Huisman, J (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM jef.huisman@science.uva.nl
NR 28
TC 245
Z9 275
U1 1
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 104
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature03044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900049
PM 15475947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, T
   Chang, CY
   Jin, DY
   Lin, PJ
   Khvorova, A
   Stafford, DW
AF Li, T
   Chang, CY
   Jin, DY
   Lin, PJ
   Khvorova, A
   Stafford, DW
TI Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent proteins; warfarin; target; embryopathy; carboxylase; expression; resistance; locus; mice
AB Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) is the target of warfarin, the most widely prescribed anticoagulant for thromboembolic disorders. Although estimated to prevent twenty strokes per induced bleeding episode(1), warfarin is under-used because of the difficulty of controlling dosage and the fear of inducing bleeding. Although identified in 1974 (ref. 2), the enzyme has yet to be purified or its gene identified. A positional cloning approach has become possible after the mapping of warfarin resistance to rat chromosome 1 (ref. 3) and of vitamin K-dependent protein deficiencies to the syntenic region of human chromosome 16 (ref. 4). Localization of VKOR to 190 genes within human chromosome 16p12-q21 narrowed the search to 13 genes encoding candidate transmembrane proteins, and we used short interfering RNA (siRNA) pools against individual genes to test their ability to inhibit VKOR activity in human cells. Here, we report the identification of the gene for VKOR based on specific inhibition of VKOR activity by a single siRNA pool. We confirmed that MGC11276 messenger RNA encodes VKOR through its expression in insect cells and sensitivity to warfarin. The expressed enzyme is 163 amino acids long, with at least one transmembrane domain. Identification of the VKOR gene extends our understanding of blood clotting, and should facilitate development of new anticoagulant drugs.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Dharmacon Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Stafford, DW (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM dws@email.unc.edu
NR 30
TC 567
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature02254
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800041
PM 14765195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stockwell, BR
AF Stockwell, BR
TI Exploring biology with small organic molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity-oriented synthesis; reflectometric interference spectroscopy; focused combinatorial library; protein-protein interactions; drug discovery; chemical genetics; rna interference; target identification; global analysis; solid-phase
AB Small organic molecules have proven to be invaluable tools for investigating biological systems, but there is still much to learn from their use. To discover and to use more effectively new chemical tools to understand biology, strategies are needed that allow us to systematically explore 'biological-activity space'. Such strategies involve analysing both protein binding of, and phenotypic responses to, small organic molecules. The mapping of biological-activity space using small molecules is akin to mapping the stars - uncharted territory is explored using a system of coordinates that describes where each new feature lies.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Stockwell, BR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 614 Fairchild Ctr,MC 2406, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM stockwell@biology.columbia.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA097061] Funding Source: Medline
NR 75
TC 389
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 846
EP 854
DI 10.1038/nature03196
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500041
PM 15602550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denli, AM
   Tops, BBJ
   Plasterk, RHA
   Ketting, RF
   Hannon, GJ
AF Denli, AM
   Tops, BBJ
   Plasterk, RHA
   Ketting, RF
   Hannon, GJ
TI Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rnai effector complexes; dsrna-binding-protein; nuclear export; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; messenger-rna; interference; initiation; expression; dicer
AB Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are generated via a two-step processing pathway to yield similar to22-nucleotide small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level(1). Initial cleavage is catalysed by Drosha, a nuclease of the RNase III family, which acts on primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus(2). Here we show that Drosha exists in a multiprotein complex, the Microprocessor, and begin the process of deconstructing that complex into its constituent components. Along with Drosha, the Microprocessor also contains Pasha (partner of Drosha), a double-stranded RNA binding protein. Suppression of Pasha expression in Drosophila cells or Caenorhabditis elegans interferes with pri-miRNA processing, leading to an accumulation of pri-miRNAs and a reduction in mature miRNAs. Finally, depletion or mutation of pash-1 in C. elegans causes de-repression of a let-7 reporter and the appearance of phenotypic defects overlapping those observed upon examination of worms with lesions in Dicer (dcr-1) or Drosha (drsh-1). Considered together, these results indicate a role for Pasha in miRNA maturation and miRNA-mediated gene regulation.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Hubrecht Lab Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM hannon@cshl.org
NR 29
TC 2165
Z9 2846
U1 0
U2 186
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 231
EP 235
DI 10.1038/nature03049
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200049
PM 15531879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lippman, Z
   Martienssen, R
AF Lippman, Z
   Martienssen, R
TI The role of RNA interference in heterochromatic silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h3 lysine-9 methylation; directed dna methylation; double-stranded-rna; non-cg methylation; elegans germ-line; histone h3; drosophila-melanogaster; fission yeast; x-chromosome; pericentric heterochromatin
C1 Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Lippman, Z (corresponding author), Watson Sch Biol Sci, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM martiens@cshl.edu
NR 100
TC 434
Z9 530
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 364
EP 370
DI 10.1038/nature02875
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000053
PM 15372044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sehorn, MG
   Sigurdsson, S
   Bussen, W
   Unger, VM
   Sung, P
AF Sehorn, MG
   Sigurdsson, S
   Bussen, W
   Unger, VM
   Sung, P
TI Human meiotic recombinase Dmc1 promotes ATP-dependent homologous DNA strand exchange
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replication protein-a; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; complex-formation; reca protein; rad51; meiosis; hsdmc1; repair; genes; ring
AB Homologous recombination is crucial for the repair of DNA breaks and maintenance of genome stability(1-3). In Escherichia coli, homologous recombination is dependent on the RecA protein. In the presence of ATP, RecA mediates the homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange reaction that links recombin-letters ing DNA molecules. DNA joint formation is initiated through the nucleation of RecA onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to form helical nucleoprotein filaments(4-6). Two RecA-like recombinases, Rad51 and Dmc1, exist in eukaryotes(1). Whereas Rad51 is needed for both mitotic and meiotic recombination events, the function of Dmc1 is restricted to meiosis(3,7). Here we examine human Dmc1 protein (hDmc1) for the ability to promote DNA strand exchange, and show that hDmc1 mediates strand exchange between paired DNA substrates over at least several thousand base pairs. DNA strand exchange requires ATP and is strongly dependent on the heterotrimeric ssDNA-binding molecule replication factor A (RPA). We present evidence that hDmc1-mediated DNA recombination initiates through the nucleation of hDmc1 onto ssDNA to form a helical nucleoprotein filament. The DNA strand exchange activity of hDmc1 is probably indispensable for repair of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis and for maintaining the ploidy of meiotic chromosomes.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
C3 Yale University; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP Sung, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM patrick.sung@yale.edu
NR 25
TC 152
Z9 190
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 433
EP 437
DI 10.1038/nature02563
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600043
PM 15164066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flasar, FM
   Kunde, VG
   Achterberg, RK
   Conrath, BJ
   Simon-Miller, AA
   Nixon, CA
   Gierasch, PJ
   Romani, PN
   Bézard, B
   Irwin, P
   Bjoraker, GL
   Brasunas, JC
   Jennings, DE
   Pearl, JC
   Smith, MD
   Orton, GS
   Spilker, LJ
   Carlson, R
   Calcutt, SB
   Read, PL
   Taylor, FW
   Parrish, P
   Barucci, A
   Courtin, R
   Coustenis, A
   Gautier, D
   Lellouch, E
   Marten, A
   Prangé, R
   Biraud, Y
   Fouchet, T
   Ferrari, C
   Owen, TC
   Abbas, MM
   Samuelson, RE
   Raulin, F
   Ade, P
   Césarsky, CJ
   Grossman, KU
   Coradini, A
AF Flasar, FM
   Kunde, VG
   Achterberg, RK
   Conrath, BJ
   Simon-Miller, AA
   Nixon, CA
   Gierasch, PJ
   Romani, PN
   Bézard, B
   Irwin, P
   Bjoraker, GL
   Brasunas, JC
   Jennings, DE
   Pearl, JC
   Smith, MD
   Orton, GS
   Spilker, LJ
   Carlson, R
   Calcutt, SB
   Read, PL
   Taylor, FW
   Parrish, P
   Barucci, A
   Courtin, R
   Coustenis, A
   Gautier, D
   Lellouch, E
   Marten, A
   Prangé, R
   Biraud, Y
   Fouchet, T
   Ferrari, C
   Owen, TC
   Abbas, MM
   Samuelson, RE
   Raulin, F
   Ade, P
   Césarsky, CJ
   Grossman, KU
   Coradini, A
TI An intense stratospheric jet on Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper troposphere; spatial-organization; time-dependence; thermal waves; oscillation; satellites; temperatures; planets
AB The Earth's equatorial stratosphere shows oscillations in which the east - west winds reverse direction and the temperatures change cyclically with a period of about two years(1,2). This phenomenon, called the quasi-biennial oscillation, also affects the dynamics of the mid- and high-latitude stratosphere and weather in the lower atmosphere(2). Ground-based observations have suggested(3-5) that similar temperature oscillations (with a 4-5-yr cycle) occur on Jupiter, but these data suffer from poor vertical resolution and Jupiter's stratospheric wind velocities have not yet been determined. Here we report maps of temperatures and winds with high spatial resolution, obtained from spacecraft measurements of infrared spectra of Jupiter's stratosphere. We find an intense, high-altitude equatorial jet with a speed of similar to140 m s(-1), whose spatial structure resembles that of a quasi-quadrennial oscillation. Wave activity in the stratosphere also appears analogous to that occurring on Earth. A strong interaction between Jupiter and its plasma environment produces hot spots in its upper atmosphere and stratosphere near its poles(6-9), and the temperature maps define the penetration of the hot spots into the stratosphere.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Observ Paris, LESIA, CNRS, FRE 2461, F-91925 Meudon, France.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
   Univ Paris 7 & 12, LISA, CNRS, UMR 7583, F-94010 Creteil, France.
   Univ Cardiff, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Gesamthsch Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-5600 Wuppertal 1, Germany.
   CNR, Inst Astrofis Spaziale, Area Recerca Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Science Systems & Applications Inc; Cornell University; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Oxford; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Hawaii System; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Cardiff University; European Southern Observatory; University of Wuppertal; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Flasar, FM (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM f.m.flasar@nasa.gov
NR 28
TC 102
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 132
EP 135
DI 10.1038/nature02142
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900029
PM 14712270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishimune, H
   Sanes, JR
   Carlson, SS
AF Nishimune, H
   Sanes, JR
   Carlson, SS
TI A synaptic laminin-calcium channel interaction organizes active zones in motor nerve terminals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eaton myasthenic syndrome; neurotransmitter release; mice lacking; neuromuscular-junctions; ca2+ channel; differentiation; transmission; expression; autoimmune; subunits
AB Synapse formation requires the differentiation of a functional nerve terminal opposite a specialized postsynaptic membrane. Here, we show that laminin beta2, a component of the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, binds directly to calcium channels that are required for neurotransmitter release from motor nerve terminals. This interaction leads to clustering of channels, which in turn recruit other presynaptic components. Perturbation of this interaction in vivo results in disassembly of neurotransmitter release sites, resembling defects previously observed in an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. These results identify an extracellular ligand of the voltage-gated calcium channel as well as a new laminin receptor. They also suggest a model for the development of nerve terminals, and provide clues to the pathogenesis of a synaptic disease.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Sanes, JR (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM sanesj@mcb.harvard.edu
NR 39
TC 215
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 580
EP 587
DI 10.1038/nature03112
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200036
PM 15577901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Pontieu, B
   Erdélyi, R
   James, SP
AF De Pontieu, B
   Erdélyi, R
   James, SP
TI Solar chromospheric spicules from the leakage of photospheric oscillations and flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rebound shock model; transition region; intensity oscillations; coronal explorer; atmosphere; sun; propagation; simulations
AB Spicules are dynamic jets propelled upwards ( at speeds of similar to20 km s(-1)) from the solar 'surface' (photosphere) into the magnetized low atmosphere of the Sun(1-3). They carry a mass flux of 100 times that of the solar wind into the low solar corona(4). With diameters close to observational limits (< 500 km), spicules have been largely unexplained(3) since their discovery in 1877(5): none of the existing models(3) can account simultaneously for their ubiquity, evolution, energetics and recently discovered periodicity(6). Here we report a synthesis of modelling and high-spatial-resolution observations in which numerical simulations driven by observed photospheric velocities directly reproduce the observed occurrence and properties of individual spicules. Photospheric velocities are dominated by convective granulation ( which has been considered before for spicule formation(7-11)) and by p-modes ( which are solar global resonant acoustic oscillations visible in the photosphere as quasi-sinusoidal velocity and intensity pulsations). We show that the previously ignored p-modes are crucial: on inclined magnetic flux tubes, the p-modes leak sufficient energy from the global resonant cavity into the chromosphere to power shocks that drive upward flows and form spicules.
C1 Lockheed Martin Solar & Asrophys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Appl Math, Solar Phys & Upper Atmosphere Res Ctr, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP De Pontieu, B (corresponding author), Lockheed Martin Solar & Asrophys Lab, 3251 Hanover St,Org ADBS,Bldg 252, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM bdp@lmsal.com
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 417
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature02749
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100040
PM 15282598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dormitzer, PR
   Nason, EB
   Prasad, BVV
   Harrison, SC
AF Dormitzer, PR
   Nason, EB
   Prasad, BVV
   Harrison, SC
TI Structural rearrangements in the membrane penetration protein of a non-enveloped virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus rotavirus vp4; cryoelectron microscopy; 3-dimensional structure; cell entry; fusion; hemagglutinin; reconstruction; cleavage; binding; permeabilization
AB Non-enveloped virus particles (those that lack a lipid-bilayer membrane) must breach the membrane of a target host cell to gain access to its cytoplasm. So far, the molecular mechanism of this membrane penetration step has resisted structural analysis. The spike protein VP4 is a principal component in the entry apparatus of rotavirus, a non-enveloped virus that causes gastroenteritis and kills 440,000 children each year(1). Trypsin cleavage of VP4 primes the virus for entry by triggering a rearrangement that rigidifies the VP4 spikes(2). We have determined the crystal structure, at 3.2 Angstrom resolution, of the main part of VP4 that projects from the virion. The crystal structure reveals a coiled-coil stabilized trimer. Comparison of this structure with the two-fold clustered VP4 spikes in a similar to12 Angstrom resolution image reconstruction from electron cryomicroscopy of trypsin-primed virions shows that VP4 also undergoes a second rearrangement, in which the oligomer reorganizes and each subunit folds back on itself, translocating a potential membrane-interaction peptide from one end of the spike to the other. This rearrangement resembles the conformational transitions of membrane fusion proteins of enveloped viruses(3-6).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Mol Med Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Berna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Dormitzer, PR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dormitze@crystal.harvard.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI053174-01A1, R01 AI053174-02] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1053
EP 1058
DI 10.1038/nature02836
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900049
PM 15329727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lahdenperä, M
   Lummaa, V
   Helle, S
   Tremblay, M
   Russell, AF
AF Lahdenperä, M
   Lummaa, V
   Helle, S
   Tremblay, M
   Russell, AF
TI Fitness benefits of prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in women
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary-theory; grandmothers; survival; helpers; history; success
AB Most animals reproduce until they die, but in humans, females can survive long after ceasing reproduction(1,2). In theory, a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan will evolve when can gain greater fitness by increasing the success of their offspring than by continuing to breed themselves(3-6). Although reproductive success is known to decline in old age(1-6), it is unknown whether women gain fitness by prolonging lifespan post-reproduction. Using complete multi-generational demographic records, we show that women with a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan have more grandchildren, and hence greater fitness, in pre-modern populations of both Finns and Canadians. This fitness benefit arises because post-reproductive mothers enhance the lifetime reproductive success of their offspring by allowing them to breed earlier, more frequently and more successfully. Finally, the fitness benefits of prolonged lifespan diminish as the reproductive output of offspring declines. This suggests that in female humans, selection for deferred ageing should wane when one's own offspring become post-reproductive and, correspondingly, we show that rates of female mortality accelerate as their offspring terminate reproduction.
C1 Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Quebec Chicoutimi, Interdisciplinary Res Grp Demog & Genet Epidemiol, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada.
C3 University of Turku; University of Sheffield; University of Cambridge; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Chicoutimi
RP Lahdenperä, M (corresponding author), Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Sect Ecol, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
EM mipayl@utu.fi
NR 29
TC 359
Z9 391
U1 1
U2 178
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/nature02367
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600048
PM 15014499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stott, PA
   Stone, DA
   Allen, MR
AF Stott, PA
   Stone, DA
   Allen, MR
TI Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 20th-century temperature-change; climate-change; part i; variability; trends; model
AB The summer of 2003 was probably the hottest in Europe since at latest AD 1500(1-4), and unusually large numbers of heat-related deaths were reported in France, Germany and Italy(5). It is an ill-posed question whether the 2003 heatwave was caused, in a simple deterministic sense, by a modification of the external influences on climate-for example, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere-because almost any such weather event might have occurred by chance in an unmodified climate. However, it is possible to estimate by how much human activities may have increased the risk of the occurrence of such a heatwave(6-8). Here we use this conceptual framework to estimate the contribution of human-induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the risk of the occurrence of unusually high mean summer temperatures throughout a large region of continental Europe. Using a threshold for mean summer temperature that was exceeded in 2003, but in no other year since the start of the instrumental record in 1851, we estimate it is very likely (confidence level > 90%)(9) that human influence has at least doubled the risk of a heatwave exceeding this threshold-magnitude.
C1 Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Met Off, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Reading; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Stott, PA (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Met Off, Meteorol Bldg, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
EM peter.stott@metoffice.gov.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00881, NER/T/S/2001/00968] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 1318
Z9 1468
U1 11
U2 349
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 610
EP 614
DI 10.1038/nature03089
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200043
PM 15577907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, D
AF Blake, D
TI Biodiscovery - from reef to outback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP A15
EP +
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831HC
UT WOS:000222184500004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyoshima, C
   Nomura, H
   Tsuda, T
AF Toyoshima, C
   Nomura, H
   Tsuda, T
TI Lumenal gating mechanism revealed in calcium pump crystal structures with phosphate analogues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum ca2+-atpase; p-type atpases; insensitive phosphoenzyme intermediate; response regulator protein; high-affinity; a-domain; adenosine-triphosphatase; functional consequences; phosphoryl transfer; transport sites
AB P-type ion transporting ATPases are ATP-powered ion pumps that establish ion concentration gradients across biological membranes. Transfer of bound cations to the lumenal or extracellular side occurs while the ATPase is phosphorylated. Here we report at 2.3 Angstrom resolution the structure of the calcium-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, a representative P-type ATPase that is crystallized in the absence of Ca2+ but in the presence of magnesium fluoride, a stable phosphate analogue. This and other crystal structures determined previously provide atomic models for all four principal states in the reaction cycle. These structures show that the three cytoplasmic domains rearrange to move six out of ten transmembrane helices, thereby changing the affinity of the Ca2+-binding sites and the gating of the ion pathway. Release of ADP triggers the opening of the lumenal gate and release of phosphate its closure, effected mainly through movement of the A-domain, the actuator of transmembrane gates.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Toyoshima, C (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM ct@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 47
TC 372
Z9 419
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 361
EP 368
DI 10.1038/nature02981
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400047
PM 15448704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eggan, E
   Baldwin, K
   Tackett, M
   Osborne, J
   Gogos, J
   Chess, A
   Axel, R
   Jaenisch, R
AF Eggan, E
   Baldwin, K
   Tackett, M
   Osborne, J
   Gogos, J
   Chess, A
   Axel, R
   Jaenisch, R
TI Mice cloned from olfactory sensory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID end-joining proteins; embryonic stem-cells; receptor gene; nuclear transplantation; somatic recombination; monoclonal-antibody; odorant receptors; topographic map; nervous-system; basal-cells
AB Cloning by nuclear transplantation has been successfully carried out in various mammals, including mice. Until now mice have not been cloned from post-mitotic cells such as neurons. Here, we have generated fertile mouse clones derived by transferring the nuclei of post-mitotic, olfactory sensory neurons into oocytes. These results indicate that the genome of a post-mitotic, terminally differentiated neuron can re-enter the cell cycle and be reprogrammed to a state of totipotency after nuclear transfer. Moreover, the pattern of odorant receptor gene expression and the organization of odorant receptor genes in cloned mice was indistinguishable from wild-type animals, indicating that irreversible changes to the DNA of olfactory neurons do not accompany receptor gene choice.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM achess@wi.mit.edu; jaenisch@wi.mit.edu
NR 43
TC 281
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 44
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature02375
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800029
PM 14990966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calvert, AJ
AF Calvert, AJ
TI Seismic reflection imaging of two megathrust shear zones in the northern Cascadia subduction zone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca plate; convergent margin; vancouver-island; western canada; silent slip; earthquakes; dehydration; constraints; interface; beneath
AB At convergent continental margins, the relative motion between the subducting oceanic plate and the overriding continent is usually accommodated by movement along a single, thin interface known as a megathrust(1). Great thrust earthquakes occur on the shallow part of this interface where the two plates are locked together(2). Earthquakes of lower magnitude occur within the underlying oceanic plate, and have been linked to geochemical dehydration reactions caused by the plate's descent(3-7). Here I present deep seismic reflection data from the northern Cascadia subduction zone that show that the inter-plate boundary is up to 16 km thick and comprises two megathrust shear zones that bound a >5-km-thick, similar to110-km-wide region of imbricated crustal rocks. Earthquakes within the subducting plate occur predominantly in two geographic bands where the dip of the plate is inferred to increase as it is forced around the edges of the imbricated inter-plate boundary zone. This implies that seismicity in the subducting slab is controlled primarily by deformation in the upper part of the plate. Slip on the shallower megathrust shear zone, which may occur by aseismic slow slip, will transport crustal rocks into the upper mantle above the subducting oceanic plate and may, in part, provide an explanation for the unusually low seismic wave speeds that are observed there(8,9).
C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
C3 Simon Fraser University
RP Calvert, AJ (corresponding author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
EM acalvert@sfu.ca
NR 30
TC 68
Z9 85
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 163
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature02372
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600044
PM 15014496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urbakh, M
   Klafter, J
   Gourdon, D
   Israelachvili, J
AF Urbakh, M
   Klafter, J
   Gourdon, D
   Israelachvili, J
TI The nonlinear nature of friction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stick-slip motion; dynamic force spectroscopy; confined liquids; origin; fluctuations; transitions; adhesion
AB Tribology Is the study of adhesion, friction, lubrication and wear of surfaces in relative motion. It remains as important today as it was in ancient times, arising in the fields of physics, chemistry, geology, biology and engineering. The more we learn about tribology the more complex it appears. Nevertheless, recent experiments coupled to theoretical modelling have made great advances in unifying apparently diverse phenomena and revealed many subtle and often non-intuitive aspects of matter in motion, which stem from the nonlinear nature of the problem.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Tel Aviv University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Urbakh, M (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 50
TC 592
Z9 669
U1 14
U2 412
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 525
EP 528
DI 10.1038/nature02750
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100038
PM 15282597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lawrence, JS
   Ashley, MCB
   Tokovinin, A
   Travouillon, T
AF Lawrence, JS
   Ashley, MCB
   Tokovinin, A
   Travouillon, T
TI Exceptional astronomical seeing conditions above Dome C in Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulence profile; adaptive optics
AB One of the most important considerations when planning the next generation of ground-based optical astronomical telescopes is to choose a site that has excellent 'seeing'-the jitter in the apparent position of a star that is caused by light bending as it passes through regions of differing refractive index in the Earth's atmosphere. The best mid-latitude sites have a median seeing ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 arcsec (refs 1-5). Sites on the Antarctic plateau have unique atmospheric properties that make them worth investigating as potential observatory locations. Previous testing at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station has, however, demonstrated poor seeing, averaging 1.8 arcsec (refs 6, 7). Here we report observations of the wintertime seeing from Dome C (ref. 8), a high point on the Antarctic plateau at a latitude of 75 degrees S. The results are remarkable: the median seeing is 0.27 arcsec, and below 0.15 arcsec 25 per cent of the time. A telescope placed at Dome C would compete with one that is 2 to 3 times larger at the best mid-latitude observatories, and an interferometer based at this site could work on projects that would otherwise require a space mission.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, La Serena, Chile.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
RP Ashley, MCB (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
EM m.ashley@unsw.edu.au
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 285
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature02929
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000032
PM 15372024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gatfield, D
   Izaurralde, E
AF Gatfield, D
   Izaurralde, E
TI Nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay is initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; degradation; codon; pathway; yeast; cells; endoribonuclease; identification; deadenylation; surveillance
AB In eukaryotic cells, messenger RNAs harbouring premature termination codons (PTCs) are rapidly degraded by a conserved post-transcriptional mechanism referred to as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)(1,2), which prevents the synthesis of truncated proteins that could be deleterious for the cell(1,2). Studies in yeast and mammals indicate that degradation by means of this pathway can occur from both the 5' end of the message (involving decapping and 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic digestion by XRN1) or the 3' end (through accelerated deadenylation and exosome-mediated 3'-to-5' decay)(3-9). Here we show that, contrary to expectation, degradation of PTC-containing messages in Drosophila is initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage(s) in the vicinity of the nonsense codon. The resulting 5' fragment is rapidly degraded by exonucleolytic digestion by the exosome, whereas the 3' fragment is degraded by XRN1. This decay route is shown for several PTC-containing reporters, as well as an endogenous mRNA that is naturally regulated by NMD. We conclude that, despite conservation in the NMD machinery, PTC-containing transcripts are degraded in Drosophila by a mechanism that differs considerably from those described in yeast and mammals(3,6,7).
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Izaurralde, E (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM izaurralde@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 252
U1 2
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 575
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature02559
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700043
PM 15175755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaccari, NE
   Edgecombe, GD
   Escudero, C
AF Vaccari, NE
   Edgecombe, GD
   Escudero, C
TI Cambrian origins and affinities of an enigmatic fossil group of arthropods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scutigera-coleoptrata; house centipede; evolution; sequences; phylogeny; argentina
AB Euthycarcinoids are one of the most enigmatic arthropod groups, having been assigned to nearly all major clades of Arthropoda. Recent work has endorsed closest relationships with crustaceans(1) or a myriapod - hexapod assemblage(2), a basal position in the Euarthropoda(3), or a placement in the Hexapoda(4) or hexapod stem group(5). Euthycarcinoids are known from 13 species ranging in age from Late Ordovician or Early Silurian to Middle Triassic, all in freshwater or brackish water environments(6). Here we describe a euthycarcinoid from marine strata in Argentina dating from the latest Cambrian period, extending the group's record back as much as 50 million years. Despite its antiquity and marine occurrence, the Cambrian species demonstrates that morphological details were conserved in the transition to fresh water. Trackways in the same unit as the euthycarcinoid strengthen arguments that similar traces of subaerial origin from Cambro-Ordovician rocks were made by euthycarcinoids(7,8). Large mandibles in euthycarcinoids(6,9) are confirmed by the Cambrian species. A morphology-based phylogeny resolves euthycarcinoids as stem-group Mandibulata, sister to the Myriapoda and Crustacea plus Hexapoda.
C1 Univ Nacl Jujuy, Inst Geol & Mineria, RA-4600 San Salvador De Jujuy, Argentina.
   Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
   OHiggins & Zarate, RA-4612 San Salvador De Jujuy, Argentina.
C3 Australian Museum
RP Vaccari, NE (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Jujuy, Inst Geol & Mineria, Ave Bolivia 1661, RA-4600 San Salvador De Jujuy, Argentina.
EM evac@idgym.unju.edu.ar
NR 24
TC 37
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 554
EP 557
DI 10.1038/nature02705
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100046
PM 15282604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gouin, E
   Egile, C
   Dehoux, P
   Villiers, V
   Adams, J
   Gertler, F
   Li, R
   Cossart, P
AF Gouin, E
   Egile, C
   Dehoux, P
   Villiers, V
   Adams, J
   Gertler, F
   Li, R
   Cossart, P
TI The RickA protein of Rickettsia conorii activates the Arp2/3 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monocytogenes acta protein; listeria-monocytogenes; fibroblast motility; wasp/scar proteins; ena/vasp proteins; polymerization; wasp; nucleation; cortactin; filaments
AB Actin polymerization, the main driving force for cell locomotion, is also used by the bacteria Listeria and Shigella and vaccinia virus for intracellular and intercellular movements(1,2). Seminal studies have shown the key function of the Arp2/3 complex in nucleating actin and generating a branched array of actin filaments during membrane extension and pathogen movement(3). Arp2/3 requires activation by proteins such as the WASP-family proteins or ActA of Listeria. We previously reported that actin tails of Rickettsia conorii, another intracellular bacterium, unlike those of Listeria, Shigella or vaccinia, are made of long unbranched actin filaments apparently devoid of Arp2/3 (ref. 4). Here we identify a R. conorii surface protein, RickA, that activates Arp2/3 in vitro, although less efficiently than ActA. In infected cells, Arp2/3 is detected on the rickettsial surface but not in actin tails. When expressed in mammalian cells and targeted to the membrane, RickA induces filopodia. Thus RickA-induced actin polymerization, by generating long actin filaments reminiscent of those present in filopodia, has potential as a tool for studying filopodia formation.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Unite Interact Bacteries Cellules, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Cell Biol, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Cossart, P (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Unite Interact Bacteries Cellules, 28 Rue Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM pcossart@pasteur.fr
NR 29
TC 215
Z9 267
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature02318
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500047
PM 14749835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, M
   Chien, P
   Naber, N
   Cooke, R
   Weissman, JS
AF Tanaka, M
   Chien, P
   Naber, N
   Cooke, R
   Weissman, JS
TI Conformational variations in an infectious protein determine prion strain differences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sup35 protein; psi+ prion; yeast; psi(+); generation; induction; diversity; vitro
AB A remarkable feature of prion biology is the strain phenomenon wherein prion particles apparently composed of the same protein lead to phenotypically distinct transmissible states(1-4). To reconcile the existence of strains with the 'protein-only' hypothesis of prion transmission, it has been proposed that a single protein can misfold into multiple distinct infectious forms, one for each different strain(1-3,5). Several studies have found correlations between strain phenotypes and conformations of prion particles(6-10); however, whether such differences cause or are simply a secondary manifestation of prion strains remains unclear, largely due to the difficulty of creating infectious material from pure protein(3,5). Here we report a high-efficiency protocol for infecting yeast with the [PSI+] prion using amyloids composed of a recombinant Sup35 fragment (Sup-NM). Using thermal stability and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate that Sup-NM amyloids formed at different temperatures adopt distinct, stably propagating conformations. Infection of yeast with these different amyloid conformations leads to different [PSI+] strains. These results establish that Sup-NM adopts an infectious conformation before entering the cell fulfilling a key prediction of the prion hypothesis(5)-and directly demonstrate that differences in the conformation of the infectious protein determine prion strain variation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM jsw1@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 680
Z9 808
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 323
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature02392
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200045
PM 15029196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dengler, M
   Schott, FA
   Eden, C
   Brandt, P
   Fischer, J
   Zantopp, RJ
AF Dengler, M
   Schott, FA
   Eden, C
   Brandt, P
   Fischer, J
   Zantopp, RJ
TI Break-up of the Atlantic deep western boundary current into eddies at 8° S
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current variability; circulation; brazil; transport; ocean; flow; heat
AB The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago(1). These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10 - 40) x 10(6) m(3) s(-1) of water(2-5), transporting North Atlantic Deep Water - from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea - into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8degrees S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.
C1 Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Dengler, M (corresponding author), Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
EM mdengler@ifm-geomar.de
NR 21
TC 93
Z9 101
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1018
EP 1020
DI 10.1038/nature03134
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000039
PM 15616560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lipinski, C
   Hopkins, A
AF Lipinski, C
   Hopkins, A
TI Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-property; assay technology; selection criteria; click chemistry; lead discovery; x-ray; drug; prediction; inhibitors; library
AB Despite over a century of applying organic synthesis to the search for drugs, we are still far from even a cursory examination of the vast number of possible small molecules that could be created. Indeed, a thorough examination of all 'chemical space' is practically impossible. Given this, what are the best strategies for identifying small molecules that modulate biological targets? And how might such strategies differ, depending on whether the primary goal is to understand biological systems or to develop potential drugs?
C1 Pfizer Inc, Global R&D, Groton Labs, Groton, CT 06340 USA.
   Pfizer Ltd, Global R&D, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, Kent, England.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer United Kingdom
RP Lipinski, C (corresponding author), Pfizer Inc, Global R&D, Groton Labs, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340 USA.
EM christopher_a_lipinski@groton.pfizer.com; andrew.hopkins@pfizer.com
NR 66
TC 831
Z9 966
U1 4
U2 156
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 855
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature03193
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500042
PM 15602551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mizukami, T
   Wallis, SR
   Yamamoto, J
AF Mizukami, T
   Wallis, SR
   Yamamoto, J
TI Natural examples of olivine lattice preferred orientation patterns with a flow normal a-axis maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sambagawa metamorphic belt; upper mantle anisotropy; seismic anisotropy; japan; peridotites; shear; zone; evolution; petrology; beneath
AB Tectonic plate motion is thought to cause solid-state plastic flow within the underlying upper mantle and accordingly lead to the development of a lattice preferred orientation of the constituent olivine crystals(1-3). The mechanical anisotropy that results from such preferred orientation typically produces a direction of maximum seismic wave velocity parallel to the plate motion direction(4,5). This has been explained by the existence of an olivine preferred orientation with an 'a-axis' maximum parallel to the induced mantle flow direction(3,5,6-8). In subduction zones, however, the olivine a axes have been inferred to be arranged roughly perpendicular to plate motion(9-13), which has usually been ascribed to localized complex mantle flow patterns(10-13). Recent experimental work(14) suggests an alternative explanation: under conditions of high water activity, a 'B-type' olivine preferred orientation may form, with the a-axis maximum perpendicular to the flow direction. Natural examples of such B-type preferred orientation are, however, almost entirely unknown. Here we document widespread B-type olivine preferred orientation patterns from a subduction-type metamorphic belt in southwest Japan and show that these patterns developed in the presence of water. Our discovery implies that mantle flow above subduction zones may be much simpler than has generally been thought.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Geol & Mineral, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Environm Studies, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Chem Lab, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Nagoya University; University of Tokyo
RP Mizukami, T (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Geol & Mineral, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM mizukami@kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 130
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 432
EP 436
DI 10.1038/nature02179
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500040
PM 14749828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, J
AF Clayton, J
TI From worms to humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 601
EP 605
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Callaway, RM
   Thelen, GC
   Rodriguez, A
   Holben, WE
AF Callaway, RM
   Thelen, GC
   Rodriguez, A
   Holben, WE
TI Soil biota and exotic plant invasion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; biological-control; feedback; community; pathogens; growth
AB Invasive plants are an economic problem and a threat to the conservation of natural systems. Escape from natural enemies might contribute to successful invasion(1), with most work emphasizing the role of insect herbivores(2-4); however, microbial pathogens are attracting increased attention(5). Soil biota in some invaded ecosystems may promote 'exotic' invasion(6-9), and plant-soil feedback processes are also important. Thus, relatively rare species native to North America consistently demonstrate negative feedbacks with soil microbes that promote biological diversity(10), whereas abundant exotic and native species demonstrate positive feedbacks that reduce biological diversity(10). Here we report that soil microbes from the home range of the invasive exotic plant Centaurea maculosa L. have stronger inhibitory effects on its growth than soil microbes from where the weed has invaded in North America. Centaurea and soil microbes participate in different plant-soil feedback processes at home compared with outside Centaurea's home range. In native European soils, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly negative effects on the weed's growth, possibly leading to its control. But in soils from North America, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly positive effects on itself, which may contribute to the success of this exotic species in North America.
C1 Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Callaway, RM (corresponding author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
EM ray.callaway@mso.umt.edu
NR 28
TC 767
Z9 996
U1 25
U2 757
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature02322
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000042
PM 14973484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, J
AF Clayton, J
TI The silent treatment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 9
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 599
EP 599
DI 10.1038/431599a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU La Spina, A
   Paolicchi, P
   Kryszczynska, A
   Pravec, P
AF La Spina, A
   Paolicchi, P
   Kryszczynska, A
   Pravec, P
TI Retrograde spins of near-Earth asteroids from the Yarkovsky effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fragments; origin
AB Dynamical resonances in the asteroid belt are the gateway for the production of near-Earth asteroids(1) (NEAs). To generate the observed number of NEAs, however, requires the injection of many asteroids into those resonant regions. Collisional processes have long been claimed as a possible source(1-3), but difficulties with that idea have led to the suggestion that orbital drift arising from the Yarkovsky effect(4-7) dominates the injection process(8-10). ( The Yarkovsky effect is a force arising from differential heating the 'afternoon' side of an asteroid is warmer than the 'morning' side.) The two models predict different rotational properties of NEAs: the usual collisional theories(2) are consistent with a nearly isotropic distribution of rotation vectors, whereas the 'Yarkovsky model' predicts an excess of retrograde rotations. Here we report that the spin vectors of NEAs show a strong and statistically significant excess of retrograde rotations, quantitatively consistent with the theoretical expectations of the Yarkovsky model.
C1 Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Matemat, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
   Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznan, Astron Observ, PL-60286 Poznan, Poland.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Astron Inst, CZ-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic.
C3 University of Pisa; University of Pisa; Adam Mickiewicz University; Czech Academy of Sciences; Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Paolicchi, P (corresponding author), Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, Via Buonarroti 2, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
EM paolicchi@df.unipi.it
NR 17
TC 85
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 400
EP 401
DI 10.1038/nature02411
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300034
PM 15042082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tian, JD
   Gong, H
   Sheng, NJ
   Zhou, XC
   Gulari, E
   Gao, XL
   Church, G
AF Tian, JD
   Gong, H
   Sheng, NJ
   Zhou, XC
   Gulari, E
   Gao, XL
   Church, G
TI Accurate multiplex gene synthesis from programmable DNA microchips
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase chain-reaction; chemical synthesis; amplification; sequences; proteins; genome
AB Testing the many hypotheses from genomics and systems biology experiments demands accurate and cost-effective gene and genome synthesis. Here we describe a microchip-based technology for multiplex gene synthesis. Pools of thousands of 'construction' oligonucleotides and tagged complementary 'selection' oligonucleotides are synthesized on photo-programmable microfluidic chips(1), released, amplified and selected by hybridization to reduce synthesis errors ninefold. A one-step polymerase assembly multiplexing reaction assembles these into multiple genes. This technology enabled us to synthesize all 21 genes that encode the proteins of the Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunit, and to optimize their translation efficiency in vitro through alteration of codon bias. This is a significant step towards the synthesis of ribosomes in vitro and should have utility for synthetic biology in general.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Houston, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77004 USA.
   Atact Technol Inc, Houston, TX 77054 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Church, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM glmlcl@arep.med.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 312
Z9 554
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1050
EP 1054
DI 10.1038/nature03151
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000047
PM 15616567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sazonova, V
   Yaish, Y
   Üstünel, H
   Roundy, D
   Arias, TA
   McEuen, PL
AF Sazonova, V
   Yaish, Y
   Üstünel, H
   Roundy, D
   Arias, TA
   McEuen, PL
TI A tunable carbon nanotube electromechanical oscillator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID attonewton force detection; cantilevers; transistor; resonator; quantum; physics; room
AB Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) hold promise for a number of scientific and technological applications. In particular, NEMS oscillators have been proposed for use in ultrasensitive mass detection(1,2), radio-frequency signal processing(3,4), and as a model system for exploring quantum phenomena in macroscopic systems(5,6). Perhaps the ultimate material for these applications is a carbon nanotube. They are the stiffest material known, have low density, ultrasmall cross-sections and can be defect-free. Equally important, a nanotube can act as a transistor(7) and thus may be able to sense its own motion. In spite of this great promise, a room-temperature, self-detecting nanotube oscillator has not been realized, although some progress has been made(8-12). Here we report the electrical actuation and detection of the guitar-string-like oscillation modes of doubly clamped nanotube oscillators. We show that the resonance frequency can be widely tuned and that the devices can be used to transduce very small forces.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP McEuen, PL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM mceuen@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 28
TC 1174
Z9 1340
U1 4
U2 317
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 284
EP 287
DI 10.1038/nature02905
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000034
PM 15372026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, B
   Ooi, TL
   He, ZJJ
AF Wu, B
   Ooi, TL
   He, ZJJ
TI Perceiving distance accurately by a directional process of integrating ground information
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-perception; motion; location; vision; slant; shape
AB By itself, the absolute distance of an object cannot be accurately judged beyond 2-3 m (refs 1-3). Yet, when it is viewed with reference to a flat terrain, humans accurately judge the absolute distance of the object up to 20 m, an ability that is important for various actions(4-8). Here we provide evidence that this is accomplished by integrating local patches of ground information into a global surface reference frame. We first show that restricting an observer's visual field of view to the local ground area around the target leads to distance underestimation, indicating that a relatively wide expanse of the ground surface is required for accurate distance judgement. Second, as proof of surface integration, we show that even with the restricted view, the observer can accurately judge absolute distance by scanning local patches of the ground surface, bit by bit, from near to far, but not in the reverse direction. This finding also reveals that the surface integration process uses the near-ground-surface information as a foundation for surface representation, and extrapolation to the far ground surface around the target for accurate absolute distance computation.
C1 Penn Coll Optometry, Dept Basic Sci, Elkins Pk, PA 19027 USA.
   Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
C3 University of Louisville
RP He, ZJJ (corresponding author), Penn Coll Optometry, Dept Basic Sci, 8360 Old York Rd, Elkins Pk, PA 19027 USA.
EM tlooi@pco.edu; zjhe@louisville.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014821] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 227
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature02350
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800037
PM 14999282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vennerstrom, JL
   Arbe-Barnes, S
   Brun, R
   Charman, SA
   Chiu, FCK
   Chollet, J
   Dong, YX
   Dorn, A
   Hunziker, D
   Matile, H
   McIntosh, K
   Padmanilayam, M
   Tomas, JS
   Scheurer, C
   Scorneaux, B
   Tang, YQ
   Urwyler, H
   Wittlin, S
   Charman, WN
AF Vennerstrom, JL
   Arbe-Barnes, S
   Brun, R
   Charman, SA
   Chiu, FCK
   Chollet, J
   Dong, YX
   Dorn, A
   Hunziker, D
   Matile, H
   McIntosh, K
   Padmanilayam, M
   Tomas, JS
   Scheurer, C
   Scorneaux, B
   Tang, YQ
   Urwyler, H
   Wittlin, S
   Charman, WN
TI Identification of an antimalarial synthetic trioxolane drug development candidate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; qinghaosu artemisinin; ozonides; pharmacokinetics; absorption; resistance; peroxides; discovery; invitro; design
AB The discovery of artemisinin more than 30 years ago provided a completely new antimalarial structural prototype; that is, a molecule with a pharmacophoric peroxide bond in a unique 1,2,4-trioxane heterocycle(1). Available evidence(2-4) suggests that artemisinin and related peroxidic antimalarial drugs exert their parasiticidal activity subsequent to reductive activation by haem, released as a result of haemoglobin digestion by the malaria-causing parasite. This irreversible redox reaction produces carbon-centred free radicals, leading to alkylation of haem(5) and proteins ( enzymes) 6, one of which-the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase PfATP6 (ref. 7)-may be critical to parasite survival. Notably, there is no evidence of drug resistance to any member of the artemisinin family of drugs(8). The chemotherapy of malaria has benefited greatly from the semi-synthetic artemisinins artemether and artesunate as they rapidly reduce parasite burden, have good therapeutic indices and provide for successful treatment outcomes(9). However, as a drug class, the artemisinins suffer from chemical(10) ( semisynthetic availability, purity and cost), biopharmaceutical(11) (poor bioavailability and limiting pharmacokinetics) and treatment(8,11) (non-compliance with long treatment regimens and recrudescence) issues that limit their therapeutic potential. Here we describe how a synthetic peroxide antimalarial drug development candidate was identified in a collaborative drug discovery project.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Coll Pharm, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
   Swiss Trop Inst, Hemel Hempstead HP1 1JY, Herts, England.
   Monash Univ, Victorian Coll Pharm, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   F Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
   Basilea Pharmaceut Ltd, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Medical Center; University of Basel; Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute; Monash University; Roche Holding; Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd.
RP Vennerstrom, JL (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Coll Pharm, 986025 Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
EM jvenners@unmc.edu
NR 30
TC 560
Z9 648
U1 0
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 900
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature02779
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800044
PM 15318224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU King, RD
   Whelan, KE
   Jones, FM
   Reiser, PGK
   Bryant, CH
   Muggleton, SH
   Kell, DB
   Oliver, SG
AF King, RD
   Whelan, KE
   Jones, FM
   Reiser, PGK
   Bryant, CH
   Muggleton, SH
   Kell, DB
   Oliver, SG
TI Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The question of whether it is possible to automate the scientific process is of both great theoretical interest(1,2) and increasing practical importance because, in many scientific areas, data are being generated much faster than they can be effectively analysed. We describe a physically implemented robotic system that applies techniques from artificial intelligence(3-8) to carry out cycles of scientific experimentation. The system automatically originates hypotheses to explain observations, devises experiments to test these hypotheses, physically runs the experiments using a laboratory robot, interprets the results to falsify hypotheses inconsistent with the data, and then repeats the cycle. Here we apply the system to the determination of gene function using deletion mutants of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and auxotrophic growth experiments(9). We built and tested a detailed logical model (involving genes, proteins and metabolites) of the aromatic amino acid synthesis pathway. In biological experiments that automatically reconstruct parts of this model, we show that an intelligent experiment selection strategy is competitive with human performance and significantly outperforms, with a cost decrease of 3-fold and 100-fold (respectively), both cheapest and random-experiment selection.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Wales, Dept Comp Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, Dyfed, Wales.
   Robert Gordon Univ, Sch Comp, Aberdeen AB10 1FR, Scotland.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Comp, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Chem, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester; Aberystwyth University; Robert Gordon University; Imperial College London; University of Manchester
RP Oliver, SG (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, 2-205 Stopford Bldg, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM steve.oliver@man.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [E19354] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [E19354] Funding Source: researchfish; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R60621/01, GR/R54071/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 18
TC 439
Z9 540
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 247
EP 252
DI 10.1038/nature02236
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100044
PM 14724639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joughin, I
   Abdalati, W
   Fahnestock, M
AF Joughin, I
   Abdalati, W
   Fahnestock, M
TI Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-sheet; west greenland; radar interferometry; surficial glaciology; outlet glacier; velocity; acceleration; antarctica; collapse; shelf
AB It is important to understand recent changes in the velocity of Greenland glaciers because the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet is partly determined by the flow rates of these outlets. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's largest outlet glacier(1), draining about 6.5 per cent of the ice-sheet area, and it has been surveyed repeatedly since 1991 (ref. 2). Here we use remote sensing data to measure the velocity of Jakobshavn Isbr between 1992 and 2003. We detect large variability of the velocity over time, including a slowing down from 6,700 m yr(-1) in 1985 to 5,700 m yr(-1) in 1992, and a subsequent speeding up to 9,400 m yr(-1) by 2000 and 12,600 m yr(-1) in 2003. These changes are consistent with earlier evidence for thickening of the glacier in the early 1990s and rapid thinning thereafter(3). Our observations indicate that fast-flowing glaciers can significantly alter ice discharge at sub-decadal time-scales, with at least a potential to respond rapidly to a changing climate.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans & Ice Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Joughin, I (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA.
EM ian@apl.washington.edu
NR 26
TC 388
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/nature03130
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200042
PM 15577906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mira, MT
   Alcaïs, A
   Van Thuc, N
   Moraes, MO
   Di Flumeri, C
   Thai, VH
   Phuong, MC
   Huong, NT
   Ba, NN
   Khoa, PX
   Sarno, EN
   Alter, A
   Montpetit, A
   Moraes, ME
   Moraes, JR
   Doré, C
   Gallant, CJ
   Lepage, P
   Verner, A
   van de Vosse, E
   Hudson, TJ
   Abel, L
   Schurr, E
AF Mira, MT
   Alcaïs, A
   Van Thuc, N
   Moraes, MO
   Di Flumeri, C
   Thai, VH
   Phuong, MC
   Huong, NT
   Ba, NN
   Khoa, PX
   Sarno, EN
   Alter, A
   Montpetit, A
   Moraes, ME
   Moraes, JR
   Doré, C
   Gallant, CJ
   Lepage, P
   Verner, A
   van de Vosse, E
   Hudson, TJ
   Abel, L
   Schurr, E
TI Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and affects about 700,000 individuals each year(1). It has long been thought that leprosy has a strong genetic component(2), and recently we mapped a leprosy susceptibility locus to chromosome 6 region q25-q26 (ref. 3). Here we investigate this region further by using a systematic association scan of the chromosomal interval most likely to harbour this leprosy susceptibility locus. In 197 Vietnamese families we found a significant association between leprosy and 17 markers located in a block of approx. 80 kilobases overlapping the 5' regulatory region shared by the Parkinson's disease gene PARK2 and the co-regulated gene PACRG. Possession of as few as two of the 17 risk alleles was highly predictive of leprosy. This was confirmed in a sample of 975 unrelated leprosy cases and controls from Brazil in whom the same alleles were strongly associated with leprosy. Variants in the regulatory region shared by PARK2 and PACRG therefore act as common risk factors for leprosy.
C1 McGill Univ, McGill Ctr Study Host Resistance, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Human Genet, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1A4, Canada.
   Univ Catolica Parana, Ctr Ciencias Biol & Saude, BR-80215901 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
   Univ Paris 05, Fac Med Necker, INSERM, U550,Lab Genet Humaine Malad Infect, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Hosp Dermatovenereol, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
   Fiocruz MS, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Trop Med, Leprosy Lab, BR-20221903 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Genome Quebec Innovat Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Minist Saude, Inst Nacl Canc, Lab Imunogenet, BR-20230130 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Infect Dis, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunohematol & Blood Transfus, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana; Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz; McGill University; National Cancer Institute (Inca); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
RP Abel, L (corresponding author), Univ Paris 05, Fac Med Necker, INSERM, U550,Lab Genet Humaine Malad Infect, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM abel@necker.fr; erwin@igloo.epi.mcgill.ca
NR 18
TC 375
Z9 414
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 636
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature02326
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300042
PM 14737177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, SY
   MacKinnon, R
AF Lee, SY
   MacKinnon, R
TI A membrane-access mechanism of ion channel inhibition by voltage sensor toxins from spider venom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent k+ channel; gating modifier toxins; potassium channel; peptide inhibitor; receptor; diffusion; hanatoxin; surface; charybdotoxin; neurotoxin
AB Venomous animals produce small protein toxins that inhibit ion channels with high affinity. In several well-studied cases the inhibitory proteins are water-soluble and bind at a channel's aqueous-exposed extracellular surface(1-4). Here we show that a voltage-sensor toxin (VSTX1) from the Chilean Rose Tarantula (Grammostola spatulata) reaches its target by partitioning into the lipid membrane. Lipid membrane partitioning serves two purposes: to localize the toxin in the membrane where the voltage sensor resides and to exploit the free energy of partitioning to achieve apparent high-affinity inhibition. VSTX1, small hydrophobic poisons and anaesthetic molecules reveal a common theme of voltage sensor inhibition through lipid membrane access. The apparent requirement for such access is consistent with the recent proposal that the sensor in voltage-dependent K+ channels is located at the membrane-protein interface(5,6).
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 232
EP 235
DI 10.1038/nature02632
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600049
PM 15241419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Norell, MA
   Kuang, XW
   Wang, XL
   Zhao, Q
   Jia, CK
AF Xu, X
   Norell, MA
   Kuang, XW
   Wang, XL
   Zhao, Q
   Jia, CK
TI Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-america; dinosauria; evolution; theropod; information; anatomy
AB Tyrannosauroids are one of the last and the most successful large-bodied predatory dinosaur groups(1-5), but their early history remains poorly understood. Here we report a new basal tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, which is small and gracile and has relatively long arms with three-fingered hands. The new taxon is the earliest known unquestionable tyrannosauroid found so far(6-9). It shows a mosaic of characters, including a derived cranial structure resembling that of derived tyrannosauroids(1-5) and a primitive postcranial skeleton similar to basal coelurosaurians. One of the specimens also preserves a filamentous integumentary covering similar to that of other coelurosaurian theropods from western Liaoning. This provides the first direct fossil evidence that tyrannosauroids had protofeathers.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Tianjin Museum Nat Hist, Tianjin 300074, Peoples R China.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM xu@amnh.org; norell@amnh.org
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 680
EP 684
DI 10.1038/nature02855
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300038
PM 15470426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hespos, SJ
   Spelke, ES
AF Hespos, SJ
   Spelke, ES
TI Conceptual precursors to language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID speech-perception; categorization; containment; english; motion
AB Because human languages vary in sound and meaning, children must learn which distinctions their language uses. For speech perception, this learning is selective: initially infants are sensitive to most acoustic distinctions used in any language(1-3), and this sensitivity reflects basic properties of the auditory system rather than mechanisms specific to language(4-7); however, infants' sensitivity to non-native sound distinctions declines over the course of the first year(8). Here we ask whether a similar process governs learning of word meanings. We investigated the sensitivity of 5-month-old infants in an English-speaking environment to a conceptual distinction that is marked in Korean but not English; that is, the distinction between 'tight' and 'loose' fit of one object to another(9,10). Like adult Korean speakers but unlike adult English speakers, these infants detected this distinction and divided a continuum of motion-into-contact actions into tight- and loose-fit categories. Infants' sensitivity to this distinction is linked to representations of object mechanics(11) that are shared by non-human animals(12-14). Language learning therefore seems to develop by linking linguistic forms to universal, pre-existing representations of sound and meaning.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol & Human Dev, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Harvard University
RP Hespos, SJ (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol & Human Dev, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
EM s.hespos@vanderbilt.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [F32 HD008124-04, F32 HD008124-03] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 203
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 453
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature02634
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400043
PM 15269769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiser, J
   Chiu, CY
   Weliky, M
AF Fiser, J
   Chiu, CY
   Weliky, M
TI Small modulation of ongoing cortical dynamics by sensory input during natural vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response variability; visual-cortex; neurons; information; mechanisms; discharge; scenes; cells
AB During vision, it is believed that neural activity in the primary visual cortex is predominantly driven by sensory input from the environment. However, visual cortical neurons respond to repeated presentations of the same stimulus with a high degree of variability(1-4). Although this variability has been considered to be noise owing to random spontaneous activity within the cortex(5-7), recent studies show that spontaneous activity has a highly coherent spatio-temporal structure(8-13). This raises the possibility that the pattern of this spontaneous activity may shape neural responses during natural viewing conditions to a larger extent than previously thought. Here, we examine the relationship between spontaneous activity and the response of primary visual cortical neurons to dynamic natural-scene and random-noise film images in awake, freely viewing ferrets from the time of eye opening to maturity. The correspondence between evoked neural activity and the structure of the input signal was weak in young animals, but systematically improved with age. This improvement was linked to a shift in the dynamics of spontaneous activity. At all ages including the mature animal, correlations in spontaneous neural firing were only slightly modified by visual stimulation, irrespective of the sensory input. These results suggest that in both the developing and mature visual cortex, sensory evoked neural activity represents the modulation and triggering of ongoing circuit dynamics by input signals, rather than directly reflecting the structure of the input signal itself.
C1 Univ Rochester, Ctr Visual Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Interdepartmental Program Neruosci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Weliky, M (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Ctr Visual Sci, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM weliky@cvs.rochester.edu
NR 27
TC 326
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 573
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature02907
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700048
PM 15457262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nykjaer, A
   Lee, R
   Teng, KK
   Jansen, P
   Madsen, P
   Nielsen, MS
   Jacobsen, C
   Kliemannel, M
   Schwarz, E
   Willnow, TE
   Hempstead, BL
   Petersen, CM
AF Nykjaer, A
   Lee, R
   Teng, KK
   Jansen, P
   Madsen, P
   Nielsen, MS
   Jacobsen, C
   Kliemannel, M
   Schwarz, E
   Willnow, TE
   Hempstead, BL
   Petersen, CM
TI Sortilin is essential for proNGF-induced neuronal cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; 100-kda neurotensin receptor; p75 neurotrophin receptor; sympathetic neurons; binding; expression; protein; internalization; domains; brain
AB Sortilin(1) (similar to95 kDa) is a member of the recently discovered family of Vps10p-domain receptors(2,3), and is expressed in a variety of tissues, notably brain, spinal cord and muscle. It acts as a receptor for neurotensin(4,5), but predominates in regions of the nervous system that neither synthesize nor respond to this neuropeptide(6), suggesting that sortilin has additional roles. Sortilin is expressed during embryogenesis(7) in areas where nerve growth factor ( NGF) and its precursor, proNGF, have well-characterized effects(6,7). These neurotrophins can be released by neuronal tissues(8,9), and they regulate neuronal development through cell survival and cell death signalling. NGF regulates cell survival and cell death via binding to two different receptors, TrkA and p75(NTR) (ref. 10). In contrast, proNGF selectively induces apoptosis through p75(NTR) but not TrkA(11). However, not all p75(NTR)-expressing cells respond to proNGF, suggesting that additional membrane proteins are required for the induction of cell death. Here we report that proNGF creates a signalling complex by simultaneously binding to p75(NTR) and sortilin. Thus sortilin acts as a co-receptor and molecular switch governing the p75(NTR)-mediated pro-apoptotic signal induced by proNGF.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Med Biochem, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   ReceptIcon Aps, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Biotechnol, D-06120 Halle An Der Saale, Germany.
C3 Aarhus University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg
RP Nykjaer, A (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Med Biochem, Ole Worms Alle 170, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM an@biokemi.au.dk
NR 29
TC 787
Z9 1007
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 843
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature02319
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500041
PM 14985763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, S
   Rudnick, RL
   Yuan, HL
   Liu, XM
   Liu, YS
   Xu, WL
   Ling, WL
   Ayers, J
   Wang, XC
   Wang, QH
AF Gao, S
   Rudnick, RL
   Yuan, HL
   Liu, XM
   Liu, YS
   Xu, WL
   Ling, WL
   Ayers, J
   Wang, XC
   Wang, QH
TI Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zircon; constraints; beneath; melts; temperature; peridotite; xenoliths; magmas
AB Foundering of mafic lower continental crust into underlying convecting mantle has been proposed as one means to explain the unusually evolved chemical composition of Earth's continental crust(1,2), yet direct evidence of this process has been scarce. Here we report that Late Jurassic high-magnesium andesites, dacites and adakites ( siliceous lavas with high strontium and low heavy-rare-earth element and yttrium contents) from the North China craton have chemical and petrographic features consistent with their origin as partial melts of eclogite that subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite. Similar features observed in adakites and some Archaean sodium-rich granitoids of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite series have been interpreted to result from interaction of slab melts with the mantle wedge. Unlike their arc-related counterparts, however, the Chinese magmas carry inherited Archaean zircons and have neodymium and strontium isotopic compositions overlapping those of eclogite xenoliths derived from the lower crust of the North China craton. Such features cannot be produced by crustal assimilation of slab melts, given the high Mg#, nickel and chromium contents of the lavas. We infer that the Chinese lavas derive from ancient mafic lower crust that foundered into the convecting mantle and subsequently melted and interacted with peridotite. We suggest that lower crustal foundering occurred within the North China craton during the Late Jurassic, and thus provides constraints on the timing of lithosphere removal beneath the North China craton.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Geochem Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Key Lab Continental Dynam, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   China Univ Geosci, Fac Earth Sci, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
   Jilin Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Changchun 130061, Peoples R China.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Geol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Northwest University Xi'an; China University of Geosciences; Jilin University; Vanderbilt University
RP Gao, S (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Geochem Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM sgao@263.net.cn; rudnick@geol.umd.edu
NR 33
TC 1780
Z9 2301
U1 28
U2 670
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 892
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature03162
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500050
PM 15602559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paulsson, J
AF Paulsson, J
TI Summing up the noise in gene networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional regulation; escherichia-coli; stochastic-model; fluctuations; replication; sensitivity; mechanisms; expression; cells
AB Ransom fluctuations in genetic networks are inevitable as chemical reactions are probabilistic and many genes, RNAs and proteins are present in low numbers per cell. Such 'noise' affects all life processes and has recently been measured using green protein (GFP). Two studies show that negative feedback suppresses noise, and three others identify the sources of in gene expression. Here I critically analyse these studies and present a simple equation that unifies and extends both the and biological perspectives.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Math Sci, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
C3 Princeton University; University of Cambridge
RP Paulsson, J (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM J.Paulsson@damtp.cam.ac.uk
NR 38
TC 1021
Z9 1190
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/nature02257
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500035
PM 14749823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stedman, HH
   Kozyak, BW
   Nelson, A
   Thesier, DM
   Su, LT
   Low, DW
   Bridges, CR
   Shrager, JB
   Minugh-Purvis, N
   Mitchell, MA
AF Stedman, HH
   Kozyak, BW
   Nelson, A
   Thesier, DM
   Su, LT
   Low, DW
   Bridges, CR
   Shrager, JB
   Minugh-Purvis, N
   Mitchell, MA
TI Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle awash; miocene; hominid; growth; skull; mice
AB Powerful masticatory muscles are found in most primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas, and were part of a prominent adaptation of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, extinct genera of the family Hominidae(1,2). In contrast, masticatory muscles are considerably smaller in both modern and fossil members of Homo. The evolving hominid masticatory apparatus - traceable to a Late Miocene, chimpanzee-like morphology(3) - shifted towards a pattern of gracilization nearly simultaneously with accelerated encephalization in early Homo(4). Here, we show that the gene encoding the predominant myosin heavy chain (MYH) expressed in these muscles was inactivated by a frameshifting mutation after the lineages leading to humans and chimpanzees diverged. Loss of this protein isoform is associated with marked size reductions in individual muscle fibres and entire masticatory muscles. Using the coding sequence for the myosin rod domains as a molecular clock, we estimate that this mutation appeared approximately 2.4 million years ago, predating the appearance of modern human body size(5) and emigration of Homo from Africa(6). This represents the first proteomic distinction between humans and chimpanzees that can be correlated with a traceable anatomic imprint in the fossil record.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Dent Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Plast Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Stedman, HH (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM hstedman@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 341
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/nature02358
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300040
PM 15042088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenflanz, A
   Frey, M
   Endres, B
   Anderson, T
   Richards, E
   Schardt, C
AF Rosenflanz, A
   Frey, M
   Endres, B
   Anderson, T
   Richards, E
   Schardt, C
TI Bulk glasses and ultrahard nanoceramics based on alumina and rare-earth oxides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strength; liquid
AB Although often regarded as a network-former in conventional silicate glasses, Al2O3 alone cannot be obtained as a bulk glass. Until now, glasses comprising continuously linked [AlOx] polyhedra have been prepared in only a few systems under very fast cooling conditions, which limits their dimensions to a few millimetres(1-3). Yet it is desirable to prepare bulk, or monolithic, alumina-rich glasses, with the prospect of superior mechanical, chemical and optical properties(4). Here we report a novel process for preparing very-high-alumina glasses and nanoscale glass-ceramics. Fully dense bulk articles in net shape are obtained through viscous sintering of glass microbeads. Additional heat treatment of the consolidated glasses leads to fully crystallized transparent glass-converted nanoceramics with a hardness similar to that of alumina. This method avoids the impracticably high applied pressures ( more than 1 GPa) that have been required in most cases to prepare nanocrystalline ceramics by sintering, owing to the concurrent nature of densification and grain growth under pressureless conditions(5,6). The reported techniques can be extended to form glasses and nanoceramics in other oxide systems that do not include a conventional glass-forming component.
C1 3M Co, Cent Res Lab 3M, Corp Res & Dev, St Paul, MN 55144 USA.
C3 3M
RP Rosenflanz, A (corresponding author), 3M Co, Cent Res Lab 3M, Corp Res & Dev, St Paul, MN 55144 USA.
EM arosenflanz@mmm.com
NR 29
TC 235
Z9 259
U1 8
U2 247
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 761
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature02729
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600036
PM 15306804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bock-Marquette, I
   Saxena, A
   White, MD
   DiMaio, JM
   Srivastava, D
AF Bock-Marquette, I
   Saxena, A
   White, MD
   DiMaio, JM
   Srivastava, D
TI Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; beta-thymosins; actin; proteins; peptide; domain; b/akt; serum
AB Heart disease is a leading cause of death in newborn children and in adults. Efforts to promote cardiac repair through the use of stem cells hold promise but typically involve isolation and introduction of progenitor cells. Here, we show that the G-actin sequestering peptide thymosin beta4 promotes myocardial and endothelial cell migration in the embryonic heart and retains this property in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Survival of embryonic and postnatal cardiomyocytes in culture was also enhanced by thymosin beta4. We found that thymosin beta4 formed a functional complex with PINCH and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), resulting in activation of the survival kinase Akt ( also known as protein kinase B). After coronary artery ligation in mice, thymosin beta4 treatment resulted in upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function. These findings suggest that thymosin beta4 promotes cardiomyocyte migration, survival and repair and the pathway it regulates may be a new therapeutic target in the setting of acute myocardial damage.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cardiovasc & Thorac Surg, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Childrens Med Ctr Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Pecs, Fac Med, Dept Med Genet & Child Dev, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Pecs
RP Srivastava, D (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM Deepak.Srivastava@UTSouthwestern.edu
NR 38
TC 567
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 466
EP 472
DI 10.1038/nature03000
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100037
PM 15565145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karhadkar, SS
   Bova, GS
   Abdallah, N
   Dhara, S
   Gardner, D
   Maitra, A
   Isaacs, JT
   Berman, DM
   Beachy, PA
AF Karhadkar, SS
   Bova, GS
   Abdallah, N
   Dhara, S
   Gardner, D
   Maitra, A
   Isaacs, JT
   Berman, DM
   Beachy, PA
TI Hedgehog signalling in prostate regeneration, neoplasia and metastasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intermediate filament protein; sonic-hedgehog; stem-cells; suppressor gene; cancer; growth; inhibition; rat; differentiation; proliferation
AB Metastatic cancers adopt certain properties of normal cells in developing or regenerating organs, such as the ability to proliferate and alter tissue organization. We find here that activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway, which has essential roles in developmental patterning(1-6), is required for regeneration of prostate epithelium, and that continuous pathway activation transforms prostate progenitor cells and renders them tumorigenic. Elevated pathway activity furthermore distinguishes metastatic from localized prostate cancer, and pathway manipulation can modulate invasiveness and metastasis. Pathway activity is triggered in response to endogenous expression of Hh ligands, and is dependent upon the expression of Smoothened, an essential Hh response component(1,2,7) that is not expressed in benign prostate epithelial cells. Monitoring and manipulating Hh pathway activity may thus offer significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancers with metastatic potential.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP Berman, DM (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM dberman@jhmi.edu; pbeachy@jhmi.edu
NR 32
TC 897
Z9 1108
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 707
EP 712
DI 10.1038/nature02962
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300045
PM 15361885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haferkamp, I
   Schmitz-Esser, S
   Linka, N
   Urbany, C
   Collingro, A
   Wagner, M
   Horn, M
   Neuhaus, HE
AF Haferkamp, I
   Schmitz-Esser, S
   Linka, N
   Urbany, C
   Collingro, A
   Wagner, M
   Horn, M
   Neuhaus, HE
TI A candidate NAD+ transporter in an intracellular bacterial symbiont related to Chlamydiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plastidic atp/adp transporter; rickettsia-prowazekii; adenine-nucleotide; endosymbionts; permeability; arabidopsis; expression; proteins
AB Bacteria living within eukaryotic cells can be essential for the survival or reproduction of the host(1,2) but in other cases are among the most successful pathogens(3,4). Environmental Chlamydiae, including strain UWE25, thrive as obligate intracellular symbionts within protozoa; are recently discovered relatives of major bacterial pathogens of humans; and also infect human cells(4-7). Genome analysis of UWE25 predicted that this symbiont is unable to synthesize the universal electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))(7). Compensation of limited biosynthetic capacity in intracellular bacteria is usually achieved by import of primary metabolites(8-11). Here, we report the identification of a candidate transporter protein from UWE25 that is highly specific for import of NAD(+) when synthesized heterologously in Escherichia coli. The discovery of this candidate NAD(+)/ADP exchanger demonstrates that intact NAD(+) molecules can be transported through cytoplasmic membranes. This protein acts together with a newly discovered nucleotide transporter and an ATP/ADP translocase(12), and allows UWE25 to exploit its host cell by means of a sophisticated metabolic parasitism.
C1 Univ Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Univ Vienna, Inst Okol & Nat Schutz, Abt Mikrobielle Okol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 RPTU University Kaiserslautern; University of Vienna
RP Neuhaus, HE (corresponding author), Univ Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
EM neuhaus@rhrk.uni-kl.de
NR 27
TC 90
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/nature03131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200046
PM 15577910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kodama, R
   Sentoku, Y
   Chen, ZL
   Kumar, GR
   Hatchett, SP
   Toyama, Y
   Cowan, TE
   Freeman, RR
   Fuchs, J
   Izawa, Y
   Key, MH
   Kitagawa, Y
   Kondo, K
   Matsuoka, T
   Nakamura, H
   Nakatsutsumi, M
   Norreys, PA
   Norimatsu, T
   Snavely, RA
   Stephens, RB
   Tampo, M
   Tanaka, KA
   Yabuuchi, T
AF Kodama, R
   Sentoku, Y
   Chen, ZL
   Kumar, GR
   Hatchett, SP
   Toyama, Y
   Cowan, TE
   Freeman, RR
   Fuchs, J
   Izawa, Y
   Key, MH
   Kitagawa, Y
   Kondo, K
   Matsuoka, T
   Nakamura, H
   Nakatsutsumi, M
   Norreys, PA
   Norimatsu, T
   Snavely, RA
   Stephens, RB
   Tampo, M
   Tanaka, KA
   Yabuuchi, T
TI Plasma devices to guide and collimate a high density of MeV electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fast igniter research; intense lasers; hot-electrons; fusion
AB The development of ultra-intense lasers(1) has facilitated new studies in laboratory astrophysics(2) and high-density nuclear science(3), including laser fusion(4-7). Such research relies on the efficient generation of enormous numbers of high-energy charged particles. For example, laser - matter interactions at petawatt (10(15) W) power levels can create pulses of MeV electrons(8-10) with current densities as large as 10(12) A cm(-2). However, the divergence of these particle beams(5) usually reduces the current density to a few times 10(6) A cm(-2) at distances of the order of centimetres from the source. The invention of devices that can direct such intense, pulsed energetic beams will revolutionize their applications. Here we report high-conductivity devices consisting of transient plasmas that increase the energy density of MeV electrons generated in laser - matter interactions by more than one order of magnitude. A plasma fibre created on a hollow-cone target guides and collimates electrons in a manner akin to the control of light by an optical fibre and collimator. Such plasma devices hold promise for applications using high energy-density particles and should trigger growth in charged particle optics.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Appl Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Fac Engn, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Gen Atom Co, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India.
   Univ Paris 06, Ecole Polytech, CEA, CNRS,UMR 7605,Lab Utilisat Lasers Intenses, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
C3 University of Osaka; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Osaka; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; General Atomics & Affiliated Companies; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP)
RP Kodama, R (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Laser Engn, 2-6 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM ryo@ile.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 17
TC 171
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1005
EP 1008
DI 10.1038/nature03133
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000035
PM 15616556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HB
   Wang, LJ
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Vidal, M
   Tempst, P
   Jones, RS
   Zhang, Y
AF Wang, HB
   Wang, LJ
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Vidal, M
   Tempst, P
   Jones, RS
   Zhang, Y
TI Role of histone H2A ubiquitination in polycomb silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h3 lysine-27 methylation; ring finger proteins; transcriptional activation; ligase activity; rad6; complex; core; ubiquitylation; recruitment; drosophila
AB Covalent modification of histones is important in regulating chromatin dynamics and transcription(1,2). One example of such modification is ubiquitination, which mainly occurs on histones H2A and H2B(3). Although recent studies have uncovered the enzymes involved in histone H2B ubiquitination(4-6) and a 'cross-talk' between H2B ubiquitination and histone methylation(7,8), the responsible enzymes and the functions of H2A ubiquitination are unknown. Here we report the purification and functional characterization of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that is specific for histone H2A. The complex, termed hPRC1L ( human Polycomb repressive complex 1-like), is composed of several Polycomb-group proteins including Ring1, Ring2, Bmi1 and HPH2. hPRC1L monoubiquitinates nucleosomal histone H2A at lysine 119. Reducing the expression of Ring2 results in a dramatic decrease in the level of ubiquitinated H2A in HeLa cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated colocalization of dRing with ubiquitinated H2A at the PRE and promoter regions of the Drosophila Ubx gene in wing imaginal discs. Removal of dRing in SL2 tissue culture cells by RNA interference resulted in loss of H2A ubiquitination concomitant with derepression of Ubx. Thus, our studies identify the H2A ubiquitin ligase, and link H2A ubiquitination to Polycomb silencing.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   So Methodist Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Ctr Invest Biol, Dept Desarrollo & Biol Celular, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Southern Methodist University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB)
RP Zhang, Y (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM yi_zhang@med.unc.edu
NR 29
TC 1423
Z9 1805
U1 1
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 873
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature02985
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500053
PM 15386022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trivedi, OA
   Arora, P
   Sridharan, V
   Tickoo, R
   Mohanty, D
   Gokhale, RS
AF Trivedi, OA
   Arora, P
   Sridharan, V
   Tickoo, R
   Mohanty, D
   Gokhale, RS
TI Enzymic activation and transfer of fatty acids as acyl-adenylates in mycobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; tuberculosis; synthase; gene; synthetase; biosynthesis; superfamily; specificity; adjacent; coenzyme
AB The metabolic repertoire in nature is augmented by generating hybrid metabolites from a limited set of gene products(1-3). In mycobacteria, several unique complex lipids are produced by the combined action of fatty acid synthases and polyketide synthases (PKSs)(4-6), although it is not clear how the covalently sequestered biosynthetic intermediates are transferred from one enzymatic complex to another. Here we show that some of the 36 annotated fadD genes, located adjacent to the PKS genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, constitute a new class of long-chain fatty acyl-AMP ligases (FAALs). These proteins activate long-chain fatty acids as acyl-adenylates, which are then transferred to the multifunctional PKSs for further chain extension. This mode of activation and transfer of fatty acids is contrary to the previously described universal mechanism involving the formation of acyl-coenzyme A thioesters. Similar mechanisms may operate in the biosynthesis of other lipid-containing metabolites and could have implications in engineering novel hybrid products.
C1 Natl Inst Immunol, New Delhi 110067, India.
C3 Department of Biotechnology (DBT) India; National Institute of Immunology (NII)
RP Gokhale, RS (corresponding author), Natl Inst Immunol, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
EM rsg@nii.res.in
NR 27
TC 251
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 441
EP 445
DI 10.1038/nature02384
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300046
PM 15042094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mack, MC
   Schuur, EAG
   Bret-Harte, MS
   Shaver, GR
   Chapin, FS
AF Mack, MC
   Schuur, EAG
   Bret-Harte, MS
   Shaver, GR
   Chapin, FS
TI Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID litter decomposition; soils; temperature; responses; nitrogen; climate; mineralization; turnover; balance; biomass
AB Global warming is predicted to be most pronounced at high latitudes, and observational evidence over the past 25 years suggests that this warming is already under way(1). One-third of the global soil carbon pool is stored in northern latitudes(2), so there is considerable interest in understanding how the carbon balance of northern ecosystems will respond to climate warming(3,4). Observations of controls over plant productivity in tundra and boreal ecosystems(5,6) have been used to build a conceptual model of response to warming, where warmer soils and increased decomposition of plant litter increase nutrient availability, which, in turn, stimulates plant production and increases ecosystem carbon storage(6,7). Here we present the results of a long-term fertilization experiment in Alaskan tundra, in which increased nutrient availability caused a net ecosystem loss of almost 2,000 grams of carbon per square meter over 20 years. We found that annual aboveground plant production doubled during the experiment. Losses of carbon and nitrogen from deep soil layers, however, were substantial and more than offset the increased carbon and nitrogen storage in plant biomass and litter. Our study suggests that projected release of soil nutrients associated with high-latitude warming may further amplify carbon release from soils, causing a net loss of ecosystem carbon and a positive feedback to climate warming.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Mack, MC (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
EM mcmack@ufl.edu
NR 30
TC 854
Z9 1054
U1 11
U2 633
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature02887
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500037
PM 15386009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toyoshima, C
   Mizutani, T
AF Toyoshima, C
   Mizutani, T
TI Crystal structure of the calcium pump with a bound ATP analogue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum ca2+-atpase; nucleotide-binding domain; ca2+ transport; ion-transport; functional consequences; segment; mechanism; ca-2+-atpase; dissociation; organization
AB P-type ATPases are ATP-powered ion pumps that establish ion concentration gradients across cell and organelle membranes. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the Ca2+ pump of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, a representative member of the P-type ATPase superfamily, with an ATPanalogue, a Mg2+ and two Ca2+ ions in the respective binding sites. In this state, the ATP analogue reorganizes the three cytoplasmic domains ( A, N and P), which are widely separated without nucleotide, by directly bridging the N and P domains. The structure of the P-domain itself is altered by the binding of the ATP analogue and Mg2+. As a result, the A-domain is tilted so that one of the transmembrane helices moves to lock the cytoplasmic gate of the transmembrane Ca2+-binding sites. This appears to be the mechanism for occluding the bound Ca2+ ions, before releasing them into the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Toyoshima, C (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM ct@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 45
TC 373
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 529
EP 535
DI 10.1038/nature02680
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100039
PM 15229613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nguyen, JH
   Holmes, NC
AF Nguyen, JH
   Holmes, NC
TI Melting of iron at the physical conditions of the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressures; phase-transitions; temperatures; velocity; rotation; curve
AB Seismological data can yield physical properties of the Earth's core, such as its size and seismic anisotropy(1-3). A well- constrained iron phase diagram, however, is essential to determine the temperatures at core boundaries and the crystal structure of the solid inner core. To date, the iron phase diagram at high pressure has been investigated experimentally through both laser- heated diamond- anvil cell and shock- compression techniques, as well as through theoretical calculations(4-17). Despite these contributions, a consensus on the melt line or the high-pressure, high- temperature phase of iron is lacking. Here we report new and re- analysed sound velocity measurements of shock- compressed iron at Earth- core conditions(15). We show that melting starts at 225 +/- 3 GPa (5,100 +/- 500 K) and is complete at 260 +/- 3 GPa ( 6,100 +/- 500 K), both on the Hugoniot curve - the locus of shock- compressed states. This new melting pressure is lower than previously reported(16), and we find no evidence for a previously reported solid - solid phase transition on the Hugoniot curve near 200 GPa ( ref. 16).
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div H, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Nguyen, JH (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div H, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
EM nguyen29@llnl.gov
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/nature02248
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200037
PM 14737164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaimanee, Y
   Suteethorn, V
   Jintasakul, P
   Vidthayanon, C
   Marandat, B
   Jaeger, JJ
AF Chaimanee, Y
   Suteethorn, V
   Jintasakul, P
   Vidthayanon, C
   Marandat, B
   Jaeger, JJ
TI A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle miocene; ankarapithecus-meteai; body-weight; great ape; pakistan; neogene; shape
AB The fossil record of the living great apes is poor. New fossils from undocumented areas, particularly the equatorial forested habitats of extant hominoids, are therefore crucial for understanding their origins and evolution(1). Two main competing hypotheses have been proposed for orang-utan origins: dental similarities(2,3) support an origin from Lufengpithecus, a South Chinese(4) and Thai Middle Miocene hominoid(2); facial and palatal similarities(5) support an origin from Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid from the Siwaliks of Indo-Pakistan(4,6). However, materials other than teeth and faces do not support these hypotheses(7,8). Here we describe the lower jaw of a new hominoid from the Late Miocene of Thailand, Khoratpithecus piriyai gen. et sp. nov., which shares unique derived characters with orang-utans and supports a hypothesis of closer relationships with orang-utans than other known Miocene hominoids. It can therefore be considered as the closest known relative of orang-utans. Ancestors of this great ape were therefore evolving in Thailand under tropical conditions similar to those of today, in contrast with Southern China and Pakistan, where temperate(9) or more seasonal(10) climates appeared during the Late Miocene.
C1 Dept Mineral Resources, Geol Survey Div, Paleontol Sect, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Rajabhat Inst Nakorn Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
   Dept Fisheries, Museum & Aquarium Div, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
   Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, ISEM, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
C3 Department of Mineral Resources - Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier
RP Chaimanee, Y (corresponding author), Dept Mineral Resources, Geol Survey Div, Paleontol Sect, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
EM yaowalak@dmr.go.th
NR 27
TC 74
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 439
EP 441
DI 10.1038/nature02245
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500042
PM 14749830
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, H
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Taylor, TD
   Toyoda, A
   Kuroki, Y
   Noguchi, H
   BenKahla, A
   Lehrach, H
   Sudbrak, R
   Kube, M
   Taenzer, S
   Galgoczy, P
   Platzer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Nordsiek, G
   Blöcker, HB
   Hellmann, I
   Khaitovich, P
   Pääbo, S
   Reinhardt, R
   Zheng, HJ
   Zhang, XL
   Zhu, GF
   Wang, BF
   Fu, G
   Ren, SX
   Zhao, GP
   Chen, Z
   Lee, YS
   Cheong, JE
   Choi, SH
   Wu, KM
   Liu, TT
   Hsiao, KJ
   Tsai, SF
   Kim, CG
   Oota, S
   Kitano, T
   Kohara, Y
   Saitou, N
   Park, HS
   Wang, SY
   Yaspo, ML
   Sakaki, Y
AF Watanabe, H
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Taylor, TD
   Toyoda, A
   Kuroki, Y
   Noguchi, H
   BenKahla, A
   Lehrach, H
   Sudbrak, R
   Kube, M
   Taenzer, S
   Galgoczy, P
   Platzer, M
   Scharfe, M
   Nordsiek, G
   Blöcker, HB
   Hellmann, I
   Khaitovich, P
   Pääbo, S
   Reinhardt, R
   Zheng, HJ
   Zhang, XL
   Zhu, GF
   Wang, BF
   Fu, G
   Ren, SX
   Zhao, GP
   Chen, Z
   Lee, YS
   Cheong, JE
   Choi, SH
   Wu, KM
   Liu, TT
   Hsiao, KJ
   Tsai, SF
   Kim, CG
   Oota, S
   Kitano, T
   Kohara, Y
   Saitou, N
   Park, HS
   Wang, SY
   Yaspo, ML
   Sakaki, Y
TI DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human alu repeats; human-evolution; human genome; genes; human-chromosome-21; divergence; humans; elements; mouse; substitution
AB Human-chimpanzee comparative genome research is essential for narrowing down genetic changes involved in the acquisition of unique human features, such as highly developed cognitive functions, bipedalism or the use of complex language. Here, we report the high-quality DNA sequence of 33.3 megabases of chimpanzee chromosome 22. By comparing the whole sequence with the human counterpart, chromosome 21, we found that 1.44% of the chromosome consists of single-base substitutions in addition to nearly 68,000 insertions or deletions. These differences are sufficient to generate changes in most of the proteins. Indeed, 83% of the 231 coding sequences, including functionally important genes, show differences at the amino acid sequence level. Furthermore, we demonstrate different expansion of particular subfamilies of retrotransposons between the lineages, suggesting different impacts of retrotranspositions on human and chimpanzee evolution. The genomic changes after speciation and their biological consequences seem more complex than originally hypothesized.
C1 RIKEN, Gen Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Ikoma 6300101, Japan.
   Natl Inst Informat, Tokyo 1018430, Japan.
   Kitasato Univ, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   German Res Ctr Biotechnol GBF, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Rui Jin Hosp, State Key Lab Med Gen, Shanghai 200025, Peoples R China.
   Korea Res Inst Basic & Biotechnol, Genome Res Ctr, Taejon 305333, South Korea.
   Natl Hlth Res Inst, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Natl Yang Ming Univ, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
   Taipei Vet Gen Hosp, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Informatics (NII) - Japan; Kitasato University; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Max Planck Society; National Health Research Institutes - Taiwan; National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Sakaki, Y (corresponding author), RIKEN, Gen Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
EM sakaki@gsc.riken.jp
NR 46
TC 169
Z9 199
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 382
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature02564
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600031
PM 15164055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, HK
   Bergmann, S
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Lin, HK
   Bergmann, S
   Pandolfi, PP
TI Cytoplasmic PML function in TGF-β signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute promyelocytic leukemia; monocytic differentiation; premature senescence; tumor suppression; androgen receptor; protein isoforms; oncogenic ras; cancer-cells; growth; alpha
AB Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a pluripotent cytokine that controls key tumour suppressive functions(1-3), but cancer cells are often unresponsive to it(1,4). The promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) tumour suppressor of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) accumulates in the PML nuclear body, but cytoplasmic PML isoforms of unknown function have also been described(5,6). Here we show that cytoplasmic Pml is an essential modulator of TGF-beta signalling. Pml-null primary cells are resistant to TGF-beta-dependent growth arrest, induction of cellular senescence and apoptosis. These cells also have impaired phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the TGF-beta signalling proteins Smad2 and Smad3, as well as impaired induction of TGF-beta target genes. Expression of cytoplasmic Pml is induced by TGF-beta. Furthermore, cytoplasmic PML physically interacts with Smad2/3 and SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation) and is required for association of Smad2/3 with SARA and for the accumulation of SARA and TGF-beta receptor in the early endosome. The PML-RARalpha oncoprotein of APL can antagonize cytoplasmic PML function and APL cells have defects in TGF-beta signalling similar to those observed in Pml-null cells. Our findings identify cytoplasmic PML as a critical TGF-beta regulator, and further implicate deregulated TGF-beta signalling in cancer pathogenesis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 205
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature02783
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000049
PM 15356634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doulatov, S
   Hodes, A
   Dai, LX
   Mandhana, N
   Liu, M
   Deora, R
   Simons, RW
   Zimmerly, S
   Miller, JF
AF Doulatov, S
   Hodes, A
   Dai, LX
   Mandhana, N
   Liu, M
   Deora, R
   Simons, RW
   Zimmerly, S
   Miller, JF
TI Tropism switching in Bordetella bacteriophage defines a family of diversity-generating retroelements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific recombination; pertussis; dna; retrotransposition; retrovirus; integration; expression; mechanisms; evolution; peptides
AB Bordetella bacteriophages generate diversity in a gene that specifies host tropism(1). This microevolutionary adaptation is produced by a genetic element that combines the basic retroelement life cycle of transcription, reverse transcription and integration with site-directed, adenine-specific mutagenesis. Central to this process is a reverse transcriptase-mediated exchange between two repeats; one serving as a donor template (TR) and the other as a recipient of variable sequence information (VR)(1). Here we describe the genetic basis for diversity generation. The directionality of information transfer is determined by a 21-base-pair sequence present at the 3' end of VR. On the basis of patterns of marker transfer in response to variant selective pressures, we propose that a TR reverse transcript is mutagenized, integrated into VR as a single non-coding strand, and then partially converted to the parental VR sequence. This allows the diversity-generating system to minimize variability to the subset of bases under selection. Using the Bordetella phage cassette as a signature, we have identified numerous related elements in diverse bacteria. These elements constitute a new family of retroelements with the potential to confer selective advantages to their host genomes.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Calgary
RP Miller, JF (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM jfmiller@ucla.edu
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 186
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 476
EP 481
DI 10.1038/nature02833
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500046
PM 15386016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andersen, KK
   Azuma, N
   Barnola, JM
   Bigler, M
   Biscaye, P
   Caillon, N
   Chappellaz, J
   Clausen, HB
   DahlJensen, D
   Fischer, H
   Flückiger, J
   Fritzsche, D
   Fujii, Y
   Goto-Azuma, K
   Gronvold, K
   Gundestrup, NS
   Hansson, M
   Huber, C
   Hvidberg, CS
   Johnsen, SJ
   Jonsell, U
   Jouzel, J
   Kipfstuhl, S
   Landais, A
   Leuenberger, M
   Lorrain, R
   Masson-Delmotte, V
   Miller, H
   Motoyama, H
   Narita, H
   Popp, T
   Rasmussen, SO
   Raynaud, D
   Rothlisberger, R
   Ruth, U
   Samyn, D
   Schwander, J
   Shoji, H
   Siggard-Andersen, ML
   Steffensen, JP
   Stocker, T
   Sveinbjörnsdóttir, AE
   Svensson, A
   Takata, M
   Tison, JL
   Thorsteinsson, T
   Watanabe, O
   Wilhelms, F
   White, JWC
AF Andersen, KK
   Azuma, N
   Barnola, JM
   Bigler, M
   Biscaye, P
   Caillon, N
   Chappellaz, J
   Clausen, HB
   DahlJensen, D
   Fischer, H
   Flückiger, J
   Fritzsche, D
   Fujii, Y
   Goto-Azuma, K
   Gronvold, K
   Gundestrup, NS
   Hansson, M
   Huber, C
   Hvidberg, CS
   Johnsen, SJ
   Jonsell, U
   Jouzel, J
   Kipfstuhl, S
   Landais, A
   Leuenberger, M
   Lorrain, R
   Masson-Delmotte, V
   Miller, H
   Motoyama, H
   Narita, H
   Popp, T
   Rasmussen, SO
   Raynaud, D
   Rothlisberger, R
   Ruth, U
   Samyn, D
   Schwander, J
   Shoji, H
   Siggard-Andersen, ML
   Steffensen, JP
   Stocker, T
   Sveinbjörnsdóttir, AE
   Svensson, A
   Takata, M
   Tison, JL
   Thorsteinsson, T
   Watanabe, O
   Wilhelms, F
   White, JWC
TI High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice-sheet; core project; delta o-18; sea-level; temperature-change; oxygen-isotope; glacial cycle; basal melt; grip; gisp2
AB Two deep ice cores from central Greenland, drilled in the 1990s, have played a key role in climate reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere, but the oldest sections of the cores were disturbed in chronology owing to ice folding near the bedrock. Here we present an undisturbed climate record from a North Greenland ice core, which extends back to 123,000 years before the present, within the last interglacial period. The oxygen isotopes in the ice imply that climate was stable during the last interglacial period, with temperatures 5 degreesC warmer than today. We find unexpectedly large temperature differences between our new record from northern Greenland and the undisturbed sections of the cores from central Greenland, suggesting that the extent of ice in the Northern Hemisphere modulated the latitudinal temperature gradients in Greenland. This record shows a slow decline in temperatures that marked the initiation of the last glacial period. Our record reveals a hitherto unrecognized warm period initiated by an abrupt climate warming about 115,000 years ago, before glacial conditions were fully developed. This event does not appear to have an immediate Antarctic counterpart, suggesting that the climate see-saw between the hemispheres (which dominated the last glacial period) was not operating at this time.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
   Nagaoka Univ Technol, Nagaoka, Niigata 9402188, Japan.
   CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR CEA CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Natl Inst Polar Res, Itabashi Ku, Tokyo 1738515, Japan.
   Nord Volcanol Inst, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Free Univ Brussels, Fac Sci, Dept Sci Terre & Environm, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Res Inst Humanity & Nat, Kamigyo Ku, Kyoto 6020878, Japan.
   Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Kitami Inst Technol, Kitami, Hokkaido 0908507, Japan.
   Natl Energy Author, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Nagaoka University of Technology; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Bern; Columbia University; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) - Japan; University of Iceland; Stockholm University; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Research Institute for Humanity & Nature (RIHN); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Kitami Institute of Technology
RP DahlJensen, D (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen OE, Denmark.
EM ddj@gfy.ku.dk; sigfus@gfy.ku.dk
NR 50
TC 2438
Z9 2716
U1 22
U2 628
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 147
EP 151
DI 10.1038/nature02805
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000034
PM 15356621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stephens, P
   Hunter, C
   Bignell, G
   Edkins, S
   Davies, H
   Teague, J
   Stevens, C
   O'Meara, S
   Smith, R
   Parker, A
   Barthorpe, A
   Blow, M
   Brackenbury, L
   Butler, A
   Clarke, O
   Cole, J
   Dicks, E
   Dike, A
   Drozd, A
   Edwards, K
   Forbes, S
   Foster, R
   Gray, K
   Greenman, C
   Halliday, K
   Hills, K
   Kosmidou, V
   Lugg, R
   Menzies, A
   Perry, J
   Petty, R
   Raine, K
   Ratford, L
   Shepherd, R
   Small, A
   Stephens, Y
   Tofts, C
   Varian, J
   West, S
   Widaa, S
   Yates, A
   Brasseur, F
   Cooper, CS
   Flanagan, AM
   Knowles, M
   Leung, SY
   Louis, DN
   Looijenga, LHJ
   Malkowicz, B
   Pierotti, MA
   Teh, B
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Weber, BL
   Yuen, ST
   Harris, G
   Goldstraw, P
   Nicholson, AG
   Futreal, PA
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
AF Stephens, P
   Hunter, C
   Bignell, G
   Edkins, S
   Davies, H
   Teague, J
   Stevens, C
   O'Meara, S
   Smith, R
   Parker, A
   Barthorpe, A
   Blow, M
   Brackenbury, L
   Butler, A
   Clarke, O
   Cole, J
   Dicks, E
   Dike, A
   Drozd, A
   Edwards, K
   Forbes, S
   Foster, R
   Gray, K
   Greenman, C
   Halliday, K
   Hills, K
   Kosmidou, V
   Lugg, R
   Menzies, A
   Perry, J
   Petty, R
   Raine, K
   Ratford, L
   Shepherd, R
   Small, A
   Stephens, Y
   Tofts, C
   Varian, J
   West, S
   Widaa, S
   Yates, A
   Brasseur, F
   Cooper, CS
   Flanagan, AM
   Knowles, M
   Leung, SY
   Louis, DN
   Looijenga, LHJ
   Malkowicz, B
   Pierotti, MA
   Teh, B
   Chenevix-Trench, G
   Weber, BL
   Yuen, ST
   Harris, G
   Goldstraw, P
   Nicholson, AG
   Futreal, PA
   Wooster, R
   Stratton, MR
TI Intragenic ERBB2 kinase mutations in tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lung-cancer
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Ludwig Inst Canc Res, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Inst Canc Res, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   UCL, Inst Orthopaed, Stanmore HA7 4LP, Middx, England.
   St James Univ Hosp, Canc Res UK Clin Ctr, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Pathol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Mol Pathol Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr Rotterdam, Dr Daniel Den Hoed Canc Ctr, Josephine Nefkens Inst, Lab Pathol Expt Pathooncol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Penn, Div Urol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Inst Nazl Tumori, Milan, Italy.
   Inst Mol Oncol, FIRC, Milan, Italy.
   Van Andel Res Inst, Canc Genet Lab, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA.
   Royal Brisbane Hosp, Queensland Inst Med Res, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Canc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Royal Brompton Hosp, London SW3 6NP, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of London; University College London; Saint James's University Hospital; Cancer Research UK; University of Leeds; University of Hong Kong; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milan; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Van Andel Institute; Van Andel Research Institute; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Royal Brompton Hospital
RP Stephens, P (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Canc Genome Project, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
NR 8
TC 665
Z9 764
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 525
EP 526
DI 10.1038/431525b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700034
PM 15457249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bekker, A
   Holland, HD
   Wang, PL
   Rumble, D
   Stein, HJ
   Hannah, JL
   Coetzee, LL
   Beukes, NJ
AF Bekker, A
   Holland, HD
   Wang, PL
   Rumble, D
   Stein, HJ
   Hannah, JL
   Coetzee, LL
   Beukes, NJ
TI Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-independent sulfur; timeball hill formation; south-africa; transvaal supergroup; archean atmosphere; iron-formation; australia; basin; fractionation; microprobe
AB Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached considerable levels by 2.22 Gyr ago. Here we present evidence that the rise of atmospheric oxygen had occurred by 2.32 Gyr ago. We found that syngenetic pyrite is present in organic-rich shales of the 2.32-Gyr-old Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations, South Africa. The range of the isotopic composition of sulphur in this pyrite is large and shows no evidence of mass-independent fractionation, indicating that atmospheric oxygen was present at significant levels ( that is, greater than 10(-5) times that of the present atmospheric level) during the deposition of these units. The presence of rounded pebbles of sideritic iron formation at the base of the Rooihoogte Formation and an extensive and thick ironstone layer consisting of haematitic pisolites and oolites in the upper Timeball Hill Formation indicate that atmospheric oxygen rose significantly, perhaps for the first time, during the deposition of the Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill formations. These units were deposited between what are probably the second and third of the three Palaeoproterozoic glacial events.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Geosci, AIRIE Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Rand Afrikaans Univ, Dept Geol, ZA-2006 Johannesburg, South Africa.
C3 Harvard University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; University of Johannesburg
RP Bekker, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM abekker@fas.harvard.edu
NR 44
TC 1077
Z9 1313
U1 7
U2 334
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 117
EP 120
DI 10.1038/nature02260
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900026
PM 14712267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wurmser, AE
   Nakashima, K
   Summers, RG
   Toni, N
   D'Amour, KA
   Lie, DC
   Gage, FH
AF Wurmser, AE
   Nakashima, K
   Summers, RG
   Toni, N
   D'Amour, KA
   Lie, DC
   Gage, FH
TI Cell fusion-independent differentiation of neural stem cells to the endothelial lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow; progression; progenitor; mechanisms; invitro; protein; system; muscle; blood; vivo
AB Somatic stem cells have been claimed to possess an unexpectedly broad differentiation potential ( referred to here as plasticity) that could be induced by exposing stem cells to the extracellular developmental signals of other lineages in mixed-cell cultures(1-6). Recently, this and other experimental evidence supporting the existence of stem-cell plasticity have been refuted because stem cells have been shown to adopt the functional features of other lineages by means of cell-fusion-mediated acquisition of lineage-specific determinants (chromosomal DNA) rather than by signal-mediated differentiation(1,2,5,7,8). In this study we co-cultured mouse neural stem cells (NSCs), which are committed to become neurons and glial cells(9,10), with human endothelial cells, which form the lining of blood vessels(11). We show that in the presence of endothelial cells six per cent of the NSC population converted to cells that did not express neuronal or glial markers, but instead showed the stable expression of multiple endothelial markers and the capacity to form capillary networks. This was surprising because NSCs and endothelial cells are believed to develop from the ectoderm and mesoderm, respectively. Experiments in which endothelial cells were killed by fixation before co-culture with live NSCs (to prevent cell fusion) and karyotyping analyses, revealed that NSCs had differentiated into endothelial-like cells independently of cell fusion. We conclude that stem-cell plasticity is a true characteristic of NSCs and that the conversion of NSCs to unanticipated cell types can be accomplished without cell fusion.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Kumamoto Univ, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Dept Cell Fate Modulat, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
C3 Salk Institute; Kumamoto University
RP Gage, FH (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gage@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 282
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 350
EP 356
DI 10.1038/nature02604
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200041
PM 15254537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hwang, J
   Timusk, T
   Gu, GD
AF Hwang, J
   Timusk, T
   Gu, GD
TI High-transition-temperature superconductivity in the absence of the magnetic-resonance mode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c; neutron-scattering; spin fluctuations; pseudogap; state; excitation; inplane; peak
AB The fundamental mechanism that gives rise to high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity in the copper oxide materials has been debated since the discovery of the phenomenon. Recent work has focused on a sharp 'kink' in the kinetic energy spectra of the electrons as a possible signature of the force that creates the superconducting state(1-14). The kink has been related to a magnetic resonance(13,15-17) and also to phonons(18). Here we report that infrared spectra of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi-2212), shows that this sharp feature can be separated from a broad background and, interestingly, weakens with doping before disappearing completely at a critical doping level of 0.23 holes per copper atom. Superconductivity is still strong in terms of the transition temperature at this doping (T-c approximate to 55 K), so our results rule out both the magnetic resonance peak and phonons as the principal cause of high-T-c superconductivity. The broad background, on the other hand, is a universal property of the copper-oxygen plane and provides a good candidate signature of the 'glue' that binds the electrons.
C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 McMaster University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Timusk, T (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
EM timusk@mcmaster.ca
NR 30
TC 182
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 714
EP 717
DI 10.1038/nature02347
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000037
PM 14973479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiorescu, I
   Bertet, P
   Semba, K
   Nakamura, Y
   Harmans, CJPM
   Mooij, JE
AF Chiorescu, I
   Bertet, P
   Semba, K
   Nakamura, Y
   Harmans, CJPM
   Mooij, JE
TI Coherent dynamics of a flux qubit coupled to a harmonic oscillator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macroscopic quantum states; charge qubits; entanglement; atoms
AB In the emerging field of quantum computation(1) and quantum information, superconducting devices are promising candidates for the implementation of solid-state quantum bits (qubits). Single-qubit operations(2-6), direct coupling between two qubits(7-10) and the realization of a quantum gate(11) have been reported. However, complex manipulation of entangled states-such as the coupling of a two-level system to a quantum harmonic oscillator, as demonstrated in ion/atom-trap experiments(12,13) and cavity quantum electrodynamics(14)-has yet to be achieved for superconducting devices. Here we demonstrate entanglement between a superconducting flux qubit (a two-level system) and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The latter provides the measurement system for detecting the quantum states; it is also an effective inductance that, in parallel with an external shunt capacitance, acts as a harmonic oscillator. We achieve generation and control of the entangled state by performing microwave spectroscopy and detecting the resultant Rabi oscillations of the coupled system.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst NanoSci, Quantum Transport Grp, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, Delft Inst Microelect & Submicron Technol, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058501, Japan.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; NTT, Inc; NEC Corporation
RP Chiorescu, I (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM chiorescu@pa.msu.edu; mooij@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 20
TC 663
Z9 724
U1 1
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature02831
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000037
PM 15356624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metzger, CH
   Karrai, K
AF Metzger, CH
   Karrai, K
TI Cavity cooling of a microlever
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation pressure; confinement; detectors; mirror
AB The prospect of realizing entangled quantum states between macroscopic objects and photons(1) has recently stimulated interest in new laser-cooling schemes(2,3). For example, laser-cooling of the vibrational modes of a mirror can be achieved by subjecting it to a radiation(2) or photothermal(4) pressure, actively controlled through a servo loop adjusted to oppose its brownian thermal motion within a preset frequency window. In contrast, atoms can be laser-cooled passively without such active feedback, because their random motion is intrinsically damped through their interaction with radiation(5-8). Here we report direct experimental evidence for passive ( or intrinsic) optical cooling of a micromechanical resonator. We exploit cavity-induced photothermal pressure to quench the brownian vibrational fluctuations of a gold-coated silicon microlever from room temperature down to an effective temperature of 18 K. Extending this method to optical-cavity-induced radiation pressure might enable the quantum limit to be attained, opening the way for experimental investigations of macroscopic quantum superposition states(1) involving numbers of atoms of the order of 10(14).
C1 Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Karrai, K (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Ctr Nanosci, Geschwister Scholl Pl 1, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
EM karrai@lmu.de
NR 19
TC 573
Z9 645
U1 3
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1002
EP 1005
DI 10.1038/nature03118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000034
PM 15616555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanan, MW
   Rozenman, MM
   Sakurai, K
   Snyder, TM
   Liu, DR
AF Kanan, MW
   Rozenman, MM
   Sakurai, K
   Snyder, TM
   Liu, DR
TI Reaction discovery enabled by DNA-templated synthesis and in vitro selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-synthesis; catalysts; cycloaddition; combinatorial; fluorescence; evolution; enzymes
AB Current approaches to reaction discovery focus on one particular transformation. Typically, researchers choose substrates based on their predicted ability to serve as precursors for the target structure, then evaluate reaction conditions(1-6) for their ability to effect product formation. This approach is ideal for addressing specific reactivity problems, but its focused nature might leave many areas of chemical reactivity unexplored. Here we report a reaction discovery approach that uses DNA-templated organic synthesis(7-10) and in vitro selection to simultaneously evaluate many combinations of different substrates for bond-forming reactions in a single solution. Watson - Crick base pairing controls the effective molarities of substrates tethered to DNA strands; bond-forming substrate combinations are then revealed using in vitro selection for bond formation, PCR amplification and DNA microarray analysis. Using this approach, we discovered an efficient and mild carbon - carbon bond-forming reaction that generates an enone from an alkyne and alkene using an inorganic palladium catalyst. Although this approach is restricted to conditions and catalysts that are at least partially compatible with DNA, we expect that its versatility and efficiency will enable the discovery of additional reactions between a wide range of substrates.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Liu, DR (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM liu@chemistry.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM065865] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 342
U1 2
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 545
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature02920
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700040
PM 15457254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palacios, IM
   Gatfield, D
   St Johnston, D
   Izaurralde, E
AF Palacios, IM
   Gatfield, D
   St Johnston, D
   Izaurralde, E
TI An eIF4AIII-containing complex required for mRNA localization and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID initiation-factor 4aiii; exon junction complex; mago nashi; drosophila-melanogaster; protein; posterior; oocyte; translation; component; binding
AB The specification of both the germ line and abdomen in Drosophila depends on the localization of oskar messenger RNA to the posterior of the oocyte(1,2). This localization requires several transacting factors, including Barentsz and the Mago-Y14 heterodimer, which assemble with oskar mRNA into ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) and localize with it at the posterior pole(3-7). Although Barentsz localization in the germ line depends on Mago-Y14, no direct interaction between these proteins has been detected(5). Here, we demonstrate that the translation initiation factor eIF4AIII interacts with Barentsz and is a component of the oskar messenger RNP localization complex. Moreover, eIF4AIII interacts with Mago-Y14 and thus provides a molecular link between Barentsz and the heterodimer. The mammalian Mago (also known as Magoh)-Y14 heterodimer is a component of the exon junction complex(8-11). The exon junction complex is deposited on spliced mRNAs and functions in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)(9,11-14), a surveillance mechanism that degrades mRNAs with premature translation-termination codons. We show that both Barentsz and eIF4AIII are essential for NMD in human cells. Thus, we have identified eIF4AIII and Barentsz as components of a conserved protein complex that is essential for mRNA localization in flies and NMD in mammals.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP St Johnston, D (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM ds139@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk; izaurralde@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 28
TC 306
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 753
EP 757
DI 10.1038/nature02351
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000048
PM 14973490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grimwood, J
   Gordon, LA
   Olsen, A
   Terry, A
   Schmutz, J
   Lamerdin, J
   Hellsten, U
   Goodstein, D
   Couronne, O
   Gyamfi, MT
   Aerts, A
   Altherr, M
   Ashworth, L
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Branscomb, E
   Caenepeel, S
   Carrano, A
   Caoile, C
   Chan, YM
   Christensen, M
   Cleland, CA
   Copeland, A
   Dalin, E
   Dehal, P
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Garcia, C
   Georgescu, AM
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Ho, I
   Huang, W
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Larionov, V
   Leem, SH
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YL
   Lowry, S
   Malfatti, S
   Martinez, D
   McCready, P
   Medina, C
   Morgan, J
   Nelson, K
   Nolan, M
   Ovcharenko, I
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Popkie, AP
   Predki, P
   Quan, G
   Ramirez, L
   Rash, S
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salamov, A
   Salazar, A
   She, XW
   Smith, D
   Slezak, T
   Solovyev, V
   Thayer, N
   Tice, H
   Tsai, M
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   Wagner, M
   Wheeler, J
   Wu, K
   Xie, G
   Yang, J
   Dubchak, I
   Furey, TS
   DeJong, P
   Dickson, M
   Gordon, D
   Eichler, EE
   Pennacchio, LA
   Richardson, P
   Stubbs, L
   Rokhsar, DS
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
   Lucas, SM
AF Grimwood, J
   Gordon, LA
   Olsen, A
   Terry, A
   Schmutz, J
   Lamerdin, J
   Hellsten, U
   Goodstein, D
   Couronne, O
   Gyamfi, MT
   Aerts, A
   Altherr, M
   Ashworth, L
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Branscomb, E
   Caenepeel, S
   Carrano, A
   Caoile, C
   Chan, YM
   Christensen, M
   Cleland, CA
   Copeland, A
   Dalin, E
   Dehal, P
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Escobar, J
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Garcia, C
   Georgescu, AM
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Ho, I
   Huang, W
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Larionov, V
   Leem, SH
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YL
   Lowry, S
   Malfatti, S
   Martinez, D
   McCready, P
   Medina, C
   Morgan, J
   Nelson, K
   Nolan, M
   Ovcharenko, I
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Popkie, AP
   Predki, P
   Quan, G
   Ramirez, L
   Rash, S
   Retterer, J
   Rodriguez, A
   Rogers, S
   Salamov, A
   Salazar, A
   She, XW
   Smith, D
   Slezak, T
   Solovyev, V
   Thayer, N
   Tice, H
   Tsai, M
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   Wagner, M
   Wheeler, J
   Wu, K
   Xie, G
   Yang, J
   Dubchak, I
   Furey, TS
   DeJong, P
   Dickson, M
   Gordon, D
   Eichler, EE
   Pennacchio, LA
   Richardson, P
   Stubbs, L
   Rokhsar, DS
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
   Lucas, SM
TI The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID situ hybridization map; thymine dimers; gene-cluster; ldl receptor; chromosome; organization; evolution; expansion; mouse
AB Chromosome 19 has the highest gene density of all human chromosomes, more than double the genome-wide average. The large clustered gene families, corresponding high G+C content, CpG islands and density of repetitive DNA indicate a chromosome rich in biological and evolutionary significance. Here we describe 55.8 million base pairs of highly accurate finished sequence representing 99.9% of the euchromatin portion of the chromosome. Manual curation of gene loci reveals 1,461 protein-coding genes and 321 pseudogenes. Among these are genes directly implicated in mendelian disorders, including familial hypercholesterolaemia and insulin-resistant diabetes. Nearly one-quarter of these genes belong to tandemly arranged families, encompassing more than 25% of the chromosome. Comparative analyses show a fascinating picture of conservation and divergence, revealing large blocks of gene orthology with rodents, scattered regions with more recent gene family expansions and deletions, and segments of coding and non-coding conservation with the distant fish species Takifugu.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   DOEs Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   NCI, Lab Biosyst & Canc, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Computat Genom, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint Genome Institute - JGI; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University Hospitals of Cleveland; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Grimwood, J (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, 975 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM jane@shgc.stanford.edu; emrubin@lbl.gov
FU National Cancer Institute [ZIABC010413] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 48
TC 267
Z9 1246
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 529
EP 535
DI 10.1038/nature02399
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100034
PM 15057824
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oh, P
   Li, Y
   Yu, JY
   Durr, E
   Krasinska, KM
   Carver, LA
   Testa, JE
   Schnitzer, JE
AF Oh, P
   Li, Y
   Yu, JY
   Durr, E
   Krasinska, KM
   Carver, LA
   Testa, JE
   Schnitzer, JE
TI Subtractive proteomic mapping of the endothelial surface in lung and solid tumours for tissue-specific therapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; monoclonal-antibody; cancer-therapy; immunohistochemical localization; differential expression; drug discovery; phage display; gene delivery; annexin-i; cells
AB The molecular complexity of tissues and the inaccessibility of most cells within a tissue limit the discovery of key targets for tissue-specific delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents in vivo. Here, we describe a hypothesis-driven, systems biology approach to identifying a small subset of proteins induced at the tissue - blood interface that are inherently accessible to antibodies injected intravenously. We use subcellular fractionation, subtractive proteomics and bioinformatics to identify endothelial cell surface proteins exhibiting restricted tissue distribution and apparent tissue modulation. Expression profiling and gamma-scintigraphic imaging with antibodies establishes two of these proteins, aminopeptidase- P and annexin A1, as selective in vivo targets for antibodies in lungs and solid tumours, respectively. Radio-immunotherapy to annexin A1 destroys tumours and increases animal survival. This analytical strategy can map tissue- and disease-specific expression of endothelial cell surface proteins to uncover novel accessible targets useful for imaging and therapy.
C1 Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
RP Schnitzer, JE (corresponding author), Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM jschnitzer@skcc.org
NR 46
TC 404
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 629
EP 635
DI 10.1038/nature02580
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600032
PM 15190345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mills, MM
   Ridame, C
   Davey, M
   La Roche, J
   Geider, RJ
AF Mills, MM
   Ridame, C
   Davey, M
   La Roche, J
   Geider, RJ
TI Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic primary production; western mediterranean sea; marine cyanobacterium; trichodesmium spp.; pacific-ocean; phytoplankton; growth; phosphate; n-2
AB The role of iron in enhancing phytoplankton productivity in high nutrient, low chlorophyll oceanic regions was demonstrated first through iron-addition bioassay experiments(1) and subsequently confirmed by large-scale iron fertilization experiments(2). Iron supply has been hypothesized to limit nitrogen fixation and hence oceanic primary productivity on geological timescales(3), providing an alternative to phosphorus as the ultimate limiting nutrient(4). Oceanographic observations have been interpreted both to confirm and refute this hypothesis(5,6), but direct experimental evidence is lacking(7). We conducted experiments to test this hypothesis during the Meteor 55 cruise to the tropical North Atlantic. This region is rich in diazotrophs(8) and strongly impacted by Saharan dust input(9). Here we show that community primary productivity was nitrogen-limited, and that nitrogen fixation was co-limited by iron and phosphorus. Saharan dust addition stimulated nitrogen fixation, presumably by supplying both iron and phosphorus(10,11). Our results support the hypothesis that aeolian mineral dust deposition promotes nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.
C1 Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England.
   IFM GEOMAR Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Marine Biol Assoc UK, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England.
C3 University of Essex; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Marine Biological Association United Kingdom
RP Geider, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England.
EM geider@essex.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 774
Z9 888
U1 5
U2 326
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 292
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature02550
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900041
PM 15152251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ali, K
   Bilancio, A
   Thomas, M
   Pearce, W
   Gilfillan, AM
   Tkaczyk, C
   Kuehn, N
   Gray, A
   Giddings, J
   Peskett, E
   Fox, R
   Bruce, I
   Walker, C
   Sawyer, C
   Okkenhaug, K
   Finan, P
   Vanhaesebroeck, B
AF Ali, K
   Bilancio, A
   Thomas, M
   Pearce, W
   Gilfillan, AM
   Tkaczyk, C
   Kuehn, N
   Gray, A
   Giddings, J
   Peskett, E
   Fox, R
   Bruce, I
   Walker, C
   Sawyer, C
   Okkenhaug, K
   Finan, P
   Vanhaesebroeck, B
TI Essential role for the p110δ phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the allergic response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fc-epsilon-ri; increased insulin sensitivity; mast-cell activation; mice lacking; p85-alpha subunit; p110 delta; kit; differentiation; hypoglycemia; survival
AB Inflammatory substances released by mast cells induce and maintain the allergic response(1,2). Mast cell differentiation and activation are regulated, respectively, by stem cell factor (SCF; also known as Kit ligand) and by allergen in complex with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)(2,3). Activated SCF receptors and high-affinity receptors for IgE (FcepsilonRI) engage phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI(3)Ks) to generate intracellular lipid second messenger signals(2-5). Here, we report that genetic or pharmacological inactivation of the p110delta isoform of PI(3) K in mast cells leads to defective SCF-mediated in vitro proliferation, adhesion and migration, and to impaired allergen-IgE-induced degranulation and cytokine release. Inactivation of p110delta protects mice against anaphylactic allergic responses. These results identify p110delta as a new target for therapeutic intervention in allergy and mast-cell-related pathologies.
C1 Ludwig Inst Canc Res, London W1W 7BS, England.
   UCL, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Horsham RH12 5AB, W Sussex, England.
   NIAID, Lab Allerg Dis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Frimorfo, CH-1705 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Dundee, Dept Biochem, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of London; University College London; Novartis; Novartis United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Dundee
RP Vanhaesebroeck, B (corresponding author), Ludwig Inst Canc Res, 91 Riding House St, London W1W 7BS, England.
EM bartvanh@ludwig.ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 345
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 1007
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/nature02991
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600049
PM 15496927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motose, H
   Sugiyama, M
   Fukuda, H
AF Motose, H
   Sugiyama, M
   Fukuda, H
TI A proteoglycan mediates inductive interaction during plant vascular development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local intercellular communication; tracheary element differentiation; lipid-transfer proteins; arabinogalactan-protein; mesophyll-cells; membrane; anchor
AB Inductive cell-cell interactions are essential for controlling cell fate determination in both plants and animals(1); however, the chemical basis of inductive signals in plants remains little understood. A proteoglycan-like factor named xylogen mediates local and inductive cell-cell interactions required for xylem differentiation in Zinnia cells cultured in vitro(2,)3. Here we describe the purification of xylogen and cloning of its complementary DNA, and present evidence for its role in planta. The polypeptide backbone of xylogen is a hybrid-type molecule with properties of both arabinogalactan proteins and nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins. Xylogen predominantly accumulates in the meristem, procambium and xylem. In the xylem, xylogen has a polar localization in the cell walls of differentiating tracheary elements. Double knockouts of Arabidopsis lacking both genes that encode xylogen proteins show defects in vascular development: discontinuous veins, improperly interconnected vessel elements and simplified venation. Our results suggest that the polar secretion of xylogen draws neighbouring cells into the pathway of vascular differentiation to direct continuous vascular development, thereby identifying a molecule that mediates an inductive cell cell interaction involved in plant tissue differentiation.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Bot Gardens, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1120001, Japan.
   RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; RIKEN
RP Motose, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM hmotose@ucdavis.edu
NR 25
TC 265
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 873
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature02613
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000042
PM 15215864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maund, JR
   Smartt, SJ
   Kudritzki, RP
   Podsiadlowski, P
   Gilmore, GF
AF Maund, JR
   Smartt, SJ
   Kudritzki, RP
   Podsiadlowski, P
   Gilmore, GF
TI The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantitative spectral-analysis; sn 1993j; b-supergiants; ib supernovae; giant branch; model; 1987a; m81
AB The massive star that underwent a collapse of its core to produce supernova (SN) 1993J was subsequently identified as a non-variable red supergiant star in images of the galaxy M81 taken before explosion(1,2). It showed an excess in ultraviolet and B-band colours, suggesting either the presence of a hot, massive companion star or that it was embedded in an unresolved young stellar association(1). The spectra of SN1993J underwent a remarkable transformation from the signature of a hydrogen-rich type II supernova to one of a helium-rich (hydrogen-deficient) type Ib(3,4). The spectral and photometric peculiarities were best explained by models in which the 13 - 20 solar mass supergiant had lost almost its entire hydrogen envelope to a close binary companion(5-7), producing a 'type IIb' supernova, but the hypothetical massive companion stars for this class of supernovae have so far eluded discovery. Here we report photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN1993J ten years after the explosion. At the position of the fading supernova we detect the unambiguous signature of a massive star: the binary companion to the progenitor.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; University of Oxford
RP Maund, JR (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
EM jrm@ast.cam.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 289
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 129
EP 131
DI 10.1038/nature02161
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900028
PM 14712269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minokoshi, Y
   Alquier, T
   Furukawa, N
   Kim, YB
   Lee, A
   Xue, BZ
   Mu, J
   Foufelle, F
   Ferré, P
   Birnbaum, MJ
   Stuck, BJ
   Kahn, BB
AF Minokoshi, Y
   Alquier, T
   Furukawa, N
   Kim, YB
   Lee, A
   Xue, BZ
   Mu, J
   Foufelle, F
   Ferré, P
   Birnbaum, MJ
   Stuck, BJ
   Kahn, BB
TI AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; central-nervous-system; body-weight; glucose-production; gene-expression; malonyl-coa; in-vitro; leptin; neurons; inhibition
AB Obesity is an epidemic in Western society, and causes rapidly accelerating rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), functions as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor cellular energy status(1). We investigated the potential role of AMPK in the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake. Here we report that AMPK activity is inhibited in arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) by the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and in multiple hypothalamic regions by insulin, high glucose and refeeding. A melanocortin receptor agonist, a potent anorexigen(2), decreases AMPK activity in PVH, whereas agouti-related protein, an orexigen(2), increases AMPK activity. Melanocortin receptor signalling is required for leptin and refeeding effects on AMPK in PVH. Dominant negative AMPK expression in the hypothalamus is sufficient to reduce food intake and body weight, whereas constitutively active AMPK increases both. Alterations of hypothalamic AMPK activity augment changes in arcuate neuropeptide expression induced by fasting and feeding. Furthermore, inhibition of hypothalamic AMPK is necessary for leptin's effects on food intake and body weight, as constitutively active AMPK blocks these effects. Thus, hypothalamic AMPK plays a critical role in hormonal and nutrient-derived anorexigenic and orexigenic signals and in energy balance.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cox Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Ctr REch Biomed Cordeliers, INSERM, U465, F-75270 Paris 6, France.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; Sorbonne Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite
RP Kahn, BB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM bkahn@bidmc.harvard.edu
NR 31
TC 1349
Z9 1583
U1 3
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 569
EP 574
DI 10.1038/nature02440
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100044
PM 15058305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donley, JM
   Sepulveda, CA
   Konstantinidis, P
   Gemballa, S
   Shadwick, RE
AF Donley, JM
   Sepulveda, CA
   Konstantinidis, P
   Gemballa, S
   Shadwick, RE
TI Convergent evolution in mechanical design of lamnid sharks and tunas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle dynamics; horizontal septum; scombrid fishes; steady; locomotion; speed; propulsion
AB The evolution of 'thunniform' body shapes in several different groups of vertebrates, including whales, ichthyosaurs(1) and several species of large pelagic fishes(2) supports the view that physical and hydromechanical demands provided important selection pressures to optimize body design for locomotion during vertebrate evolution. Recognition of morphological similarities between lamnid sharks ( the most well known being the great white and the mako) and tunas has led to a general expectation that they also have converged in their functional design; however, no quantitative data exist on the mechanical performance of the locomotor system in lamnid sharks. Here we examine the swimming kinematics, in vivo muscle dynamics and functional morphology of the force-transmission system in a lamnid shark, and show that the evolutionary convergence in body shape and mechanical design between the distantly related lamnids and tunas is much more than skin deep; it extends to the depths of the myotendinous architecture and the mechanical basis for propulsive movements. We demonstrate that not only have lamnids and tunas converged to a much greater extent than previously known, but they have also developed morphological and functional adaptations in their locomotor systems that are unlike virtually all other fishes.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Tubingen, Dept Zool, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Donley, JM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM jdonley@ucsd.edu
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 173
U1 3
U2 159
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 61
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature02435
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100043
PM 15129279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Souza, V
   Summers, MF
AF D'Souza, V
   Summers, MF
TI Structural basis for packaging the dimeric genome of Moloney murine leukaemia virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleocapsid protein; retroviral rna; nmr structure; encapsidation signal; zinc-finger; dimerization; recognition; element; complex; virions
AB All retroviruses specifically package two copies of their genomes during virus assembly, a requirement for strand-transfer-mediated recombination during reverse transcription(1,2). Genomic RNA exists in virions as dimers, and the overlap of RNA elements that promote dimerization and encapsidation suggests that these processes may be coupled(3-5). Both processes are mediated by the nucleocapsid domain (NC) of the retroviral Gag polyprotein(3). Here we show that dimerization-induced register shifts in base pairing within the Psi-RNA packaging signal of Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMuLV) expose conserved UCUG elements that bind NC with high affinity ( dissociation constant = 75 +/- 12 nM). These elements are base-paired and do not bind NC in the monomeric RNA. The structure of the NC complex with a 101-nucleotide 'core encapsidation' segment of the MoMuLV Psi site(6) reveals a network of interactions that promote sequence- and structure-specific binding by NC's single CCHC zinc knuckle. Our findings support a structural RNA switch mechanism for genome encapsidation, in which protein binding sites are sequestered by base pairing in the monomeric RNA and become exposed upon dimerization to promote packaging of a diploid genome.
C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
   Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County
RP Summers, MF (corresponding author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
EM summers@hhmi.umbc.edu
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/nature02944
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700051
PM 15457265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montoya, JP
   Holl, CM
   Zehr, JP
   Hansen, A
   Villareal, TA
   Capone, DG
AF Montoya, JP
   Holl, CM
   Zehr, JP
   Hansen, A
   Villareal, TA
   Capone, DG
TI High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; cyanobacterium trichodesmium-thiebautii; nitrogen-fixation; marine cyanobacterium; extensive bloom; situ rates; denitrification; spp.; gene
AB The availability of nitrogen is important in regulating biological productivity in marine environments. Deepwater nitrate has long been considered the major source of new nitrogen supporting primary production in oligotrophic regions of the open ocean, but recent studies have showed that biological N-2 fixation has a critical role in supporting oceanic new production(1-7). Large colonial cyanobacteria in the genus Trichodesmium and the heterocystous endosymbiont Richelia have traditionally been considered the dominant marine N-2 fixers, but unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria and bacterioplankton have recently been found in the picoplankton and nanoplankton community of the North Pacific central gyre, and a variety of molecular and isotopic evidence suggests that these unicells could make a major contribution to the oceanic N budget(8). Here we report rates of N-2 fixation by these small, previously overlooked diazotrophs that, although spatially variable, can equal or exceed the rate of N-2 fixation reported for larger, more obvious organisms. Direct measurements of N-15(2) fixation by small diazotrophs in various parts of the Pacific Ocean, including the waters off Hawaii where the unicellular diazotrophs were first characterized, show that N-2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs can support a significant fraction of total new production in oligotrophic waters.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Hawaii System; University of Texas System; University of Southern California; University of Southern California
RP Montoya, JP (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM j.montoya@biology.gatech.edu
NR 29
TC 471
Z9 544
U1 4
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1027
EP 1031
DI 10.1038/nature02824
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900043
PM 15329721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cattin, MF
   Bersier, LF
   Banasek-Richter, C
   Baltensperger, R
   Gabriel, JP
AF Cattin, MF
   Bersier, LF
   Banasek-Richter, C
   Baltensperger, R
   Gabriel, JP
TI Phylogenetic constraints and adaptation explain food-web structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID connectance; stability; patterns
AB Food webs are descriptions of who eats whom in an ecosystem. Although extremely complex and variable, their structure possesses basic regularities(1-6). A fascinating question is to find a simple model capturing the underlying processes behind these repeatable patterns. Until now, two models have been devised for the description of trophic interactions within a natural community(7,8). Both are essentially based on the concept of ecological niche, with the consumers organized along a single niche dimension; for example, prey size(8,9). Unfortunately, they fail to describe adequately recent and high-quality data. Here, we propose a new model built on the hypothesis that any species' diet is the consequence of phylogenetic constraints and adaptation. Simple rules incorporating both concepts yield food webs whose structure is very close to real data. Consumers are organized in groups forming a nested hierarchy, which better reflects the complexity and multidimensionality of most natural systems.
C1 Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Math, Chair Stat, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Fribourg, Dept Math, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
C3 University of Neuchatel; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; University of Fribourg
RP Bersier, LF (corresponding author), Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, Rue Emile Argand 11,CP2, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
EM louis-felix.bersier@unine.ch
NR 29
TC 299
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 835
EP 839
DI 10.1038/nature02327
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500039
PM 14985761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hornbach, MJ
   Saffer, DM
   Holbrook, WS
AF Hornbach, MJ
   Saffer, DM
   Holbrook, WS
TI Critically pressured free-gas reservoirs below gas-hydrate provinces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bottom simulating reflector; marine-sediments; methane hydrate; continental-margin; velocity structure; blake ridge; gulf; migration; beneath; stress
AB Palaeoceanographic data have been used to suggest that methane hydrates play a significant role in global climate change. The mechanism by which methane is released during periods of global warming is, however, poorly understood(1). In particular, the size and role of the free-gas zone below gas-hydrate provinces remain relatively unconstrained, largely because the base of the free-gas zone is not a phase boundary and has thus defied systematic description. Here we evaluate the possibility that the maximum thickness of an interconnected free-gas zone is mechanically regulated by valving caused by fault slip in overlying sediments(2). Our results suggest that a critical gas column exists below most hydrate provinces in basin settings, implying that these provinces are poised for mechanical failure and are therefore highly sensitive to changes in ambient conditions(3). We estimate that the global free-gas reservoir may contain from one-sixth to two-thirds of the total methane trapped in hydrate(4). If gas accumulations are critically thick along passive continental slopes, we calculate that a 5 degreesC temperature increase at the sea floor could result in a release of similar to2,000 Gt of methane from the free-gas zone, offering a mechanism for rapid methane release during global warming events.
C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
C3 University of Wyoming
RP Hornbach, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Geol & Geophys, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
EM mhornbac@uwyo.edu
NR 32
TC 153
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/nature02172
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900032
PM 14712273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ianora, A
   Miralto, A
   Poulet, SA
   Carotenuto, Y
   Buttino, I
   Romano, G
   Casotti, R
   Pohnert, G
   Wichard, T
   Colucci-D'Amato, L
   Terrazzano, G
   Smetacek, V
AF Ianora, A
   Miralto, A
   Poulet, SA
   Carotenuto, Y
   Buttino, I
   Romano, G
   Casotti, R
   Pohnert, G
   Wichard, T
   Colucci-D'Amato, L
   Terrazzano, G
   Smetacek, V
TI Aldehyde suppression of copepod recruitment in blooms of a ubiquitous planktonic diatom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical defense; calanus-helgolandicus; hatching success; fertilization; reproduction; inhibition; ecosystems; abundance; extracts; cycles
AB The growth cycle in nutrient-rich, aquatic environments starts with a diatom bloom that ends in mass sinking of ungrazed cells and phytodetritus(1). The low grazing pressure on these blooms has been attributed to the inability of overwintering copepod populations to track them temporally(2). We tested an alternative explanation: that dominant diatom species impair the reproductive success of their grazers. We compared larval development of a common overwintering copepod fed on a ubiquitous, early-blooming diatom species with its development when fed on a typical post-bloom dinoflagellate. Development was arrested in all larvae in which both mothers and their larvae were fed the diatom diet. Mortality remained high even if larvae were switched to the dinoflagellate diet. Aldehydes, cleaved from a fatty acid precursor by enzymes activated within seconds after crushing of the cell(3), elicit the teratogenic effect(4). This insidious mechanism, which does not deter the herbivore from feeding but impairs its recruitment, will restrain the cohort size of the next generation of early-rising overwinterers. Such a transgenerational plant-herbivore interaction could explain the recurringly inefficient use of a predictable, potentially valuable food resource-the spring diatom bloom-by marine zooplankton.
C1 Stn Zool A Dohrn, Ecophysiol Lab, I-80121 Naples, Italy.
   CNRS, Stn Biol Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   CNR, Inst Endocrinol & Expt Oncol, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol & Pathol, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Max Planck Society; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Naples Federico II; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP Ianora, A (corresponding author), Stn Zool A Dohrn, Ecophysiol Lab, Villa Comunale, I-80121 Naples, Italy.
EM ianora@szn.it
NR 31
TC 357
Z9 394
U1 1
U2 111
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 403
EP 407
DI 10.1038/nature02526
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600036
PM 15164060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saitoh, E
   Miyajima, H
   Yamaoka, T
   Tatara, G
AF Saitoh, E
   Miyajima, H
   Yamaoka, T
   Tatara, G
TI Current-induced resonance and mass determination of a single magnetic domain wall
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electric-current; permalloy-films; pulsed-current; force
AB A magnetic domain wall (DW) is a spatially localized change of magnetization configuration in a magnet. This topological object has been predicted to behave at low energy as a composite particle with finite mass(1). This particle will couple directly with electric currents as well as magnetic fields, and its manipulation using electric currents(2-8) is of particular interest with regard to the development of high-density magnetic memories(9). The DW mass sets the ultimate operation speed of these devices, but has yet to be determined experimentally. Here we report the direct observation of the dynamics of a single DW in a ferromagnetic nanowire, which demonstrates that such a topological particle has a very small but finite mass of 6.6x10(-23) kg. This measurement was realized by preparing a tunable DW potential in the nanowire, and detecting the resonance motion of the DW induced by an oscillating current. The resonance also allows low-current operation, which is crucial in device applications; a DW displacement of 10 mum was induced by a current density of 10(10) A m(-2).
C1 Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   SII NanoTechnol Inc, Matsudo, Chiba 2702222, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
C3 Keio University; University of Osaka
RP Saitoh, E (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
EM eizi@phys.keio.ac.jp
NR 15
TC 357
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/nature03009
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200041
PM 15538364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stoleru, D
   Peng, Y
   Agosto, J
   Rosbash, M
AF Stoleru, D
   Peng, Y
   Agosto, J
   Rosbash, M
TI Coupled oscillators control morning and evening locomotor behaviour of Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID suprachiasmatic nucleus; circadian-rhythms; pacemaker neurons; clock genes; period; brain; melanogaster; neuropeptide; light; projections
AB Daily rhythms of physiology and behaviour are precisely timed by an endogenous circadian clock(1,2). These include separate bouts of morning and evening activity, characteristic of Drosophila melanogaster and many other taxa, including mammals(3-5). Whereas multiple oscillators have long been proposed to orchestrate such complex behavioural programmes(6), their nature and interplay have remained elusive. By using cell-specific ablation, we show that the timing of morning and evening activity in Drosophila derives from two distinct groups of circadian neurons: morning activity from the ventral lateral neurons that express the neuropeptide PDF, and evening activity from another group of cells, including the dorsal lateral neurons. Although the two oscillators can function autonomously, cell-specific rescue experiments with circadian clock mutants indicate that they are functionally coupled.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Natl Ctr Behav Genom, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University
RP Rosbash, M (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM rosbash@brandeis.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007122] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 576
Z9 692
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 862
EP 868
DI 10.1038/nature02926
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500051
PM 15483615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conway, SL
   Shinbrot, T
   Glasser, BJ
AF Conway, SL
   Shinbrot, T
   Glasser, BJ
TI A Taylor vortex analogy in granular flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; segregation; separation; motion; onset
AB Fluids sheared between concentric rotating cylinders undergo a series of three-dimensional instabilities. Since Taylor's archetypal 1923 study(1), these have proved pivotal to understanding how fluid flows become unstable and eventually undergo transitions to chaotic or turbulent states(2-5). In contrast, predicting the dynamics of granular systems - from nano-sized particles to debris flows - is far less reliable. Under shear these materials resemble fluids, but solid-like responses, non-equilibrium structures and segregation patterns develop unexpectedly(6-9). As a result, the analysis of geophysical events(10) and the performance of largely empirical particle technologies might suffer(11,12). Here, using gas fluidization to overcome jamming(6,13), we show experimentally that granular materials develop vortices consistent with the primary Taylor instability in fluids. However, the vortices observed in our fluidized granular bed are unlike those in fluids in that they are accompanied by novel mixing segregation transitions. The vortices seem to alleviate increased strain by spawning new vortices, directly modifying the scale of kinetic interactions. Our observations provide insights into the mechanisms of shear transmission by particles and their consequent convective mixing.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Glasser, BJ (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM bglasser@rutgers.edu
NR 29
TC 57
Z9 70
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 433
EP 437
DI 10.1038/nature02901
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500035
PM 15386007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mangles, SPD
   Murphy, CD
   Najmudin, Z
   Thomas, AGR
   Collier, JL
   Dangor, AE
   Divall, EJ
   Foster, PS
   Gallacher, JG
   Hooker, CJ
   Jaroszynski, DA
   Langley, AJ
   Mori, WB
   Norreys, PA
   Tsung, FS
   Viskup, R
   Walton, BR
   Krushelnick, K
AF Mangles, SPD
   Murphy, CD
   Najmudin, Z
   Thomas, AGR
   Collier, JL
   Dangor, AE
   Divall, EJ
   Foster, PS
   Gallacher, JG
   Hooker, CJ
   Jaroszynski, DA
   Langley, AJ
   Mori, WB
   Norreys, PA
   Tsung, FS
   Viskup, R
   Walton, BR
   Krushelnick, K
TI Monoenergetic beams of relativistic electrons from intense laser-plasma interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wakefield acceleration; pulse; generation
AB High-power lasers that fit into a university-scale laboratory(1) can now reach focused intensities of more than 10(19) W cm(-2) at high repetition rates. Such lasers are capable of producing beams of energetic electrons(2-11), protons(12) and gamma-rays(13). Relativistic electrons are generated through the breaking(9,10,14) of large-amplitude relativistic plasma waves created in the wake of the laser pulse as it propagates through a plasma, or through a direct interaction between the laser field and the electrons in the plasma(15). However, the electron beams produced from previous laser - plasma experiments have a large energy spread(6,7,9,14), limiting their use for potential applications. Here we report high-resolution energy measurements of the electron beams produced from intense laser - plasma interactions, showing that - under particular plasma conditions - it is possible to generate beams of relativistic electrons with low divergence and a small energy spread ( less than three per cent). The monoenergetic features were observed in the electron energy spectrum for plasma densities just above a threshold required for breaking of the plasma wave. These features were observed consistently in the electron spectrum, although the energy of the beam was observed to vary from shot to shot. If the issue of energy reproducibility can be addressed, it should be possible to generate ultrashort monoenergetic electron bunches of tunable energy, holding great promise for the future development of 'table-top' particle accelerators.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Phys, Glasgow G4 0NG, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Strathclyde; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Mangles, SPD (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM stuart.mangles@imperial.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R88090/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 26
TC 1857
Z9 2060
U1 13
U2 279
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 535
EP 538
DI 10.1038/nature02939
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700037
PM 15457251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanan, BB
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Pyle, DG
   Christie, DM
AF Hanan, BB
   Blichert-Toft, J
   Pyle, DG
   Christie, DM
TI Contrasting origins of the upper mantle revealed by hafnium and lead isotopes from the Southeast Indian Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower crustal xenoliths; trace-element; lu-hf; geochemistry; geochronology; constraints; evolution; boundary; basalts; lavas
AB The origin of the isotopic signature of Indian mid-ocean ridge basalts has remained enigmatic, because the geochemical composition of these basalts is consistent either with pollution from recycled, ancient altered oceanic crust and sediments, or with ancient continental crust or lithosphere. The radiogenic isotopic signature may therefore be the result of contamination of the upper mantle by plumes containing recycled altered ancient oceanic crust and sediments(1), detachment and dispersal of continental material into the shallow mantle during rifting and breakup of Gondwana(2), or contamination of the upper mantle by ancient subduction processes(3,4). The identification of a process operating on a scale large enough to affect major portions of the Indian mid-ocean ridge basalt source region has been a longstanding problem. Here we present hafnium and lead isotope data from across the Indian - Pacific mantle boundary at the Australian - Antarctic discordance region of the Southeast Indian Ridge, which demonstrate that the Pacific and Indian upper mantle basalt source domains were each affected by different mechanisms. We infer that the Indian upper-mantle isotope signature in this region is affected mainly by lower continental crust entrained during Gondwana rifting, whereas the isotope signature of the Pacific upper mantle is influenced predominantly by ocean floor subduction-related processes.
C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Lab Sci Terre, CNRS, UMR 5570, F-69364 Lyon 7, France.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Diego State University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); University of Hawaii System; Oregon State University
RP Hanan, BB (corresponding author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
EM Barry.Hanan@sdsu.edu
NR 32
TC 172
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature03026
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900045
PM 15525986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Galliard, JF
   Clobert, J
   Ferrière, R
AF Le Galliard, JF
   Clobert, J
   Ferrière, R
TI Physical performance and darwinian fitness in lizards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lacerta-vivipara; natural-selection; body-size; locomotor capacity; food-consumption; traits; population; adaptation; morphology; endurance
AB Strong evidence for a genetic basis of variation in physical performance has accumulated(1,2). Considering one of the basic tenets of evolutionary physiology-that physical performance and darwinian fitness are tightly linked(3)-one may expect phenotypes with exceptional physiological capacities to be promoted by natural selection. Why then does physical performance remain considerably variable in human and other animal populations(1,2,4)? Our analysis of locomotor performance in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) demonstrates that initial endurance (running time to exhaustion measured at birth) is indeed highly heritable, but natural selection in favour of this trait can be unexpectedly weak. A manipulation of dietary conditions unravels a proximate mechanism explaining this pattern. Fully fed individuals experience a marked reversal of performance within only one month after birth: juveniles with low endurance catch up, whereas individuals with high endurance lose their advantage. In contrast, dietary restriction allows highly endurant neonates to retain their locomotor superiority as they age. Thus, the expression of a genetic predisposition to high physical performance strongly depends on the environment experienced early in life.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, UMR 7625, Lab Fonctionnement & Evolut Syst Ecol, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); University of Arizona
RP Le Galliard, JF (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Synth, POB 1050,Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
EM j.f.l.galliard@bio.uio.no
NR 30
TC 192
Z9 210
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature03057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100046
PM 15565154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, H
AF Pearson, H
TI Hormone therapy: A dangerous elixir?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID testosterone; men; risks; age
NR 6
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 500
EP 501
DI 10.1038/431500a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700011
PM 15457228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rivera, MC
   Lake, JA
AF Rivera, MC
   Lake, JA
TI The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary trees; gene-transfer; phylogeny; sequences; archaea; archaebacteria; nucleus; reconstruction; prokaryotes; eubacteria
AB Genomes hold within them the record of the evolution of life on Earth. But genome fusions and horizontal gene transfer seem to have obscured sufficiently the gene sequence record such that it is difficult to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of life. Here we determine the general outline of the tree using complete genome data from representative prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a new genome analysis method that makes it possible to reconstruct ancient genome fusions and phylogenetic trees. Our analyses indicate that the eukaryotic genome resulted from a fusion of two diverse prokaryotic genomes, and therefore at the deepest levels linking prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the tree of life is actually a ring of life. One fusion partner branches from deep within an ancient photosynthetic clade, and the other is related to the archaeal prokaryotes. The eubacterial organism is either a proteobacterium, or a member of a larger photosynthetic clade that includes the Cyanobacteria and the Proteobacteria.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, MCD Biol, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Astrobiol Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Lake, JA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, MCD Biol, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM lake@mbi.ucla.edu
NR 49
TC 341
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/nature02848
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000035
PM 15356622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, L
   Douglas, BC
AF Miller, L
   Douglas, BC
TI Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The rate of twentieth-century global sea level rise and its causes are the subjects of intense controversy(1-7). Most direct estimates from tide gauges give 1.5-2.0 mm yr(-1), whereas indirect estimates based on the two processes responsible for global sea level rise, namely mass and volume change, fall far below this range. Estimates of the volume increase due to ocean warming give a rate of about 0.5 mm yr(-1) ( ref. 8) and the rate due to mass increase, primarily from the melting of continental ice, is thought to be even smaller. Therefore, either the tide gauge estimates are too high, as has been suggested recently(6), or one ( or both) of the mass and volume estimates is too low. Here we present an analysis of sea level measurements at tide gauges combined with observations of temperature and salinity in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans close to the gauges. We find that gauge-determined rates of sea level rise, which encompass both mass and volume changes, are two to three times higher than the rates due to volume change derived from temperature and salinity data. Our analysis supports earlier studies that put the twentieth-century rate in the 1.5-2.0 mm yr(-1) range, but more importantly it suggests that mass increase plays a larger role than ocean warming in twentieth-century global sea level rise.
C1 NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
   Florida Int Univ, Lab Coastal Res, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; State University System of Florida; Florida International University
RP Miller, L (corresponding author), NOAA, Lab Satellite Altimetry, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
EM laury.miller@noaa.gov
NR 15
TC 183
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/nature02309
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300037
PM 15042085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, JL
   Holmes, AJ
   Westoby, M
   Oliver, I
   Briscoe, D
   Dangerfield, M
   Gillings, M
   Beattie, AJ
AF Green, JL
   Holmes, AJ
   Westoby, M
   Oliver, I
   Briscoe, D
   Dangerfield, M
   Gillings, M
   Beattie, AJ
TI Spatial scaling of microbial eukaryote diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-area relationships; soil; biodiversity; community; similarity; bacterial; distance; systems; decay
AB Patterns in the spatial distribution of organisms provide important information about mechanisms that regulate the diversity of life and the complexity of ecosystems(1,2). Although microorganisms may comprise much of the Earth's biodiversity(3,4) and have critical roles in biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning(5-7), little is known about their spatial diversification. Here we present quantitative estimates of microbial community turnover at local and regional scales using the largest spatially explicit microbial diversity data set available (> 10(6) sample pairs). Turnover rates were small across large geographical distances, of similar magnitude when measured within distinct habitats, and did not increase going from one vegetation type to another. The taxa - area relationship of these terrestrial microbial eukaryotes was relatively flat (slope z = 0.074) and consistent with those reported in aquatic habitats(8,9). This suggests that despite high local diversity, microorganisms may have only moderate regional diversity. We show how turnover patterns can be used to project taxa - area relationships up to whole continents. Taxa dissimilarities across continents and between them would strengthen these projections. Such data do not yet exist, but would be feasible to collect.
C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Key Ctr Biodivers & Bioresources, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Mol & Microbial Biosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ New England, New S Wales Dept Infrastruct Planning & Nat Resou, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; University of Sydney; University of New England
RP Green, JL (corresponding author), Univ Calif, Sch Nat Sci, POB 2039, Merced, CA 95344 USA.
EM jgreen@ucmerced.edu
NR 30
TC 476
Z9 575
U1 7
U2 373
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 747
EP 750
DI 10.1038/nature03034
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200046
PM 15592411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novikov, VN
   Sokolov, AP
AF Novikov, VN
   Sokolov, AP
TI Poisson's ratio and the fragility of glass-forming liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition temperature; supercooled liquids; boson peak; relaxation; viscosity; dynamics; scattering; formers; solids
AB The nature of the transformation by which a supercooled liquid 'freezes' to a glass-the glass transition-is a central issue in condensed matter physics(1-3) but also affects many other fields, including biology(4). Substantial progress has been made in understanding this phenomenon over the past two decades, yet many key questions remain. In particular, the factors that control the temperature-dependent relaxation and viscous properties of the liquid phase as the glass transition is approached (that is, whether the glass-forming liquid is 'fragile' or 'strong'(5-7)) remain unclear. Here we show that the fragility of a glass-forming liquid is intimately linked to a very basic property of the corresponding glass phase: the relative strength of shear and bulk moduli, or Poisson's ratio.
C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Automat & Electrometry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Akron; Institute of Automation & Electrometry SB RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Sokolov, AP (corresponding author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA.
EM alexei@uakron.edu
NR 28
TC 452
Z9 488
U1 2
U2 147
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 961
EP 963
DI 10.1038/nature02947
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600037
PM 15496916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Douma, S
   van Laar, T
   Zevenhoven, J
   Meuwissen, R
   van Garderen, E
   Peeper, DS
AF Douma, S
   van Laar, T
   Zevenhoven, J
   Meuwissen, R
   van Garderen, E
   Peeper, DS
TI Suppression of anoikis and induction of metastasis by the neurotrophic receptor TrkB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human neuroblastomas; signal-transduction; kinase receptor; expression; apoptosis; survival; pathway; activation; mechanisms; integrins
AB Metastasis is a major factor in the malignancy of cancers, and is often responsible for the failure of cancer treatment. Anoikis ( apoptosis resulting from loss of cell-matrix interactions) has been suggested to act as a physiological barrier to metastasis; resistance to anoikis may allow survival of cancer cells during systemic circulation, thereby facilitating secondary tumour formation in distant organs(1-3). In an attempt to identify metastasis-associated oncogenes, we designed an unbiased, genome-wide functional screen solely on the basis of anoikis suppression. Here, we report the identification of TrkB, a neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor(4,5), as a potent and specific suppressor of caspase-associated anoikis of non-malignant epithelial cells. By activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B pathway, TrkB induced the formation of large cellular aggregates that survive and proliferate in suspension. In mice, these cells formed rapidly growing tumours that infiltrated lymphatics and blood vessels to colonize distant organs. Consistent with the ability of TrkB to suppress anoikis, metastases-whether small vessel infiltrates or large tumour nodules-contained very few apoptotic cells. These observations demonstrate the potent oncogenic effects of TrkB and uncover a specific pro-survival function that may contribute to its metastatic capacity, providing a possible explanation for the aggressive nature of human tumours that overexpress TrkB.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Dept Expt Anim Pathol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Peeper, DS (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM d.peeper@nki.nl
NR 30
TC 484
Z9 620
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1034
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/nature02765
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900045
PM 15329723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsori, Y
   Tournilhac, F
   Leibler, L
AF Tsori, Y
   Tournilhac, F
   Leibler, L
TI Demixing in simple fluids induced by electric field gradients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical-point; dielectric-constant
AB Phase separation in liquid mixtures is mainly controlled by temperature and pressure, but can also be influenced by gravitational, magnetic or electric fields. However, the weak coupling between such fields and concentration fluctuations limits this effect to extreme conditions(1-3). For example, mixing induced by uniform electric fields is detectable only at temperatures that are within a few hundredths of degree or less of the phase transition temperature of the system being studied(4-7). Here we predict and demonstrate that electric fields can control the phase separation behaviour of mixtures of simple liquids under more practical conditions, provided that the fields are non-uniform. By applying a voltage of 100 V across unevenly spaced electrodes about 50 mum apart, we can reversibly induce the demixing of paraffin and silicone oil at 1K above the phase transition temperature of the mixture; when the field gradients are turned off, the mixture becomes homogeneous again. This direct control over phase separation behaviour depends on field intensity, with the electrode geometry determining the length-scale of the effect. We expect that this phenomenon will find a number of nanotechnological applications, particularly as it benefits from field gradients near small conducting objects.
C1 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, CNRS, UMR 167, Lab Mat Molle & Chim, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Leibler, L (corresponding author), Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, CNRS, UMR 167, Lab Mat Molle & Chim, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM Ludwik.leibler@espci.fr
NR 26
TC 80
Z9 86
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 544
EP 547
DI 10.1038/nature02758
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100043
PM 15282601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, DR
   Hare, JF
AF Wilson, DR
   Hare, JF
TI Ground squirrel uses ultrasonic alarms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
C3 University of Manitoba
RP Wilson, DR (corresponding author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Zool, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
EM harejf@cc.umanitoba.ca
NR 8
TC 62
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 523
EP 523
DI 10.1038/430523a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100035
PM 15282596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geijsen, N
   Horoschak, M
   Kim, K
   Gribnau, J
   Eggan, K
   Daley, GQ
AF Geijsen, N
   Horoschak, M
   Kim, K
   Gribnau, J
   Eggan, K
   Daley, GQ
TI Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male-sterility gene; ret finger protein; in-vitro; yolk-sac; mouse; expression; daz; differentiation; spermatogenesis; proliferation
AB Egg and sperm cells ( gametes) of the mouse are derived from a founder population of primordial germ cells that are set aside early in embryogenesis. Primordial germ cells arise from the proximal epiblast, a region of the early mouse embryo that also contributes to the first blood lineages of the embryonic yolk sac(1). Embryonic stem cells differentiate in vitro into cystic structures called embryoid bodies consisting of tissue lineages typical of the early mouse embryo(2,3). Because embryoid bodies sustain blood development, we reasoned that they might also support primordial germ cell formation. Here we isolate primordial germ cells from embryoid bodies, and derive continuously growing lines of embryonic germ cells. Embryonic germ cells show erasure of the methylation markers ( imprints) of the Igf2r and H19 genes, a property characteristic of the germlineage. We show that embryoid bodies support maturation of the primordial germ cells into haploid male gametes, which when injected into oocytes restore the somatic diploid chromosome complement and develop into blastocysts. Our ability to derive germ cells from embryonic stem cells provides an accessible in vitro model system for studies of germline epigenetic modification and mammalian gametogenesis.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Regenerat Med & Technol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University
RP Daley, GQ (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM george.daley@childrens.harvard.edu
NR 31
TC 639
Z9 771
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 148
EP 154
DI 10.1038/nature02247
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900034
PM 14668819
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rajagopalan, H
   Lengauer, C
AF Rajagopalan, H
   Lengauer, C
TI Aneuploidy and cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID centrosome amplification; chromosomal instability; genomic instability; genetic instability; evolution; inactivation; defects; tumors; cells; hcdc4
AB In contrast to normal cells, aneuploidy - alterations in the number of chromosomes - is consistently observed in virtually all cancers. A growing body of evidence suggests that aneuploidy is often caused by a particular type of genetic instability, called chromosomal instability, which may reflect defects in mitotic segregation in cancer cells. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to aneuploidy holds promise for the development of cancer drugs that target this process.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
RP Rajagopalan, H (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, 1650 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM lengauer@jhmi.edu
NR 49
TC 552
Z9 688
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature03099
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400044
PM 15549096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piffanelli, P
   Ramsay, L
   Waugh, R
   Benabdelmouna, A
   D'Hont, A
   Hollricher, K
   Jorgensen, JH
   Schulze-Lefert, P
   Panstruga, R
AF Piffanelli, P
   Ramsay, L
   Waugh, R
   Benabdelmouna, A
   D'Hont, A
   Hollricher, K
   Jorgensen, JH
   Schulze-Lefert, P
   Panstruga, R
TI A barley cultivation-associated polymorphism conveys resistance to powdery mildew
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mlo family; diversity; gene; defense; protein; genome; plants
AB Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) has played a pivotal role in Old World agriculture since its domestication about 10,000 yr ago(1). Barley plants carrying loss-of-function alleles (mlo) of the Mlo locus are resistant against all known isolates of the widespread powdery mildew fungus(2). The sole mlo resistance allele recovered so far from a natural habitat, mlo-11, was originally retrieved from Ethiopian landraces and nowadays controls mildew resistance in the majority of cultivated European spring barley elite varieties(2). Here we use haplotype analysis to show that the mlo-11 allele probably arose once after barley domestication. Resistance in mlo-11 plants is linked to a complex tandem repeat array inserted upstream of the wild-type gene. The repeat units consist of a truncated Mlo gene comprising 3.5 kilobases (kb) of 50-regulatory sequence plus 1.1 kb of coding sequence. These generate aberrant transcripts that impair the accumulation of both Mlo wild-type transcript and protein. We exploited the meiotic instability of mlo-11 resistance and recovered susceptible revertants in which restoration of Mlo function was accompanied by excision of the repeat array. We infer cis-dependent perturbation of transcription machinery assembly by transcriptional interference in mlo-11 plants as a likely mechanism leading to disease resistance.
C1 Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Scottish Crop Res Inst, Genome Unit, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
   CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Breeding & Yield Physiol, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Riso Natl Lab, Res Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; James Hutton Institute; CIRAD; Max Planck Society; Technical University of Denmark; Max Planck Society
RP Schulze-Lefert, P (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Dept Plant Microbe Interact, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
EM schlef@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 887
EP 891
DI 10.1038/nature02781
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800041
PM 15318221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holman, MJ
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Grav, T
   Gladman, BJ
   Fraser, WC
   Milisavljevic, D
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Carruba, V
   Petit, JM
   Rousselot, P
   Mousis, O
   Marsden, BG
   Jacobson, RA
AF Holman, MJ
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Grav, T
   Gladman, BJ
   Fraser, WC
   Milisavljevic, D
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Carruba, V
   Petit, JM
   Rousselot, P
   Mousis, O
   Marsden, BG
   Jacobson, RA
TI Discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assisted capture; gas-drag; satellites; uranus; inclination; objects; jupiter; search
AB Each giant planet of the Solar System has two main types of moons. 'Regular' moons are typically larger satellites with prograde, nearly circular orbits in the equatorial plane of their host planets at distances of several to tens of planetary radii. The 'irregular' satellites (which are typically smaller) have larger orbits with significant eccentricities and inclinations. Despite these common features, Neptune's irregular satellite system, hitherto thought to consist of Triton and Nereid, has appeared unusual. Triton is as large as Pluto and is postulated to have been captured from heliocentric orbit; it traces a circular but retrograde orbit at 14 planetary radii from Neptune. Nereid, which exhibits one of the largest satellite eccentricities, is believed to have been scattered from a regular satellite orbit to its present orbit during Triton's capture(1,2). Here we report the discovery of five irregular moons of Neptune, two with prograde and three with retrograde orbits. These exceedingly faint (apparent red magnitude m(R) = 5 24.2-25.4) moons, with diameters of 30 to 50 km, were presumably captured by Neptune.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Victoria, BC V9E ZE7, Canada.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Obervatoire Besancon, F-25010 Besancon, France.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; National Research Council Canada; University of Oslo; University of British Columbia; McMaster University; Cornell University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Holman, MJ (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM mholman@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 54
Z9 60
U1 2
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 865
EP 867
DI 10.1038/nature02832
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800034
PM 15318214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elemans, CPH
   Spierts, ILY
   Müller, UK
   van Leeuwen, JL
   Goller, F
AF Elemans, CPH
   Spierts, ILY
   Müller, UK
   van Leeuwen, JL
   Goller, F
TI Superfast muscles control dove's trill
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vocalizations; syrinx; song
C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Expt Zool Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Wageningen University & Research; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Elemans, CPH (corresponding author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Expt Zool Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
EM coen.elemans@wur.nl
NR 12
TC 60
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 146
EP 146
DI 10.1038/431146a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000033
PM 15356620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haas, J
   Creamer, W
   Ruiz, A
AF Haas, J
   Creamer, W
   Ruiz, A
TI Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID age calibration
AB The Norte Chico region on the coast of Peru north of Lima consists of four adjacent river valleys - Huaura, Supe, Pativilca and Fortaleza - in which archaeologists have been aware of a number work in 2002 and 2003 to determine the dates of occupation of sites in the Fortaleza and Pativilca valleys. Here we present 95 new radiocarbon dates from a sample of 13 of more than 20 large, early sites. These sites share certain basic characteristics, including large-scale monumental architecture, extensive residential architecture and a lack of ceramics. The 95 new dates confirm the emergence and development of a major cultural complex in this region during the Late Archaic period between 3000 and 1800 calibrated calendar years BC. The results help to redefine a broader understanding of the respective roles of agricultural and fishing economies in the beginnings of civilization in South America.
C1 Field Museum, Dept Anthropol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   No Illinois Univ, Dept Anthropol, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); Northern Illinois University
RP Haas, J (corresponding author), Field Museum, Dept Anthropol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
EM jhaas@fieldmuseum.org
NR 17
TC 43
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1020
EP 1023
DI 10.1038/nature03146
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000040
PM 15616561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vendrasco, MJ
   Wood, TE
   Runnegar, BN
AF Vendrasco, MJ
   Wood, TE
   Runnegar, BN
TI Articulated Palaeozoic fossil with 17 plates greatly expands disparity of early chitons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north greenland; halkieriids; affinity; sclerites; growth
AB Modern chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) possess a highly conserved skeleton of eight shell plates ( valves) surrounded by spicules or scales, and fossil evidence suggests that the chiton skeleton has changed little since the first appearance of the class in the Late Cambrian period ( about 500 million years before present, Myr BP). However, the Palaeozoic problematic taxon Multiplacophora(1-5), in spite of having a more complex skeleton, shares several derived characters with chitons. The enigmatic status of the Multiplacophora is due in part to the fact that its members had an exoskeleton of numerous calcium carbonate valves that usually separated after death. A new articulated specimen from the Carboniferous period (about 335 Myr BP) of Indiana reveals that multiplacophorans had a dorsal protective surface composed of head and tail valves, left and right columns of overlapping valves (five on each side), and a central zone of five smaller valves, all surrounded by an annulus of large spines. Here we describe and name the articulated specimen and present evidence that multiplacophorans were chitons. Thus the highly conserved body plan of living chitons belies the broad disparity of this clade during the Palaeozoic era.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, JH 142, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Vendrasco, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mikev@ess.ucla.edu
NR 25
TC 61
Z9 69
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 288
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature02548
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900040
PM 15152250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsu, LC
   Park, JM
   Zhang, KZ
   Luo, JL
   Maeda, S
   Kaufman, RJ
   Eckmann, L
   Guiney, DG
   Karin, M
AF Hsu, LC
   Park, JM
   Zhang, KZ
   Luo, JL
   Maeda, S
   Kaufman, RJ
   Eckmann, L
   Guiney, DG
   Karin, M
TI The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptors; ikk-beta; mice; interferons; disruption; induction; infection; irf-3
AB Macrophages are pivotal constituents of the innate immune system, vital for recognition and elimination of microbial pathogens(1). Macrophages use Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns - including bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid, and viral nucleic acids, such as double-stranded (ds) RNA and in turn activate effector functions, including anti-apoptotic signalling pathways(2). Certain pathogens, however, such as Salmonella spp., Shigellae spp. and Yersiniae spp., use specialized virulence factors to overcome these protective responses and induce macrophage apoptosis(3). We found that the anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, selectively induces apoptosis of activated macrophages(4) through its lethal toxin, which prevents activation of the anti-apoptotic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(4). We now demonstrate that macrophage apoptosis by three different bacterial pathogens depends on activation of TLR4. Dissection of anti- and pro-apoptotic signalling events triggered by TLR4 identified the dsRNA responsive protein kinase PKR as a critical mediator of pathogen-induced macrophage apoptosis. The pro-apoptotic actions of PKR are mediated both through inhibition of protein synthesis and activation of interferon response factor 3.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM karinoffice@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 341
EP 345
DI 10.1038/nature02405
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200049
PM 15029200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellwood, MDF
   Foster, WA
AF Ellwood, MDF
   Foster, WA
TI Doubling the estimate of invertebrate biomass in a rainforest canopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abundance; insects; weight
AB Forest canopies represent the functional interface between 90% of the Earth's terrestrial biomass and the atmosphere(1) and include some of the most threatened of all terrestrial ecosystems(2). However, we lack even a basic understanding of how the biomass of plants and animals is distributed throughout forest canopies, even though this information is vital for estimating energy flow, carbon cycling, resource use and the transfer of materials within this ecosystem(3,4). Here we measure the biomass of invertebrates living in a common rainforest epiphyte, describe a striking relationship between fern size and the biomass of animals within the ferns, and reveal that one large epiphyte may contain an invertebrate biomass similar to that found in the whole of the rest of the tree crown on which it is growing. Using these data, we show that including the fauna of these epiphytes-a neglected component in rainforest ecosystems-can more than double our estimate of the total invertebrate biomass in an entire rainforest canopy.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Univ Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Ellwood, MDF (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Univ Museum Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM mdfe2@cam.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 188
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 549
EP 551
DI 10.1038/nature02560
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700036
PM 15175749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshie, T
   Scherer, A
   Hendrickson, J
   Khitrova, G
   Gibbs, HM
   Rupper, G
   Ell, C
   Shchekin, OB
   Deppe, DG
AF Yoshie, T
   Scherer, A
   Hendrickson, J
   Khitrova, G
   Gibbs, HM
   Rupper, G
   Ell, C
   Shchekin, OB
   Deppe, DG
TI Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spontaneous emission; photoluminescence
AB Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems allow the study of a variety of fundamental quantum-optics phenomena, such as entanglement, quantum decoherence and the quantum-classical boundary(1-9). Such systems also provide test beds for quantum information science. Nearly all strongly coupled cavity QED experiments have used a single atom in a high-quality-factor (high-Q) cavity. Here we report the experimental realization of a strongly coupled system in the solid state: a single quantum dot embedded in the spacer of a nanocavity, showing vacuum-field Rabi splitting exceeding the decoherence linewidths of both the nanocavity and the quantum dot. This requires a small-volume cavity and an atomic-like two-level system(5,10). The photonic crystal(11) slab nanocavity-which traps photons when a defect is introduced inside the two-dimensional photonic bandgap by leaving out one or more holes(12)-has both high Q and small modal volume V, as required for strong light-matter interactions(13). The quantum dot has two discrete energy levels with a transition dipole moment much larger than that of an atom(14-16), and it is fixed in the nanocavity during growth.
C1 Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Microelect Res, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; California Institute of Technology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Khitrova, G (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM galina@optics.arizona.edu
NR 30
TC 1968
Z9 2158
U1 5
U2 646
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 200
EP 203
DI 10.1038/nature03119
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200040
PM 15538363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voets, T
   Droogmans, G
   Wissenbach, U
   Janssens, A
   Flockerzi, V
   Nilius, B
AF Voets, T
   Droogmans, G
   Wissenbach, U
   Janssens, A
   Flockerzi, V
   Nilius, B
TI The principle of temperature-dependent gating in cold- and heat-sensitive TRP channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capsaicin-receptor; evoked activation; ion-channel; voltage; mechanisms
AB The mammalian sensory system is capable of discriminating thermal stimuli ranging from noxious cold to noxious heat. Principal temperature sensors belong to the TRP cation channel family, but the mechanisms underlying the marked temperature sensitivity of opening and closing ('gating') of these channels are unknown. Here we show that temperature sensing is tightly linked to voltage-dependent gating in the cold-sensitive channel TRPM8 and the heat-sensitive channel TRPV1. Both channels are activated upon depolarization, and changes in temperature result in graded shifts of their voltage-dependent activation curves. The chemical agonists menthol ( TRPM8) and capsaicin ( TRPV1) function as gating modifiers, shifting activation curves towards physiological membrane potentials. Kinetic analysis of gating at different temperatures indicates that temperature sensitivity in TRPM8 and TRPV1 arises from a tenfold difference in the activation energies associated with voltage-dependent opening and closing. Our results suggest a simple unifying principle that explains both cold and heat sensitivity in TRP channels.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Physiol Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Saarland, Fak Med, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
C3 KU Leuven; Saarland University
RP Voets, T (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Physiol Lab, Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Thomas.Voets@med.kuleuven.ac.be
NR 31
TC 831
Z9 989
U1 4
U2 157
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 748
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature02732
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600033
PM 15306801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagao, K
   Adachi, Y
   Yanagida, M
AF Nagao, K
   Adachi, Y
   Yanagida, M
TI Separase-mediated cleavage of cohesin at interphase is required for DNA repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid separation; fission yeast; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; damage checkpoint; cut2 proteolysis; excision-repair; budding yeast; anaphase
AB Sister chromatids are held together by cohesins(1). At anaphase, separase is activated by degradation of its inhibitory partner, securin(2,3). Separase then cleaves cohesins(4-6), thus allowing sister chromatid separation. Fission yeast securin (Cut2) has destruction boxes and a separase (Cut1) interaction site in the amino and carboxyl terminus, respectively(7,8). Here we show that securin is essential for separase stability and also for proper repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet, X-ray and g-ray irradiation. The cut2(EA2) mutant is defective in the repair of ultraviolet damage lesions, although the DNA damage checkpoint is activated normally. In double mutant analysis of ultraviolet sensitivity, checkpoint kinase chk1 (ref. 9) and excision repair rad13 (ref. 10) mutants were additive with cut2(EA2), whereas recombination repair rhp51 (ref. 11) and cohesin subunit rad21 (ref. 12) mutants were not. Cohesin was hyper-modified on ultraviolet irradiation in a Rad3 kinase-dependent way(13). Experiments using either mutant cohesin that cannot be cleaved by separase or a protease-dead separase provide evidence that this DNA repair function of securin-separase acts through the cleavage of cohesin. We propose that the securin-separase complex might aid DNA repair by removing local cohesin in interphase cells.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Dept Gene Mech, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol, Initial Res Project, Okinawa 9042234, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University
RP Yanagida, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys, Sakyo Ku, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM yanagida@kozo.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 114
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1044
EP 1048
DI 10.1038/nature02803
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900047
PM 15329725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Augustin, L
   Barbante, C
   Barnes, PRF
   Barnola, JM
   Bigler, M
   Castellano, E
   Cattani, O
   Chappellaz, J
   DahlJensen, D
   Delmonte, B
   Dreyfus, G
   Durand, G
   Falourd, S
   Fischer, H
   Flückiger, J
   Hansson, ME
   Huybrechts, P
   Jugie, R
   Johnsen, SJ
   Jouzel, J
   Kaufmann, P
   Kipfstuhl, J
   Lambert, F
   Lipenkov, VY
   Littot, GVC
   Longinelli, A
   Lorrain, R
   Maggi, V
   Masson-Delmotte, V
   Miller, H
   Mulvaney, R
   Oerlemans, J
   Oerter, H
   Orombelli, G
   Parrenin, F
   Peel, DA
   Petit, JR
   Raynaud, D
   Ritz, C
   Ruth, U
   Schwander, J
   Siegenthaler, U
   Souchez, R
   Stauffer, B
   Steffensen, JP
   Stenni, B
   Stocker, TF
   Tabacco, IE
   Udisti, R
   van de Wal, RSW
   van den Broeke, M
   Weiss, J
   Wilhelms, F
   Winther, JG
   Wolff, EW
   Zucchelli, M
AF Augustin, L
   Barbante, C
   Barnes, PRF
   Barnola, JM
   Bigler, M
   Castellano, E
   Cattani, O
   Chappellaz, J
   DahlJensen, D
   Delmonte, B
   Dreyfus, G
   Durand, G
   Falourd, S
   Fischer, H
   Flückiger, J
   Hansson, ME
   Huybrechts, P
   Jugie, R
   Johnsen, SJ
   Jouzel, J
   Kaufmann, P
   Kipfstuhl, J
   Lambert, F
   Lipenkov, VY
   Littot, GVC
   Longinelli, A
   Lorrain, R
   Maggi, V
   Masson-Delmotte, V
   Miller, H
   Mulvaney, R
   Oerlemans, J
   Oerter, H
   Orombelli, G
   Parrenin, F
   Peel, DA
   Petit, JR
   Raynaud, D
   Ritz, C
   Ruth, U
   Schwander, J
   Siegenthaler, U
   Souchez, R
   Stauffer, B
   Steffensen, JP
   Stenni, B
   Stocker, TF
   Tabacco, IE
   Udisti, R
   van de Wal, RSW
   van den Broeke, M
   Weiss, J
   Wilhelms, F
   Winther, JG
   Wolff, EW
   Zucchelli, M
TI Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dome concordia; east antarctica; atmospheric co2; climate; vostok; record; microstructure; isotope
AB The Antarctic Vostok ice core provided compelling evidence of the nature of climate, and of climate feedbacks, over the past 420,000 years. Marine records suggest that the amplitude of climate variability was smaller before that time, but such records are often poorly resolved. Moreover, it is not possible to infer the abundance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from marine records. Here we report the recovery of a deep ice core from Dome C, Antarctica, that provides a climate record for the past 740,000 years. For the four most recent glacial cycles, the data agree well with the record from Vostok. The earlier period, between 740,000 and 430,000 years ago, was characterized by less pronounced warmth in interglacial periods in Antarctica, but a higher proportion of each cycle was spent in the warm mode. The transition from glacial to interglacial conditions about 430,000 years ago ( Termination V) resembles the transition into the present interglacial period in terms of the magnitude of change in temperatures and greenhouse gases, but there are significant differences in the patterns of change. The interglacial stage following Termination V was exceptionally long - 28,000 years compared to, for example, the 12,000 years recorded so far in the present interglacial period. Given the similarities between this earlier warm period and today, our results may imply that without human intervention, a climate similar to the present one would extend well into the future.
C1 CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38042 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Venice, Dept Environm Sci, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
   British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Florence, Dept Chem, Analyt Chem Sect, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   CE Saclay, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, UMR 1572,CEA,CNRS, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst Astron Phys & Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Sci Ambiente & Terr, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Inst Polar Francais Paul Amile Victor IPEV, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
   Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199397, Russia.
   Univ Parma, Dept Earth Sci, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
   Free Univ Brussels, Dept Sci Terre & Environm, Fac Sci, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Trieste, Dept Geol Environm & Marine Sci, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Dept Earth Sci, I-20129 Milan, Italy.
   Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
   CRE Casaccia, ENEA, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, RM, Italy.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universita Ca Foscari Venezia; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Bern; University of Florence; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Milano-Bicocca; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Stockholm University; Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute; University of Parma; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Utrecht University; University of Trieste; University of Milan; Norwegian Polar Institute; Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development; Italian National Agency New Technical Energy & Sustainable Economics Development
RP Augustin, L (corresponding author), CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, BP 96, F-38042 St Martin Dheres, France.
NR 41
TC 1518
Z9 1731
U1 12
U2 599
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 623
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature02599
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600031
PM 15190344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gong, Y
   Mo, CH
   Fraser, SE
AF Gong, Y
   Mo, CH
   Fraser, SE
TI Planar cell polarity signalling controls cell division orientation during zebrafish gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural plate; mitotic spindle; nervous-system; xenopus-laevis; wnt pathway; movements; embryos; fate; extension; notochord
AB Oriented cell division is an integral part of pattern development in processes ranging from asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants to the shaping of tissues(1,2). Despite proposals that it has an important function in tissue elongation(3,4), the mechanisms regulating division orientation have been little studied outside of the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster(1). Here, we have analysed mitotic divisions during zebrafish gastrulation using in vivo confocal imaging and found that cells in dorsal tissues preferentially divide along the animal - vegetal axis of the embryo. Establishment of this animal vegetal polarity requires the Wnt pathway components Silberblick/ Wnt11, Dishevelled and Strabismus. Our findings demonstrate an important role for non-canonical Wnt signalling in oriented cell division during zebrafish gastrulation, and indicate that oriented cell division is a driving force for axis elongation. Furthermore, we propose that non-canonical Wnt signalling has a conserved role in vertebrate axis elongation, orienting both cell intercalation and mitotic division.
C1 CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Biol Imaging Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Fraser, SE (corresponding author), CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Biol Imaging Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM sefraser@caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 332
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 689
EP 693
DI 10.1038/nature02796
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400049
PM 15254551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siok, WT
   Perfetti, CA
   Jin, Z
   Tan, LH
AF Siok, WT
   Perfetti, CA
   Jin, Z
   Tan, LH
TI Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left prefrontal cortex; human frontal-cortex; working-memory; brain activation; native language; neural systems; functional mri; word form; dyslexia; chinese
AB Developmental dyslexia is characterized by a severe reading problem in people who have normal intelligence and schooling(1-3). Impaired reading of alphabetic scripts is associated with dysfunction of left temporoparietal brain regions(2-5). These regions perform phonemic analysis and conversion of written symbols to phonological units of speech (grapheme-to-phoneme conversion); two central cognitive processes that mediate reading acquisition(6-7). Furthermore, it has been assumed that, in contrast to cultural diversities, dyslexia in different languages has a universal biological origin(1,8). Here we show using functional magnetic resonance imaging with reading-impaired Chinese children and associated controls, that functional disruption of the left middle frontal gyrus is associated with impaired reading of the Chinese language ( a logographic rather than alphabetic writing system). Reading impairment in Chinese is manifested by two deficits: one relating to the conversion of graphic form ( orthography) to syllable, and the other concerning orthography-to-semantics mapping. Both of these processes are critically mediated by the left middle frontal gyrus, which functions as a centre for fluent Chinese reading(9-11) that coordinates and integrates various information about written characters in verbal and spatial working memory. This finding provides an insight into the fundamental pathophysiology of dyslexia by suggesting that rather than having a universal origin, the biological abnormality of impaired reading is dependent on culture.
C1 Univ Hong Kong, Dept Linguist, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Learning Res & Dev, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Beijing 306 Hosp, MRI Div, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   NIMH, Neuropsychol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Hong Kong; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
RP Tan, LH (corresponding author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Linguist, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
EM lihaitan@intra.nimh.nih.gov
NR 31
TC 378
Z9 452
U1 3
U2 151
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 71
EP 76
DI 10.1038/nature02865
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500043
PM 15343334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, KLC
   Yoshida, H
   Lurin, C
   Ecker, JR
AF Wang, KLC
   Yoshida, H
   Lurin, C
   Ecker, JR
TI Regulation of ethylene gas biosynthesis by the Arabidopsis ETO1 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; ubiquitin ligases; response pathway; gene family; key enzyme; phosphorylation; mutations; adapters; btb/poz; mutants
AB Ethylene gas is used as a hormone by plants, in which it acts as a critical growth regulator. Its synthesis is also rapidly evoked in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses(1,2). The Arabidopsis ethylene-overproducer mutants eto2 and eto3 have previously been identified as having mutations in two genes, ACS5 and ACS9, respectively; these encode isozymes of 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), which catalyse the rate-limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis(3,4). Here we report that another ethylene-overproducer mutation, eto1, is in a gene that negatively regulates ACS activity and ethylene production. The ETO1 protein directly interacts with and inhibits the enzyme activity of full-length ACS5 but not of a truncated form of the enzyme, resulting in a marked accumulation of ACS5 protein and ethylene. Overexpression of ETO1 inhibited induction of ethylene production by the plant growth regulator cytokinin, and promoted ACS5 degradation by a proteasome-dependent pathway. ETO1 also interacts with CUL3, a constituent of ubiquitin ligase complexes in which we propose that ETO1 serves as a substrate-specific adaptor protein. ETO1 thus has a dual mechanism, inhibiting ACS enzyme activity and targeting it for protein degradation. This permits rapid modulation of the concentration of ethylene.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Ecker, JR (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM ecker@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 378
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 945
EP 950
DI 10.1038/nature02516
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000042
PM 15118728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Remondes, M
   Schuman, EM
AF Remondes, M
   Schuman, EM
TI Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow-wave sleep; place; plasticity; lesions; amnesia; cells
AB A dialogue between the hippocampus and the neocortex is thought to underlie the formation, consolidation and retrieval of episodic memories(1-4), although the nature of this corticohippocampal communication is poorly understood. Using selective electrolytic lesions in rats, here we examined the role of the direct entorhinal projection (temporoammonic, TA) to the hippocampal area CA1 in short-term (24 hours) and long-term (four weeks) spatial memory in the Morris water maze. When short-term memory was examined, both sham- and TA-lesioned animals showed a significant preference for the target quadrant. When re-tested four weeks later, sham- lesioned animals exhibited long-term memory; in contrast, the TA-lesioned animals no longer showed target quadrant preference. Many long-lasting memories require a process called consolidation, which involves the exchange of information between the cortex and hippocampus(3,5,6). The disruption of long-term memory by the TA lesion could reflect a requirement for TA input during either the acquisition or consolidation of long-term memory. To distinguish between these possibilities, we trained animals, verified their spatial memory 24 hours later, and then subjected trained animals to TA lesions. TA-lesioned animals still exhibited a deficit in long-term memory, indicating a disruption of consolidation. Animals in which the TA lesion was delayed by three weeks, however, showed a significant preference for the target quadrant, indicating that the memory had already been adequately consolidated at the time of the delayed lesion. These results indicate that, after learning, ongoing cortical input conveyed by the TA path is required to consolidate long-term spatial memory.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology
RP Schuman, EM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM schumane@its.caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 315
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 699
EP 703
DI 10.1038/nature02965
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300043
PM 15470431
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strzepek, RF
   Harrison, PJ
AF Strzepek, RF
   Harrison, PJ
TI Photosynthetic architecture differs in coastal and oceanic diatoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth irradiance; iron requirement; photosystem-ii; light; limitation; rates; photoprotection; energy; size
AB Diatoms are a key taxon of eukaryotic phytoplankton and a major contributor to global carbon fixation(1). They are ubiquitous in the marine ecosystem despite marked gradients in environmental properties, such as dissolved iron concentrations, between coastal and oceanic waters. Previous studies have shown that offshore species of diatoms and other eukaryotic algae have evolved lower iron requirements to subsist in iron-poor oceanic waters, but the biochemical mechanisms responsible for their decreased iron demand are unknown(2,3). Here we show, using laboratory-cultured model species, a fundamental difference between a coastal and an oceanic diatom in their photosynthetic architecture. Specifically, the oceanic diatom had up to fivefold lower photosystem I and up to sevenfold lower cytochrome b(6)f complex concentrations than a coastal diatom. These changes to the photosynthetic apparatus markedly decrease the cellular iron requirements of the oceanic diatom but not its photosynthetic rates. However, oceanic diatoms might have also sacrificed their ability to acclimate to rapid fluctuations in light intensity-a characteristic of dynamic and turbid coastal waters. We suggest that diatoms, and probably other eukaryotic algal taxa, exploited this difference in the underwater light climate between oceanic and coastal waters, enabling them to decrease their iron requirements without compromising photosynthetic capacity. This adaptation probably facilitated the colonization of the open ocean by diatoms, and contributes to their persistence in this iron-impoverished environment.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Strzepek, RF (corresponding author), Univ Otago, Dept Chem, NIWA Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, POB 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
EM roberts@alkali.otago.ac.nz
NR 30
TC 378
Z9 445
U1 2
U2 122
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/nature02954
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300040
PM 15470428
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Almeida, VR
   Barrios, CA
   Panepucci, RR
   Lipson, M
AF Almeida, VR
   Barrios, CA
   Panepucci, RR
   Lipson, M
TI All-optical control of light on a silicon chip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-guide devices; modulation; si
AB Photonic circuits, in which beams of light redirect the flow of other beams of light, are a long-standing goal for developing highly integrated optical communication components(1-3). Furthermore, it is highly desirable to use silicon - the dominant material in the microelectronic industry - as the platform for such circuits. Photonic structures that bend, split, couple and filter light have recently been demonstrated in silicon(4,5), but the flow of light in these structures is predetermined and cannot be readily modulated during operation. All-optical switches and modulators have been demonstrated with III-V compound semiconductors(6,7), but achieving the same in silicon is challenging owing to its relatively weak nonlinear optical properties. Indeed, all-optical switching in silicon has only been achieved by using extremely high powers(8-15) in large or non-planar structures, where the modulated light is propagating out-of-plane. Such high powers, large dimensions and non-planar geometries are inappropriate for effective on-chip integration. Here we present the experimental demonstration of fast all-optical switching on silicon using highly light-confining structures to enhance the sensitivity of light to small changes in refractive index. The transmission of the structure can be modulated by up to 94% in less than 500 ps using light pulses with energies as low as 25 pJ. These results confirm the recent theoretical prediction(16) of efficient optical switching in silicon using resonant structures.
C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Lipson, M (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM lipson@ece.cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 1323
Z9 1554
U1 10
U2 541
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1081
EP 1084
DI 10.1038/nature02921
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800036
PM 15510144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gebelein, B
   McKay, DJ
   Mann, RS
AF Gebelein, B
   McKay, DJ
   Mann, RS
TI Direct integration of Hox and segmentation gene inputs during Drosophila development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bithorax complex; homeodomain protein; limb development; ultrabithorax proteins; target genes; distal-less; repression; expression; extradenticle; embryo
AB During Drosophila embryogenesis, segments, each with an anterior and posterior compartment, are generated by the segmentation genes while the Hox genes provide each segment with a unique identity. These two processes have been thought to occur independently. Here we show that abdominal Hox proteins work directly with two different segmentation proteins, Sloppy paired and Engrailed, to repress the Hox target gene Distalless in anterior and posterior compartments, respectively. These results suggest that segmentation proteins can function as Hox cofactors and reveal a previously unanticipated use of compartments for gene regulation by Hox proteins. Our results suggest that these two classes of proteins may collaborate to directly control gene expression at many downstream target genes.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Integrated Program Cellular Mol & Biophys Studies, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Mann, RS (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 701 W 168th St,HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM rsm10@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM054510] Funding Source: Medline
NR 47
TC 121
Z9 152
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 653
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature02946
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300031
PM 15470419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suchyna, TM
   Tape, SE
   Koeppe, RE II
   Andersen, OS
   Sachs, F
   Gottlieb, PA
AF Suchyna, TM
   Tape, SE
   Koeppe, RE II
   Andersen, OS
   Sachs, F
   Gottlieb, PA
TI Bilayer-dependent inhibition of mechanosensitive channels by neuroactive peptide enantiomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gramicidin-a; lipid bilayers; spider venom; k+ channels; membranes; tension; inactivation; activation; lifetime; kinetics
AB The peptide GsMTx4, isolated from the venom of the tarantula Grammostola spatulata, is a selective inhibitor of stretch-activated cation channels (SACs)(1). The mechanism of inhibition remains unknown; but both GsMTx4 and its enantiomer, enGsMTx4, modify the gating of SACs, thus violating a trademark of the traditional lock-and-key model of ligand-protein interactions. Suspecting a bilayer-dependent mechanism, we examined the effect of GsMTx4 and enGsMTx4 on gramicidin A (gA) channel gating(2). Both peptides are active, and the effect increases with the degree of hydrophobic mismatch between bilayer thickness and channel length, meaning that GsMTx4 decreases the energy required to deform the boundary lipids adjacent to the channel. GsMTx4 decreases inward SAC single-channel currents but has no effect on outward currents, suggesting it is located within a Debye length of the outer vestibule of the SACs, but significantly farther from the inner vestibule. Likewise, GsMTx4 decreases gA single-channel currents. Our results suggest that modulation of membrane proteins by amphipathic peptides-mechanopharmacology-involves not only the protein itself but also the surrounding lipids. The surprising efficacy of the D form of GsMTx4 peptide has important therapeutic implications, because D peptides are not hydrolysed by endogenous proteases and may be administered orally.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
   Univ Arkansas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville
RP Andersen, OS (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM sparre@med.cornell.edu; philgott@buffalo.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM021342] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM021342] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 272
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 235
EP 240
DI 10.1038/nature02743
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600050
PM 15241420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukami, H
   Budd, AF
   Paulay, G
   Solé-Cava, A
   Chen, CLA
   Iwao, K
   Knowlton, N
AF Fukami, H
   Budd, AF
   Paulay, G
   Solé-Cava, A
   Chen, CLA
   Iwao, K
   Knowlton, N
TI Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary relationships; mitochondrial-dna; substitutions; region
AB Only 17% of 111 reef-building coral genera and none of the 18 coral families with reef-builders are considered endemic to the Atlantic, whereas the corresponding percentages for the Indowest Pacific are 76% and 39%(1,2). These figures depend on the assumption that genera and families spanning the two provinces belong to the same lineages ( that is, they are monophyletic). Here we show that this assumption is incorrect on the basis of analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Pervasive morphological convergence at the family level has obscured the evolutionary distinctiveness of Atlantic corals. Some Atlantic genera conventionally assigned to different families are more closely related to each other than they are to their respective Pacific 'congeners'. Nine of the 27 genera of reef-building Atlantic corals belong to this previously unrecognized lineage, which probably diverged over 34 million years ago. Although Pacific reefs have larger numbers of more narrowly distributed species, and therefore rank higher in biodiversity hotspot analyses(3), the deep evolutionary distinctiveness of many Atlantic corals should also be considered when setting conservation priorities.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Naos Marine Lab, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Marine Biodivers & Conservat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Zool, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Akajima Marine Sci Lab, Okinawa 9013311, Japan.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Iowa; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Academia Sinica - Taiwan
RP Knowlton, N (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Naos Marine Lab, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM nknowlton@ucsd.edu
NR 24
TC 280
Z9 336
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 832
EP 835
DI 10.1038/nature02339
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500038
PM 14985760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ravelli, RBG
   Gigant, B
   Curmi, PA
   Jourdain, I
   Lachkar, S
   Sobel, A
   Knossow, M
AF Ravelli, RBG
   Gigant, B
   Curmi, PA
   Jourdain, I
   Lachkar, S
   Sobel, A
   Knossow, M
TI Insight into tubulin regulation from a complex with colchicine and a stathmin-like domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-beta-tubulin; binding-site; in-vitro; protein; family; identification; model
AB Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers of tubulin involved in many cellular functions. Their dynamic instability is controlled by numerous compounds and proteins, including colchicine(1) and stathmin family proteins(2,3). The way in which microtubule instability is regulated at the molecular level has remained elusive, mainly because of the lack of appropriate structural data. Here, we present the structure, at 3.5 Angstrom resolution, of tubulin in complex with colchicine and with the stathmin-like domain (SLD) of RB3. It shows the interaction of RB3-SLD with two tubulin heterodimers in a curved complex capped by the SLD amino-terminal domain, which prevents the incorporation of the complexed tubulin into microtubules. A comparison with the structure of tubulin in protofilaments(4) shows changes in the subunits of tubulin as it switches from its straight conformation to a curved one. These changes correlate with the loss of lateral contacts and provide a rationale for the rapid microtubule depolymerization characteristic of dynamic instability. Moreover, the tubulin-colchicine complex sheds light on the mechanism of colchicine's activity: we show that colchicine binds at a location where it prevents curved tubulin from adopting a straight structure, which inhibits assembly.
C1 CNRS, UPR 9063, Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   UPMC, INSERM, U440, Inst Fer Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Sorbonne Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Knossow, M (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 9063, Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, Batiment 34,1 Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM knossow@lebs.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 30
TC 1461
Z9 1638
U1 2
U2 186
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature02393
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600053
PM 15014504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dornan, D
   Wertz, I
   Shimizu, H
   Arnott, D
   Frantz, GD
   Dowd, P
   O' Rourke, K
   Koeppen, H
   Dixit, VM
AF Dornan, D
   Wertz, I
   Shimizu, H
   Arnott, D
   Frantz, GD
   Dowd, P
   O' Rourke, K
   Koeppen, H
   Dixit, VM
TI The ubiquitin ligase COP1 is a critical negative regulator of p53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light control; transcription; mdm2; expression; repression; promotes; switch; jun
AB COP1 ( constitutively photomorphogenic 1) is a RING-finger-containing protein that functions to repress plant photomorphogenesis, the light-mediated programme of plant development. Mutants of COP1 are constitutively photomorphogenic, and this has been attributed to their inability to negatively regulate the proteins LAF1 (ref. 1) and HY5 ( ref. 2). The role of COP1 in mammalian cells is less well characterized(3). Here we identify the tumour-suppressor protein p53 as a COP1-interacting protein. COP1 increases p53 turnover by targeting it for degradation by the proteasome in a ubiquitin-dependent fashion, independently of MDM2 or Pirh2, which are known to interact with and negatively regulate p53. Moreover, COP1 serves as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53 in vitro and in vivo, and inhibits p53-dependent transcription and apoptosis. Depletion of COP1 by short interfering RNA ( siRNA) stabilizes p53 and arrests cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, we identify COP1 as a p53-inducible gene, and show that the depletion of COP1 and MDM2 by siRNA cooperatively sensitizes U2-OS cells to ionizing-radiation-induced cell death. Overall, these results indicate that COP1 is a critical negative regulator of p53 and represents a new pathway for maintaining p53 at low levels in unstressed cells.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Human Physiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Dixit, VM (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM dixit@gene.com
NR 24
TC 536
Z9 680
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 86
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature02514
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100050
PM 15103385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novina, CD
   Sharp, PA
AF Novina, CD
   Sharp, PA
TI The RNAi revolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; messenger-rna; gene; interference; micrornas; suppression; expression; cleavage
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, McGovern Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Novina, CD (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM cdnovina@mit.edu
NR 31
TC 589
Z9 849
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/430161a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600030
PM 15241403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Babaev, E
   Sudbo, A
   Ashcroft, NW
AF Babaev, E
   Sudbo, A
   Ashcroft, NW
TI A superconductor to superfluid phase transition in liquid metallic hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helium
AB Although hydrogen is the simplest of atoms, it does not form the simplest of solids or liquids. Quantum effects in these phases are considerable (a consequence of the light proton mass) and they have a demonstrable and often puzzling influence on many physical properties(1), including spatial order. To date, the structure of dense hydrogen remains experimentally elusive(2). Recent studies of the melting curve of hydrogen(3,4) indicate that at high (but experimentally accessible) pressures, compressed hydrogen will adopt a liquid state, even at low temperatures. In reaching this phase, hydrogen is also projected to pass through an insulator-to-metal transition. This raises the possibility of new state of matter: a near ground-state liquid metal, and its ordered states in the quantum domain. Ordered quantum fluids are traditionally categorized as superconductors or superfluids; these respective systems feature dissipationless electrical currents or mass flow. Here we report a topological analysis of the projected phase of liquid metallic hydrogen, finding that it may represent a new type of ordered quantum fluid. Specifically, we show that liquid metallic hydrogen cannot be categorized exclusively as a superconductor or superfluid. We predict that, in the presence of a magnetic field, liquid metallic hydrogen will exhibit several phase transitions to ordered states, ranging from superconductors to superfluids.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
C3 Cornell University; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
RP Babaev, E (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM eb235@cornell.edu
NR 15
TC 307
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 666
EP 668
DI 10.1038/nature02910
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300034
PM 15470422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauch, EM
   Bar-Yam, Y
AF Rauch, EM
   Bar-Yam, Y
TI Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geographic barriers; biodiversity; populations; genealogy; coalescent; dispersal; hotspots; size
AB Global efforts to conserve species have been strongly influenced by the heterogeneous distribution of species diversity across the Earth. This is manifest in conservation efforts focused on diversity hotspots(1-3). The conservation of genetic diversity within an individual species(4,5) is an important factor in its survival in the face of environmental changes and disease(6,7). Here we show that diversity within species is also distributed unevenly. Using simple genealogical models, we show that genetic distinctiveness has a scale-free power law distribution. This property implies that a disproportionate fraction of the diversity is concentrated in small sub-populations, even when the population is well-mixed. Small groups are of such importance to overall population diversity that even without extrinsic perturbations, there are large fluctuations in diversity owing to extinctions of these small groups. We also show that diversity can be geographically non-uniform potentially including sharp boundaries between distantly related organisms - without extrinsic causes such as barriers to gene flow or past migration events. We obtained these results by studying the fundamental scaling properties of genealogical trees. Our theoretical results agree with field data from global samples of Pseudomonas bacteria. Contrary to previous studies(8), our results imply that diversity loss owing to severe extinction events is high, and focusing conservation efforts on highly distinctive groups can save much of the diversity.
C1 MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   New England Complex Syst Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Rauch, EM (corresponding author), MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM rauch@necsi.org
NR 28
TC 47
Z9 56
U1 2
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 449
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature02745
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500040
PM 15386012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Making connections
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 243
EP +
DI 10.1038/432243a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200051
PM 15538372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aitken, RJ
   Koopman, P
   Lewis, SEM
AF Aitken, RJ
   Koopman, P
   Lewis, SEM
TI Seeds of concern
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parental occupational-exposure; testicular dysgenesis syndrome; semen quality; sperm; risk; abnormality; frequency; estrogens; cancer; time
C1 Univ Newcastle, Sch Environm & Life Sci, Discipline Biol Sci, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, Antrim, North Ireland.
C3 University of Newcastle; University of Queensland; Queens University Belfast
RP Aitken, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle, Sch Environm & Life Sci, Discipline Biol Sci, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
EM jaitken@mail.newcastle.edu.au
NR 31
TC 257
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 48
EP 52
DI 10.1038/432048a
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900036
PM 15525979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, CW
   Miloslavskaya, I
   Demontis, S
   Maestro, R
   Galaktionov, K
AF Wu, CW
   Miloslavskaya, I
   Demontis, S
   Maestro, R
   Galaktionov, K
TI Regulation of cellular response to oncogenic and oxidative stress by Seladin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activity; alzheimers-disease; induced senescence; cells; mdm2; p53; fibroblasts; resistance; oncoprotein; suppressor
AB Expression of multiple oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressors is required to transform primary mammalian cells into cancer cells(1-3). Activated Ha-RasV12 (Ras) is usually associated with cancer, but it also produces paradoxical premature senescence(4) in primary cells by inducing reactive oxygen species(5) followed by accumulation of tumour suppressors p53 and p16(INK4a) (ref. 4). Here we identify, using a direct genetic screen, Seladin-1 (also known as Dhcr24) as a key mediator of Ras-induced senescence. Following oncogenic and oxidative stress, Seladin-1 binds p53 amino terminus and displaces E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 from p53, thus resulting in p53 accumulation. Additionally, Seladin-1 associates with Mdm2 independently of p53, potentially affecting other Mdm2 targets. Ablation of Seladin-1 causes the bypass of Ras-induced senescence in rodent and human fibroblasts, and allows Ras to transform these cells. Wild-type Seladin-1, but not mutants that disrupt its association with either p53 or Mdm2, suppresses the transformed phenotype. The same mutants are also inactive in directing p53-dependent oxidative stress response. These results show an unanticipated role for Seladin-1, previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease(6) and cholesterol metabolism(7), in integrating cellular response to oncogenic and oxidative stress.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   CRO IRCCS Aviano Natl Canc Inst, Dept Expt Oncol, MMNP Unit, I-33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; IRCCS Aviano (CRO)
RP Galaktionov, K (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM kgalakt@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 27
TC 172
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 640
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature03173
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200050
PM 15577914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rentel, MC
   Lecourieux, D
   Ouaked, F
   Usher, SL
   Petersen, L
   Okamoto, H
   Knight, H
   Peck, SC
   Grierson, CS
   Hirt, H
   Knight, MR
AF Rentel, MC
   Lecourieux, D
   Ouaked, F
   Usher, SL
   Petersen, L
   Okamoto, H
   Knight, H
   Peck, SC
   Grierson, CS
   Hirt, H
   Knight, MR
TI OXI1 kinase is necessary for oxidative burst-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-peroxide; defense response; plants; transformation; pathways; growth; genes; accumulation; expression; systemin
AB Active oxygen species (AOS) generated in response to stimuli and during development can function as signalling molecules in eukaryotes, leading to specific downstream responses(1,2). In plants these include such diverse processes as coping with stress ( for example pathogen attack(3), wounding(4) and oxygen deprivation(5)), abscisic-acid-induced guard-cell closure(6), and cellular development ( for example root hair growth(7)). Despite the importance of signalling via AOS in eukaryotes, little is known about the protein components operating downstream of AOS that mediate any of these processes. Here we show that expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene (OXI1) encoding a serine/threonine kinase is induced in response to a wide range of H2O2-generating stimuli. OXI1 kinase activity is itself also induced by H2O2 in vivo. OXI1 is required for full activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ( MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6 after treatment with AOS or elicitor and is necessary for at least two very different AOS-mediated processes: basal resistance to Peronospora parasitica infection, and root hair growth. Thus, OXI1 is an essential part of the signal transduction pathway linking oxidative burst signals to diverse downstream responses.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   Univ Vienna, Max F Perutz Labs, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Gregor Mendel Inst Mol Plant Biol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL); University of Vienna; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI); University of Bristol; University of Cape Town; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Rentel, MC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM mrentel@cmp.ucsf.edu; heribert.hirt@univie.ac.at
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G19475] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G19475] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 474
Z9 568
U1 3
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 858
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature02353
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500044
PM 14985766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU She, XW
   Jiang, ZX
   Clark, RL
   Liu, G
   Cheng, Z
   Tuzun, E
   Church, DM
   Sutton, G
   Halpern, AL
   Eichler, EE
AF She, XW
   Jiang, ZX
   Clark, RL
   Liu, G
   Cheng, Z
   Tuzun, E
   Church, DM
   Sutton, G
   Halpern, AL
   Eichler, EE
TI Shotgun sequence assembly and recent segmental duplications within the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Complex eukaryotic genomes are now being sequenced at an accelerated pace primarily using whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequence assembly approaches. WGS assembly was initially criticized because of its perceived inability to resolve repeat structures within genomes. Here, we quantify the effect of WGS sequence assembly on large, highly similar repeats by comparison Of the segmental duplication content of two different human genome assemblies. Our analysis shows that large (>15 kilobases) and highly identical (>97%) duplications are not adequately resolved by WGS assembly. This leads to significant reduction in genome length and the loss of genes embedded within duplications. Comparable analyses of mouse genome assemblies confirm that strict WGS sequence assembly will oversimplify our understanding of mammalian genome structure and evolution; a hybrid strategy using a targeted clone-by-clone approach to resolve duplications is proposed.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Appl Biosyst Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Ctr Advancement Genom, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); Thermo Fisher Scientific; Applied Biosystems; J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Eichler, EE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, 1705 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM eee@gs.washington.edu
NR 22
TC 189
Z9 226
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 927
EP 930
DI 10.1038/nature03062
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600033
PM 15496912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, JS
   Boeke, JD
AF Han, JS
   Boeke, JD
TI A highly active synthetic mammalian retrotransposon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human l1 retrotransposition; line-1 retrotransposition; mouse line-1; in-vitro; endonuclease; element; cells
AB LINE-1 (L1) elements are retrotransposons that comprise large fractions of mammalian genomes(1). Transcription through L1 open reading frames is inefficient owing to an elongation defect(2), inhibiting the robust expression of L1 RNA and proteins, the substrate and enzyme(s) for retrotransposition(3-5). This elongation defect probably controls L1 transposition frequency in mammalian cells. Here we report bypassing this transcriptional defect by synthesizing the open reading frames of L1 from synthetic oligonucleotides, altering 24% of the nucleic acid sequence without changing the amino acid sequence. Such resynthesis led to greatly enhanced steady-state L1 RNA and protein levels. Remarkably, when the synthetic open reading frames were substituted for the wild-type open reading frames in an established retrotransposition assay(4), transposition levels increased more than 200-fold. This indicates that there are probably no large, rigidly conserved cis-acting nucleic acid sequences required for retrotransposition within L1 coding regions. These synthetic retrotransposons are also the most highly active L1 elements known so far and have potential as practical tools for manipulating mammalian genomes.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, High Throughput Biol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Boeke, JD (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM jboeke@jhmi.edu
NR 23
TC 144
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 314
EP 318
DI 10.1038/nature02535
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900047
PM 15152256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nemoto, S
   Finkel, T
AF Nemoto, S
   Finkel, T
TI Ageing and the mystery at Arles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression profile; cerevisiae life-span; oxidative stress; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; caenorhabditis-elegans; transcription factors; calorie restriction; signaling pathway; longevity; proteins
C1 NHLBI, Cardiovasc Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Nemoto, S (corresponding author), NHLBI, Cardiovasc Branch, NIH, Bldg 10-6N-240,10 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM finkelt@nhlbi.nih.gov
NR 35
TC 55
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/429149a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300027
PM 15141200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marcus, PS
AF Marcus, PS
TI Prediction of a global climate change on Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great red spot; jovian white ovals; dynamics; flow; atmosphere; merger; jets
AB Jupiter's atmosphere, as observed in the 1979 Voyager space craft images, is characterized by 12 zonal jet streams and about 80 vortices, the largest of which are the Great Red Spot and three White Ovals that had formed(1) in the 1930s. The Great Red Spot has been observed(2) continuously since 1665 and, given the dynamical similarities between the Great Red Spot and the White Ovals, the disappearance(3,4) of two White Ovals in 1997-2000 was unexpected. Their longevity and sudden demise has been explained(5) however, by the trapping of anticyclonic vortices in the troughs of Rossby waves, forcing them to merge. Here I propose that the disappearance of the White Ovals was not an isolated event, but part of a recurring climate cycle which will cause most of Jupiter's vortices to disappear within the next decade. In my numerical simulations, the loss of the vortices results in a global temperature change of about 10 K, which destabilizes the atmosphere and thereby leads to the formation of new vortices. After formation, the large vortices are eroded by turbulence over a time of similar to60 years-consistent with observations of the White Ovals-until they disappear and the cycle begins again.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Marcus, PS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mech Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM pmarcus@me.berkeley.edu
NR 23
TC 38
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 828
EP 831
DI 10.1038/nature02470
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300032
PM 15103369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Earl, PL
   Americo, JL
   Wyatt, LS
   Eller, LA
   Whitbeck, JC
   Cohen, GH
   Eisenberg, RJ
   Hartmann, CJ
   Jackson, DL
   Kulesh, DA
   Martinez, MJ
   Miller, DM
   Mucker, EM
   Shamblin, JD
   Zwiers, SH
   Huggins, JW
   Jahrling, PB
   Moss, B
AF Earl, PL
   Americo, JL
   Wyatt, LS
   Eller, LA
   Whitbeck, JC
   Cohen, GH
   Eisenberg, RJ
   Hartmann, CJ
   Jackson, DL
   Kulesh, DA
   Martinez, MJ
   Miller, DM
   Mucker, EM
   Shamblin, JD
   Zwiers, SH
   Huggins, JW
   Jahrling, PB
   Moss, B
TI Immunogenicity of a highly attenuated MVA smallpox vaccine and protection against monkeypox
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus propagation; strain; neutralization; immunization; infection; protein; vector; cells; host; mice
AB The potential use of smallpox as a biological weapon has led to the production and stockpiling of smallpox vaccine and the immunization of some healthcare workers. Another public health goal is the licensing of a safer vaccine that could benefit the millions of people advised not to take the current one because they or their contacts have increased susceptibility to severe vaccine side effects(1). As vaccines can no longer be tested for their ability to prevent smallpox, licensing will necessarily include comparative immunogenicity and protection studies in non-human primates. Here we compare the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)(2) with the licensed Dryvax vaccine in a monkey model. After two doses of MVA or one dose of MVA followed by Dryvax, antibody binding and neutralizing titres and T-cell responses were equivalent or higher than those induced by Dryvax alone. After challenge with monkeypox virus, unimmunized animals developed more than 500 pustular skin lesions and became gravely ill or died, whereas vaccinated animals were healthy and asymptomatic, except for a small number of transient skin lesions in animals immunized only with MVA.
C1 NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Henry M Jackson Fdn, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Dent, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Moss, B (corresponding author), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM bmoss@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000416] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 375
Z9 427
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 182
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature02331
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600049
PM 15014500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, WD
   Arculus, RJ
   Kamenetsky, VS
   Binns, RA
AF Sun, WD
   Arculus, RJ
   Kamenetsky, VS
   Binns, RA
TI Release of gold-bearing fluids in convergent margin magmas prompted by magnetite crystallization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID back-arc basin; volcanic-rocks; manus basin; sea-floor; glasses; mantle; solubility; enrichment; stability; deposits
AB A relationship between convergent margin magmas and copper gold ore mineralization has long been recognized(1-6). The nature of the genetic link is controversial, particularly whether the link is due to high-oxygen-fugacity (f(O 2)) melts and fluids released from subducted slabs(5-7) or to brine exsolution during magmatic evolution4. For submarine, subduction-related volcanic glasses from the eastern Manus basin, Papua New Guinea, we here report abrupt decreases in gold and copper abundances, coupled with a switch in the behaviour of titanium and iron from concentration increases to decreases as SiO2 rises. We propose that the abrupt depletion in gold and copper results from concurrent sulphur reduction as a result of f(O 2) buffering, causing enhanced formation of copper-gold hydrosulphide complexes that become scavenged from crystallizing melts into cogenetic magmatic aqueous fluids. This process is particularly efficient in oxidized arc magmas with substantial sulphate. We infer that subsequent migration and cooling of exsolved aqueous fluids create links between copper-gold mineralization and arc magmatism in the Manus basin(8,9), and at convergent margins in general(1-6).
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Marine Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Tasmania, Ctr Ore Deposit Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Sch Earth Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   CSIRO Explorat & Min, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Australian National University; Max Planck Society; University of Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Arculus, RJ (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Marine Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM richard.arculus@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 345
Z9 432
U1 3
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 975
EP 978
DI 10.1038/nature02972
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600041
PM 15496920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clement, BM
AF Clement, BM
TI Dependence of the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals on site latitude
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matuyama-brunhes; paleomagnetic records; southern-hemisphere; lower jaramillo; upper olduvai; transition; atlantic; field
AB An important constraint on the processes governing the geodynamo-the flow in the outer core responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field-is the duration of geomagnetic polarity reversals; that is, how long it takes for Earth's magnetic field to reverse(1). It is generally accepted that Earth's magnetic field strength drops to low levels during polarity reversals, and the field direction progresses through a 1808 change while the field is weak(1). The time it takes for this process to happen, however, remains uncertain, with estimates ranging from a few thousand up to 28,000 years. Here I present an analysis of the available sediment records of the four most recent polarity reversals. These records yield an average estimate of about 7,000 years for the time it takes for the directional change to occur. The variation about this mean duration is not random, but instead varies with site latitude, with shorter durations observed at low-latitude sites, and longer durations observed at mid- to high-latitude sites. Such variation of duration with site latitude is predicted by simple geometrical reversal models, in which non-dipole fields are allowed to persist while the axial dipole decays through zero and then builds in the opposite direction, and provides a constraint on numerical dynamo models.
C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida International University
RP Clement, BM (corresponding author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Earth Sci, SW 8th St & 107th Ave, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
EM clementb@fiu.edu
NR 29
TC 149
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature02459
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200039
PM 15071591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, J
   Han, C
   Gordon, LA
   Terry, A
   Prabhakar, S
   She, XW
   Xie, G
   Hellsten, U
   Chan, YM
   Altherr, M
   Couronne, O
   Aerts, A
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Blumer, H
   Branscomb, E
   Brown, NC
   Bruno, WJ
   Buckingham, JM
   Callen, DF
   Campbell, CS
   Campbell, ML
   Campbell, EW
   Caoile, C
   Challacombe, JF
   Chasteen, LA
   Chertkov, O
   Chi, HC
   Christensen, M
   Clark, LM
   Cohn, JD
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Dickson, M
   Dimitrijevic-Bussod, M
   Escobar, J
   Fawcett, JJ
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Goodstein, D
   Goodwin, LA
   Grady, DL
   Grigoriev, I
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Hildebrand, CE
   Huang, W
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Jewett, PB
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Krawczyk, MC
   Leyba, T
   Longmire, JL
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YN
   Lowry, S
   Ludeman, T
   Manohar, CF
   Mark, GA
   McMurray, KL
   Meincke, LJ
   Morgan, J
   Moyzis, RK
   Mundt, MO
   Munk, AC
   Nandkeshwar, RD
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Predki, P
   Parson-Quintana, B
   Ramirez, L
   Rash, S
   Retterer, J
   Ricke, DO
   Robinson, DL
   Rodriguez, A
   Salamov, A
   Saunders, EH
   Scott, D
   Shough, T
   Stallings, RL
   Stalvey, M
   Sutherland, RD
   Tapia, R
   Tesmer, JG
   Thayer, N
   Thompson, LS
   Tice, H
   Torney, DC
   Tran-Gyamfi, M
   Tsai, M
   Ulanovsky, LE
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   White, PS
   Williams, AL
   Wills, PL
   Wu, JR
   Wu, K
   Yang, J
   DeJong, P
   Bruce, D
   Doggett, NA
   Deaven, L
   Schmutz, J
   Grimwood, J
   Richardson, P
   Rokhsar, DS
   Eichler, EE
   Gilna, P
   Lucas, SM
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
   Pennacchio, LA
AF Martin, J
   Han, C
   Gordon, LA
   Terry, A
   Prabhakar, S
   She, XW
   Xie, G
   Hellsten, U
   Chan, YM
   Altherr, M
   Couronne, O
   Aerts, A
   Bajorek, E
   Black, S
   Blumer, H
   Branscomb, E
   Brown, NC
   Bruno, WJ
   Buckingham, JM
   Callen, DF
   Campbell, CS
   Campbell, ML
   Campbell, EW
   Caoile, C
   Challacombe, JF
   Chasteen, LA
   Chertkov, O
   Chi, HC
   Christensen, M
   Clark, LM
   Cohn, JD
   Denys, M
   Detter, JC
   Dickson, M
   Dimitrijevic-Bussod, M
   Escobar, J
   Fawcett, JJ
   Flowers, D
   Fotopulos, D
   Glavina, T
   Gomez, M
   Gonzales, E
   Goodstein, D
   Goodwin, LA
   Grady, DL
   Grigoriev, I
   Groza, M
   Hammon, N
   Hawkins, T
   Haydu, L
   Hildebrand, CE
   Huang, W
   Israni, S
   Jett, J
   Jewett, PB
   Kadner, K
   Kimball, H
   Kobayashi, A
   Krawczyk, MC
   Leyba, T
   Longmire, JL
   Lopez, F
   Lou, YN
   Lowry, S
   Ludeman, T
   Manohar, CF
   Mark, GA
   McMurray, KL
   Meincke, LJ
   Morgan, J
   Moyzis, RK
   Mundt, MO
   Munk, AC
   Nandkeshwar, RD
   Pitluck, S
   Pollard, M
   Predki, P
   Parson-Quintana, B
   Ramirez, L
   Rash, S
   Retterer, J
   Ricke, DO
   Robinson, DL
   Rodriguez, A
   Salamov, A
   Saunders, EH
   Scott, D
   Shough, T
   Stallings, RL
   Stalvey, M
   Sutherland, RD
   Tapia, R
   Tesmer, JG
   Thayer, N
   Thompson, LS
   Tice, H
   Torney, DC
   Tran-Gyamfi, M
   Tsai, M
   Ulanovsky, LE
   Ustaszewska, A
   Vo, N
   White, PS
   Williams, AL
   Wills, PL
   Wu, JR
   Wu, K
   Yang, J
   DeJong, P
   Bruce, D
   Doggett, NA
   Deaven, L
   Schmutz, J
   Grimwood, J
   Richardson, P
   Rokhsar, DS
   Eichler, EE
   Gilna, P
   Lucas, SM
   Myers, RM
   Rubin, EM
   Pennacchio, LA
TI The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bac contig map; human-genome; dna-sequence; segmental duplications; human chromosome-16; evolutionary rates; physical map; recombination; construction; elements
AB Human chromosome 16 features one of the highest levels of segmentally duplicated sequence among the human autosomes. We report here the 78,884,754 base pairs of finished chromosome 16 sequence, representing over 99.9% of its euchromatin. Manual annotation revealed 880 protein-coding genes confirmed by 1,670 aligned transcripts, 19 transfer RNA genes, 341 pseudogenes and three RNA pseudogenes. These genes include metallothionein, cadherin and iroquois gene families, as well as the disease genes for polycystic kidney disease and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Several large-scale structural polymorphisms spanning hundreds of kilobase pairs were identified and result in gene content differences among humans. Whereas the segmental duplications of chromosome 16 are enriched in the relatively gene-poor pericentromere of the p arm, some are involved in recent gene duplication and conversion events that are likely to have had an impact on the evolution of primates and human disease susceptibility.
C1 DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland
RP Rubin, EM (corresponding author), DOE Joint Genome Inst, 2800 Mitchell Ave, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
EM emrubin@lbl.gov; LAPennacchio@lbl.gov
NR 48
TC 137
Z9 677
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 988
EP 994
DI 10.1038/nature03187
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000032
PM 15616553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zandt, G
   Gilbert, H
   Owens, TJ
   Ducea, M
   Saleeby, J
   Jones, CH
AF Zandt, G
   Gilbert, H
   Owens, TJ
   Ducea, M
   Saleeby, J
   Jones, CH
TI Active foundering of a continental arc root beneath the southern Sierra Nevada in California
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rayleigh-taylor instability; upper-mantle beneath; potassic volcanism; thermal evolution; delamination; crust; lithosphere; range; basin; tectonics
AB Seismic data provide images of crust - mantle interactions during ongoing removal of the dense batholithic root beneath the southern Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The removal appears to have initiated between 10 and 3 Myr ago with a Rayleigh Taylor-type instability, but with a pronounced asymmetric flow into a mantle downwelling (drip) beneath the adjacent Great Valley. A nearly horizontal shear zone accommodated the detachment of the ultramafic root from its granitoid batholith. With continuing flow into the mantle drip, viscous drag at the base of the remaining similar to35-km-thick crust has thickened the crust by similar to7 km in a narrow welt beneath the western flank of the range. Adjacent to the welt and at the top of the drip, a V-shaped cone of crust is being dragged down tens of kilometres into the core of the mantle drip, causing the disappearance of the Moho in the seismic images. Viscous coupling between the crust and mantle is therefore apparently driving present-day surface subsidence.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; California Institute of Technology; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Zandt, G (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM zandt@geo.arizona.edu
NR 49
TC 380
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 41
EP 46
DI 10.1038/nature02847
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500035
PM 15343326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, LH
   Schmidt, M
   Jin, SW
   Gray, AM
   Beis, D
   Pham, T
   Frantz, G
   Palmieri, S
   Hillan, K
   Stainier, DYR
   de Sauvage, FJ
   Ye, WL
AF Parker, LH
   Schmidt, M
   Jin, SW
   Gray, AM
   Beis, D
   Pham, T
   Frantz, G
   Palmieri, S
   Hillan, K
   Stainier, DYR
   de Sauvage, FJ
   Ye, WL
TI The endothelial-cell-derived secreted factor Egfl7 regulates vascular tube formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebrafish gene; mutant embryos; expression; angiogenesis; notochord; domain; morphogenesis; protein; homolog; cloche
AB Vascular development is a complex but orderly process that is tightly regulated. A number of secreted factors produced by surrounding cells regulate endothelial cell (EC) differentiation, proliferation, migration and coalescence into cord-like structures(1,2). Vascular cords then undergo tubulogenesis to form vessels with a central lumen(3,4). But little is known about how tubulogenesis is regulated in vivo. Here we report the identification and characterization of a new EC-derived secreted factor, EGF-like domain 7 (Egfl7). Egfl7 is expressed at high levels in the vasculature associated with tissue proliferation, and is downregulated in most of the mature vessels in normal adult tissues. Loss of Egfl7 function in zebrafish embryos specifically blocks vascular tubulogenesis. We uncover a dynamic process during which gradual separation and proper spatial arrangement of the angioblasts allow subsequent assembly of vascular tubes. This process fails to take place in Egfl7 knockdown embryos, leading to the failure of vascular tube formation. Our study defines a regulator that controls a specific and important step in vasculogenesis.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Genet Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Human Genet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Ye, WL (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM loni@gene.com
NR 27
TC 316
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 754
EP 758
DI 10.1038/nature02416
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800041
PM 15085134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peccianti, M
   Conti, C
   Assanto, G
   De Luca, A
   Umeton, C
AF Peccianti, M
   Conti, C
   Assanto, G
   De Luca, A
   Umeton, C
TI Routing of anisotropic spatial solitons and modulational instability in liquid crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solitary waves; nonlinearity; light
AB In certain materials, the spontaneous spreading of a laser beam ( owing to diffraction) can be compensated for by the interplay of optical intensity and material nonlinearity. The resulting nondiffracting beams are called 'spatial solitons' (refs 1 - 3), and they have been observed in various bulk media(4-6). In nematic liquid crystals(7-9), solitons can be produced at milliwatt power levels(10-12) and have been investigated for both practical applications(13) and as a means of exploring fundamental aspects of light interactions with soft matter(14,15). Spatial solitons effectively operate as waveguides, and so can be considered as a means of channelling optical information along the self-sustaining filament. But actual steering of these solitons within the medium has proved more problematic, being limited to tilts of just a fraction of a degree(16-20). Here we report the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of voltage-controlled 'walk-off' and steering of self-localized light in nematic liquid crystals. We find not only that the propagation direction of individual spatial solitons can be tuned by several degrees, but also that an array of direction-tunable solitons can be generated by modulation instability(21-25). Such control capabilities might find application in reconfigurable optical interconnects, optical tweezers and optical surgical techniques.
C1 Univ Roma Tre, INFM, Nonlinear Opt & Optoelect Lab, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma Tre, Dept Elect Engn, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Calabria, Dept Phys, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy.
   Univ Calabria, INFM, Ctr Excellence CEMIFCAL, LICRYL, I-87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Roma Tre University; Roma Tre University; University of Calabria; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Calabria
RP Assanto, G (corresponding author), Univ Roma Tre, INFM, Nonlinear Opt & Optoelect Lab, Via Vasca Navale 84, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
EM assanto@ele.uniroma3.it
NR 30
TC 339
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 733
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature03101
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200042
PM 15592407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conard, NJ
   Grootes, PM
   Smith, FH
AF Conard, NJ
   Grootes, PM
   Smith, FH
TI Unexpectedly recent dates for human remains from Vogelherd
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early aurignacian; human fossils; europe; germany; kyr; sea
AB The human skeletal remains from the Vogelherd cave in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany are at present seen as the best evidence that modern humans produced the artefacts of the early Aurignacian(1). Radiocarbon measurements from all the key fossils from Vogelherd show that these human remains actually date to the late Neolithic, between 3,900 and 5,000 radiocarbon years before present ( BP). Although many questions remain unresolved, these results weaken the arguments for the Danube Corridor hypothesis(2)-that there was an early migration of modern humans into the Upper Danube drainage-and strengthen the view that Neanderthals may have contributed significantly to the development of Upper Palaeolithic cultural traits independent of the arrival of modern humans(3,4).
C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Ur & Fruhgeschichte & Archaol Mittelalters, Abt Altere Urgeschichte & Quartarokol, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Leibniz Labor Altersbestimmung & Isotopenforsch, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Loyola Univ, Dept Anthropol, Chicago, IL 60626 USA.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; University of Kiel; Loyola University Chicago
RP Conard, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Ur & Fruhgeschichte & Archaol Mittelalters, Abt Altere Urgeschichte & Quartarokol, Schloss Hohentubingen, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.
EM nicholas.conard@uni-tuebingen.de
NR 30
TC 114
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 198
EP 201
DI 10.1038/nature02690
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600041
PM 15241412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knauth, DC
   Andersson, BG
   McCandliss, SR
   Moos, HW
AF Knauth, DC
   Andersson, BG
   McCandliss, SR
   Moos, HW
TI The interstellar N2 abundance towards HD 124314 from far-ultraviolet observations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dense molecular clouds; o-type stars; diffuse; chemistry; model; gas; co; wavelengths; transition; bands
AB The abundance of interstellar molecular nitrogen (N-2) is of considerable importance: models of steady-state gas-phase interstellar chemistry(1,2), together with millimetre- wavelength observations(3,4) of interstellar N2H+ in dense molecular clouds predict that N-2 should be the most abundant nitrogen-bearing molecule in the interstellar medium. Previous attempts to detect N2 absorption in the far-ultraviolet(5) or infrared(6) (ice features) have hitherto been unsuccessful. Here we report the detection of interstellar N-2 at far-ultraviolet wavelengths towards the moderately reddened star HD 124314 in the constellation of Centaurus. The N-2 column density is larger than expected from models of diffuse clouds and significantly smaller than expected for dense molecular clouds(1). Moreover, the N-2 abundance does not explain the observed variations(7) in the abundance of atomic nitrogen (N I) towards high-column-density sightlines, implying that the models of nitrogen chemistry in the interstellar medium are incomplete(8).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Knauth, DC (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM dknauth@pha.jhu.edu
NR 29
TC 105
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 636
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature02614
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600033
PM 15190346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stremlau, M
   Owens, CM
   Perron, MJ
   Kiessling, M
   Autissier, P
   Sodroski, J
AF Stremlau, M
   Owens, CM
   Perron, MJ
   Kiessling, M
   Autissier, P
   Sodroski, J
TI The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5α restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; promyelocytic leukemia protein; simian cells; reverse transcription; viral replication; motif protein; ring finger; entry; recruitment; complexes
AB Host cell barriers to the early phase of immunodeficiency virus replication explain the current distribution of these viruses among human and non-human primate species(1-4). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) in humans, efficiently enters the cells of Old World monkeys but encounters a block before reverse transcription(2-4). This species-specific restriction acts on the incoming HIV-1 capsid(5-7) and is mediated by a dominant repressive factor(7-9). Here we identify TRIM5alpha, a component of cytoplasmic bodies, as the blocking factor. HIV-1 infection is restricted more efficiently by rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha than by human TRIM5alpha. The simian immunodeficiency virus, which naturally infects Old World monkeys(10), is less susceptible to the TRIM5alpha-mediated block than is HIV-1, and this difference in susceptibility is due to the viral capsid. The early block to HIV-1 infection in monkey cells is relieved by interference with TRIM5alpha expression. Our studies identify TRIM5alpha as a species-specific mediator of innate cellular resistance to HIV-1 and reveal host cell components that modulate the uncoating of a retroviral capsid.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Dept Pathol, Div Aids, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Viral Pathogenesis, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Aids, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Sodroski, J (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Dept Pathol, Div Aids, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM joseph_sodroski@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1551
Z9 1930
U1 3
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 848
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature02343
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500042
PM 14985764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guthrie, RD
AF Guthrie, RD
TI Radiocarbon evidence of mid-Holocene mammoths stranded on an Alaskan Bering Sea island
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction
AB Island colonization and subsequent dwarfing of Pleistocene proboscideans is one of the more dramatic evolutionary and ecological occurrences(1-3), especially in situations where island populations survived end-Pleistocene extinctions whereas those on the nearby mainland did not(4). For example, Holocene mammoths have been dated from Wrangel Island in northern Russia(4). In most of these cases, few details are available about the dynamics of how island colonization and extinction occurred. As part of a large radiocarbon dating project of Alaskan mammoth fossils, I addressed this question by including mammoth specimens from Bering Sea islands known to have formed during the end-Pleistocene sea transgression(5). One date of 7,908 +/- 6 100 yr BP (radiocarbon years before present) established the presence of Holocene mammoths on St Paul Island, a first Holocene island record for the Americas. Four lines of evidence 265 accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates from Alaskan mainland mammoths(6), 13 new dates from Alaskan island mammoths, recent reconstructions of bathymetric plots(5) and sea transgression rates from the Bering Sea(5)-made it possible to reconstruct how mammoths became stranded in the Pribilofs and why this apparently did not happen on other Alaskan Bering Sea islands.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Guthrie, RD (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
EM ffrdg@uaf.edu
NR 23
TC 110
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature02612
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900035
PM 15201907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tschumperlin, DJ
   Dai, GH
   Maly, IV
   Kikuchi, T
   Laiho, LH
   McVittie, AK
   Haley, KJ
   Lilly, CM
   So, PTC
   Lauffenburger, DA
   Kamm, RD
   Drazen, JM
AF Tschumperlin, DJ
   Dai, GH
   Maly, IV
   Kikuchi, T
   Laiho, LH
   McVittie, AK
   Haley, KJ
   Lilly, CM
   So, PTC
   Lauffenburger, DA
   Kamm, RD
   Drazen, JM
TI Mechanotransduction through growth-factor shedding into the extracellular space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-the-lung; mechanical-stress; signal-transduction; endothelial-cells; bronchial epithelium; autocrine loops; factor receptor; shear-stress; g-proteins; release
AB Physical forces elicit biochemical signalling in a diverse array of cells, tissues and organisms(1-3), helping to govern fundamental biological processes. Several hypotheses have been advanced that link physical forces to intracellular signalling pathways, but in many cases the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction remain elusive(1-9). Here we find that compressive stress shrinks the lateral intercellular space surrounding epithelial cells, and triggers cellular signalling via autocrine binding of epidermal growth factor family ligands to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mathematical analysis predicts that constant rate shedding of autocrine ligands into a collapsing lateral intercellular space leads to increased local ligand concentrations that are sufficient to account for the observed receptor signalling; direct experimental comparison of signalling stimulated by compressive stress versus exogenous soluble ligand supports this prediction. These findings establish a mechanism by which mechanotransduction arises from an autocrine ligand - receptor circuit operating in a dynamically regulated extracellular volume, not requiring induction of force-dependent biochemical processes within the cell or cell membrane.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Physiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Div Pulm & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Biol Engn Div, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Drazen, JM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Physiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM jdrazen@nejm.org
FU NIBIB NIH HHS [P41 EB015871] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering [P41EB015871] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature02543
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100049
PM 15103386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ravelo, AC
   Andreasen, DH
   Lyle, M
   Lyle, AO
   Wara, MW
AF Ravelo, AC
   Andreasen, DH
   Lyle, M
   Lyle, AO
   Wara, MW
TI Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water circulation; pliopleistocene; variability; glaciation; delta-o-18; tropics; seaway
AB The Earth's climate has undergone a global transition over the past four million years, from warm conditions with global surface temperatures about 3degreesC warmer than today, smaller ice sheets and higher sea levels to the current cooler conditions. Tectonic changes and their influence on ocean heat transport have been suggested as forcing factors for that transition, including the onset of significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation similar to2.75 million years ago, but the ultimate causes for the climatic changes are still under debate. Here we compare climate records from high latitudes, subtropical regions and the tropics, indicating that the onset of large glacial/interglacial cycles did not coincide with a specific climate reorganization event at lower latitudes. The regional differences in the timing of cooling imply that global cooling was a gradual process, rather than the response to a single threshold or episodic event as previously suggested. We also find that high-latitude climate sensitivity to variations in solar heating increased gradually, culminating after cool tropical and subtropical upwelling conditions were established two million years ago. Our results suggest that mean low-latitude climate conditions can significantly influence global climate feedbacks.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Boise State Univ, Ctr Geophys Invest Shallow Subsurface, Boise, ID 83725 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Boise State University
RP Ravelo, AC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM acr@es.ucsc.edu
NR 48
TC 543
Z9 659
U1 3
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 263
EP 267
DI 10.1038/nature02567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900034
PM 15152244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piperno, DR
   Weiss, E
   Holst, I
   Nadel, D
AF Piperno, DR
   Weiss, E
   Holst, I
   Nadel, D
TI Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stone tools; ohalo-ii; identification
AB Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum turgidum L.) were among the principal 'founder crops' of southwest Asian agriculture(1). Two issues that were central to the cultural transition from foraging to food production are poorly understood. They are the dates at which human groups began to routinely exploit wild varieties of wheat and barley, and when foragers first utilized technologies to pound and grind the hard, fibrous seeds of these and other plants to turn them into easily digestible foodstuffs. Here we report the earliest direct evidence for human processing of grass seeds, including barley and possibly wheat, in the form of starch grains recovered from a ground stone artefact from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Ohalo II in Israel. Associated evidence for an oven-like hearth was also found at this site, suggesting that dough made from grain flour was baked. Our data indicate that routine processing of a selected group of wild cereals, combined with effective methods of cooking ground seeds, were practiced at least 12,000 years before their domestication in southwest Asia.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Anthropol, Archaeobiol Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02130 USA.
   Univ Haifa, Archaeol Inst, IL-31905 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; Harvard University; University of Haifa
RP Piperno, DR (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM pipernod@tivoli.si.edu; eweiss@fas.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 334
Z9 426
U1 2
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 670
EP 673
DI 10.1038/nature02734
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400043
PM 15295598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bahatyrova, S
   Frese, RN
   Siebert, CA
   Olsen, JD
   van der Werf, KO
   van Grondelle, R
   Niederman, RA
   Bullough, PA
   Otto, C
   Hunter, CN
AF Bahatyrova, S
   Frese, RN
   Siebert, CA
   Olsen, JD
   van der Werf, KO
   van Grondelle, R
   Niederman, RA
   Bullough, PA
   Otto, C
   Hunter, CN
TI The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-harvesting complex; atomic-force microscopy; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; core complex; rhodopseudomonas-sphaeroides; rhodospirillum-rubrum; crystal-structure; angstrom resolution; protein subunits; antenna complex
AB In photosynthesis, the harvesting of solar energy and its subsequent conversion into a stable charge separation are dependent upon an interconnected macromolecular network of membrane-associated chlorophyll-protein complexes. Although the detailed structure of each complex has been determined(1-4), the size and organization of this network are unknown. Here we show the use of atomic force microscopy to directly reveal a native bacterial photosynthetic membrane. This first view of any multi-component membrane shows the relative positions and associations of the photosynthetic complexes and reveals crucial new features of the organization of the network: we found that the membrane is divided into specialized domains each with a different network organization and in which one type of complex predominates. Two types of organization were found for the peripheral light-harvesting LH2 complex. In the first, groups of 10-20 molecules of LH2 form light-capture domains that interconnect linear arrays of dimers of core reaction centre (RC)-light-harvesting 1 (RC-LH1-PufX) complexes; in the second they were found outside these arrays in larger clusters. The LH1 complex is ideally positioned to function as an energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before transfer to the RC where photochemistry occurs: the elegant economy of the photosynthetic membrane is demonstrated by the close packing of these linear arrays, which are often only separated by narrow 'energy conduits' of LH2 just two or three complexes wide.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Twente, Biophys Tech Grp, Dept Sci & Technol, BMTI,MESA, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Sheffield; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Twente; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Hunter, CN (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM c.n.hunter@shef.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 402
Z9 455
U1 0
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1058
EP 1062
DI 10.1038/nature02823
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900050
PM 15329728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mungall, JE
   Ames, DE
   Hanley, JJ
AF Mungall, JE
   Ames, DE
   Hanley, JJ
TI Geochemical evidence from the Sudbury structure for crustal redistribution by large bolide impacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID igneous complex
AB Deformation and melting of the crust during the formation of large impact craters must have been important during the Earth's early evolution, but such processes remain poorly understood(1). The 1.8-billion-year-old Sudbury structure(2) in Ontario, Canada, is greater than 200 km in diameter and preserves a complete impact section, including shocked basement rocks, an impact melt sheet and fallback material(3,4). It has generally been thought that the most voluminous impact melts represent the average composition of the continental crust(4), but here we show that the melt sheet now preserved as the Sudbury Igneous Complex is derived predominantly from the lower crust. We therefore infer that the hypervelocity impact caused a partial inversion of the compositional layering of the continental crust. Using geochemical data, including platinum-group-element abundances, we also show that the matrix of the overlying clast-laden Onaping Formation represents a mixture of the original surficial sedimentary strata, shock-melted lower crust and the impactor itself.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
   Nat Resources Canada, Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP Mungall, JE (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, 22 Russell St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
EM mungall@geology.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 61
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 546
EP 548
DI 10.1038/nature02577
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700035
PM 15175748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heck, PR
   Schmitz, B
   Baur, H
   Halliday, AN
   Wieler, R
AF Heck, PR
   Schmitz, B
   Baur, H
   Halliday, AN
   Wieler, R
TI Fast delivery of meteorites to Earth after a major asteroid collision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID family
AB Very large collisions in the asteroid belt could lead temporarily to a substantial increase in the rate of impacts of meteorites on Earth. Orbital simulations predict that fragments from such events may arrive considerably faster than the typical transit times of meteorites falling today, because in some large impacts part of the debris is transferred directly into a resonant orbit with Jupiter(1,2). Such an efficient meteorite delivery track, however, has not been verified. Here we report high-sensitivity measurements of noble gases produced by cosmic rays in chromite grains from a unique suite of fossil meteorites(3) preserved in similar to480 million year old sediments. The transfer times deduced from the noble gases are as short as similar to10(5) years, and they increase with stratigraphic height in agreement with the estimated duration of sedimentation. These data provide powerful evidence that this unusual meteorite occurrence was the result of a long-lasting rain of meteorites following the destruction of an asteroid, and show that at least one strong resonance in the main asteroid belt can deliver material into the inner Solar System within the short timescales suggested by dynamical models.
C1 ETH, Isotope Geol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Lund Univ, Dept Geol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Lund University
RP Heck, PR (corresponding author), ETH, Isotope Geol, NO C61, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM heck@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 22
TC 102
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 323
EP 325
DI 10.1038/nature02736
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200033
PM 15254530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helveg, S
   López-Cartes, C
   Sehested, J
   Hansen, PL
   Clausen, BS
   Rostrup-Nielsen, JR
   Abild-Pedersen, F
   Norskov, JK
AF Helveg, S
   López-Cartes, C
   Sehested, J
   Hansen, PL
   Clausen, BS
   Rostrup-Nielsen, JR
   Abild-Pedersen, F
   Norskov, JK
TI Atomic-scale imaging of carbon nanofibre growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanotubes; nickel; catalysts; decomposition; formalism
AB The synthesis of carbon nanotubes with predefined structure and functionality plays a central role in the field of nanotechnology(1,2), whereas the inhibition of carbon growth is needed to prevent a breakdown of industrial catalysts for hydrogen and synthesis gas production(3). The growth of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres has therefore been widely studied(4-10). Recent advances in in situ techniques now open up the possibility of studying gas - solid interactions at the atomic level(11-12). Here we present time-resolved, high-resolution in situ transmission electron microscope observations of the formation of carbon nanofibres from methane decomposition over supported nickel nanocrystals. Carbon nanofibres are observed to develop through a reaction-induced reshaping of the nickel nanocrystals. Specifically, the nucleation and growth of graphene layers are found to be assisted by a dynamic formation and restructuring of mono-atomic step edges at the nickel surface. Density-functional theory calculations indicate that the observations are consistent with a growth mechanism involving surface diffusion of carbon and nickel atoms. The finding that metallic step edges act as spatio-temporal dynamic growth sites may be important for understanding other types of catalytic reactions and nanomaterial syntheses.
C1 Haldor Topsoe Res Labs, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Phys, Ctr Atom Scale Mat Phys, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Haldor Topsoe; Technical University of Denmark
RP Helveg, S (corresponding author), Haldor Topsoe Res Labs, Nymollevej 55, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
EM sth@topsoe.dk
NR 26
TC 1322
Z9 1481
U1 5
U2 755
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature02278
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500038
PM 14749826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shibata, N
   Pennycook, SJ
   Gosnell, TR
   Painter, GS
   Shelton, WA
   Becher, PF
AF Shibata, N
   Pennycook, SJ
   Gosnell, TR
   Painter, GS
   Shelton, WA
   Becher, PF
TI Observation of rare-earth segregation in silicon nitride ceramics at subnanometre dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission electron-microscopy; improved fracture-toughness; microstructural design; si3n4
AB Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics are used in numerous applications because of their superior mechanical properties(1,2). Their intrinsically brittle nature is a critical issue, but can be overcome by introducing whisker-like microstructural features(3,4). However, the formation of such anisotropic grains is very sensitive to the type of cations used as the sintering additives(1,2,5). Understanding the origin of dopant effects, central to the design of high-performance Si3N4 ceramics, has been sought for many years. Here we show direct images of dopant atoms (La) within the nanometre-scale intergranular amorphous films typically found at grain boundaries, using aberration corrected Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is clearly shown that the La atoms preferentially segregate to the amorphous/crystal interfaces. First-principles calculations confirm the strong preference of La for the crystalline surfaces, which is essential for forming elongated grains and a toughened microstructure. Whereas principles of micrometre-scale structural design are currently used to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics, this work represents a step towards the atomic-level structural engineering required for the next generation of ceramics.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Pixon LLC, Setauket, NY 11733 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Comp Sci & Math Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Shibata, N (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM shibatan@ornl.gov
NR 18
TC 284
Z9 304
U1 11
U2 256
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 730
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature02410
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800033
PM 15085126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sesma, A
   Osbourn, AE
AF Sesma, A
   Osbourn, AE
TI The rice leaf blast pathogen undergoes developmental processes typical of root-infecting fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnaporthe-grisea; sp-nov; penetration; gene; resistance; biology; protein
AB Pathogens have evolved different strategies to overcome the various barriers that they encounter during infection of their hosts(1). The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea causes one of the most damaging diseases of cultivated rice and has emerged as a paradigm system for investigation of foliar pathogenicity. This fungus undergoes a series of well-defined developmental steps during leaf infection, including the formation of elaborate penetration structures (appressoria). This process has been studied in great detail(2), and over thirty M. grisea genes that condition leaf infection have been identified(3). Here we show a new facet of the M. grisea life cycle: this fungus can undergo a different ( and previously uncharacterized) set of programmed developmental events that are typical of root-infecting pathogens. We also show that root colonization can lead to systemic invasion and the development of classical disease symptoms on the aerial parts of the plant. Gene-for-gene type specific disease resistance that is effective against rice blast in leaves also operates in roots. These findings have significant implications for fungal development, epidemiology, plant breeding and disease control.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Osbourn, AE (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM annie.osbourn@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 277
Z9 340
U1 2
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 582
EP 586
DI 10.1038/nature02880
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700050
PM 15457264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Islam, FS
   Gault, AG
   Boothman, C
   Polya, DA
   Charnock, JM
   Chatterjee, D
   Lloyd, JR
AF Islam, FS
   Gault, AG
   Boothman, C
   Polya, DA
   Charnock, JM
   Chatterjee, D
   Lloyd, JR
TI Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissimilatory reduction; ganges delta; west-bengal; groundwater; bangladesh; iron; mobilization; extraction; mobility
AB The contamination of ground waters, abstracted for drinking and irrigation, by sediment-derived arsenic threatens the health of tens of millions of people worldwide, most notably in Bangladesh and West Bengal(1-3). Despite the calamitous effects on human health arising from the extensive use of arsenic-enriched ground waters in these regions, the mechanisms of arsenic release from sediments remain poorly characterized and are topics of intense international debate(4-8). We use a microscosm-based approach to investigate these mechanisms: techniques of microbiology and molecular ecology are used in combination with aqueous and solid phase speciation analysis of arsenic. Here we show that anaerobic metal-reducing bacteria can play a key role in the mobilization of arsenic in sediments collected from a contaminated aquifer in West Bengal. We also show that, for the sediments in this study, arsenic release took place after Fe(III) reduction, rather than occurring simultaneously. Identification of the critical factors controlling the biogeochemical cycling of arsenic is one important contribution to fully informing the development of effective strategies to manage these and other similar arsenic-rich ground waters worldwide.
C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Earth Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Williamson Res Ctr Mol Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, CCLRC, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   Univ Kalyani, Dept Chem, Santini Ketan 731235, W Bengal, India.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Manchester; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; Kalyani University
RP Lloyd, JR (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Dept Earth Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM jon.lloyd@man.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S30207/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 1056
Z9 1253
U1 8
U2 657
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature02638
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800043
PM 15229598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vieites, DR
   Nieto-Román, S
   Barluenga, M
   Palanca, A
   Vences, M
   Meyer, A
AF Vieites, DR
   Nieto-Román, S
   Barluenga, M
   Palanca, A
   Vences, M
   Meyer, A
TI Post-mating clutch piracy in an amphibian
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple paternity; rana-temporaria; boreal population; common frogs; body-size; selection; success; systems
AB Female multiple mating and alternative mating systems can decrease the opportunity for sexual selection(1-3). Sperm competition is often the outcome of females mating with multiple males and has been observed in many animals(1,4-7), and alternative reproductive systems are widespread among species with external fertilization and parental care(3,8-10). Multiple paternity without associated complex behaviour related to mating or parental care is also seen in simultaneously spawning amphibians(11-15) and fishes(16) that release gametes into water. Here we report 'clutch piracy' in a montane population of the common frog Rana temporaria, a reproductive behaviour previously unknown in vertebrates with external fertilization. Males of this species clasp the females and the pair deposits one spherical clutch of eggs. No parental care is provided. 'Pirate' males search for freshly laid clutches, clasp them as they would do a female and fertilize the eggs that were left unfertilized by the 'parental' male. This behaviour does not seem to be size-dependent, and some males mate with a female and perform clutch piracy in the same season. Piracy affected 84% of the clutches and in some cases increased the proportion of eggs fertilized, providing direct fitness benefits both for the pirate males and the females(17). Sexual selection probably caused by a strong male-biased sex ratio-occurs in this population, as indicated by size-assortative mating; however, clutch piracy may reduce its impact. This provides a good model to explore how alternative mating strategies can affect the intensity of sexual selection.
C1 Univ Vigo, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Ecol & Biol Anim, Lab Anat Anim, Vigo 36201, Spain.
   Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, Lehrstuhl Zool & Evolut Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1092 AD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Museum Zool, NL-1092 AD Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Universidade de Vigo; University of Konstanz; University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam
RP Vieites, DR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, 3101 Valley Life Sci Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM vieites@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 117
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/nature02879
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000040
PM 15372032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Halic, M
   Becker, T
   Pool, MR
   Spahn, CMT
   Grassucci, RA
   Frank, J
   Beckmann, R
AF Halic, M
   Becker, T
   Pool, MR
   Spahn, CMT
   Grassucci, RA
   Frank, J
   Beckmann, R
TI Structure of the signal recognition particle interacting with the elongation-arrested ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli ribosome; 7sl rna; angstrom resolution; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cryoelectron microscopy; protein translocation; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory protein; crystal-structure; 80s ribosome
AB Cotranslational translocation of proteins across or into membranes is a vital process in all kingdoms of life. It requires that the translating ribosome be targeted to the membrane by the signal recognition particle (SRP), an evolutionarily conserved ribonucleoprotein particle. SRP recognizes signal sequences of nascent protein chains emerging from the ribosome. Subsequent binding of SRP leads to a pause in peptide elongation and to the ribosome docking to the membrane-bound SRP receptor. Here we present the structure of a targeting complex consisting of mammalian SRP bound to an active 80S ribosome carrying a signal sequence. This structure, solved to 12 Angstrom by cryo-electron microscopy, enables us to generate a molecular model of SRP in its functional conformation. The model shows how the S domain of SRP contacts the large ribosomal subunit at the nascent chain exit site to bind the signal sequence, and that the Alu domain reaches into the elongation-factor- binding site of the ribosome, explaining its elongation arrest activity.
C1 Humboldt Univ, Univ Med Sch, Charite, Inst Biochem, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Humboldt Univ, Univ Med Sch, Charite, Inst Med Phys & Biophys, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Hlth Res Inc, Wadsworth Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Biomed Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; University of Manchester; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Health Research Inc; Wadsworth Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Beckmann, R (corresponding author), Humboldt Univ, Univ Med Sch, Charite, Inst Biochem, Monbijoustr 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM roland.beckmann@charite.de
NR 50
TC 351
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 808
EP 814
DI 10.1038/nature02342
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500031
PM 14985753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pierrehumbert, RT
AF Pierrehumbert, RT
TI High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earth; cycle
AB The possibility that the Earth suffered episodes of global glaciation as recently as the Neoproterozoic period, between about 900 and 543 million years ago, has been widely discussed(1-3). Termination of such 'hard snowball Earth' climate states has been proposed to proceed from accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(4). Many salient aspects of the snowball scenario depend critically on the threshold of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations needed to trigger deglaciation(2,5). Here I present simulations with a general circulation model, using elevated carbon dioxide levels to estimate this deglaciation threshold. The model simulates several phenomena that are expected to be significant in a 'snowball Earth' scenario, but which have not been considered in previous studies with less sophisticated models, such as a reduction of vertical temperature gradients in winter, a reduction in summer tropopause height, the effect of snow cover and a reduction in cloud greenhouse effects. In my simulations, the system remains far short of deglaciation even at atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of 550 times the present levels (0.2 bar of CO2). I find that at much higher carbon dioxide levels, deglaciation is unlikely unless unknown feedback cycles that are not captured in the model come into effect.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Pierrehumbert, RT (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM rtp1@geosci.uchicago.edu
NR 22
TC 142
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/nature02640
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600036
PM 15190348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Söllner, C
   Rauch, GJ
   Siemens, J
   Geisler, R
   Schuster, SC
   Müller, U
   Nicolson, T
AF Söllner, C
   Rauch, GJ
   Siemens, J
   Geisler, R
   Schuster, SC
   Müller, U
   Nicolson, T
TI Mutations in cadherin 23 affect tip links in zebrafish sensory hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium chelation; myosin viia; surface; cdh23; waltzer; antigen; gene; stereocilia; harmonin; bundles
AB Hair cells have highly organized bundles of apical projections, or stereocilia, that are deflected by sound and movement. Displacement of stereocilia stretches linkages at the tips of stereocilia that are thought to gate mechanosensory channels(1). To identify the molecular machinery that mediates mechanotransduction in hair cells, zebrafish mutants were identified with defects in balance and hearing(2). In sputnik mutants, stereociliary bundles are splayed to various degrees, with individuals displaying reduced or absent mechanotransduction(3,4). Here we show that the defects in sputnik mutants are caused by mutations in cadherin 23 (cdh23). Mutations in Cdh23 also cause deafness and vestibular defects in mice and humans(5-9), and the protein is present in hair bundles(10,11). We show that zebrafish Cdh23 protein is concentrated near the tips of hair bundles, and that tip links are absent in homozygous sputnik(tc317e) larvae. Moreover, tip links are absent in larvae carrying weak alleles of cdh23 that affect mechanotransduction but not hair bundle integrity. We conclude that Cdh23 is an essential tip link component required for hair-cell mechanotransduction.
C1 Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Genet Abt, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, AG Gen & Signal Transduct, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Oregon Hearing Res Ctr, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Artemis Pharmaceut GmbH, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Scripps Research Institute
RP Nicolson, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Entwicklungsbiol, Genet Abt, Spemannstr 35, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM nicolson@ohsu.edu
NR 31
TC 262
Z9 319
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 955
EP 959
DI 10.1038/nature02484
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000044
PM 15057246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU True, HL
   Berlin, I
   Lindquist, SL
AF True, HL
   Berlin, I
   Lindquist, SL
TI Epigenetic regulation of translation reveals hidden genetic variation to produce complex traits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast prion; phenotypic plasticity; termination codons; species barrier; sup35 protein; evolution; readthrough; mechanism; capacitor
AB Phenotypic plasticity and the exposure of hidden genetic variation both affect the survival and evolution of new traits(1-3), but their contributing molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. A single factor, the yeast prion [PSI+], may exert a profound effect on both(4). [PSI+] is a conserved, protein-based genetic element that is formed by a change in the conformation and function of the translation termination factor Sup35p(5), and is transmitted from mother to progeny. Curing cells of [PSI+] alters their survival in different growth conditions and produces a spectrum of phenotypes in different genetic backgrounds(4). Here we show, by examining three plausible explanations for this phenotypic diversity, that all traits tested involved [PSI+]-mediated read-through of nonsense codons. Notably, the phenotypes analysed were genetically complex, and genetic re-assortment frequently converted [PSI+]-dependent phenotypes to stable traits that persisted in the absence of [PSI+]. Thus, [PSI+] provides a temporary survival advantage under diverse conditions, increasing the likelihood that new traits will become fixed by subsequent genetic change. As an epigenetic mechanism that globally affects the relationship between genotype and phenotype, [PSI+] expands the conceptual framework for phenotypic plasticity, provides a one-step mechanism for the acquisition of complex traits and affords a route to the genetic assimilation of initially transient epigenetic traits.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Lindquist, SL (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM lindquist_admin@wi.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 272
Z9 350
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature02885
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000044
PM 15311209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reed, MB
   Domenech, P
   Manca, C
   Su, H
   Barczak, AK
   Kreiswirth, BN
   Kaplan, G
   Barry, CE III
AF Reed, MB
   Domenech, P
   Manca, C
   Su, H
   Barczak, AK
   Kreiswirth, BN
   Kaplan, G
   Barry, CE III
TI A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; gene; suppression; complex; leprae; biosynthesis; virulent; family; mice
AB Fifty million new infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis occur annually, claiming 2 - 3 million lives from tuberculosis worldwide(1). Despite the apparent lack of significant genetic heterogeneity between strains of M. tuberculosis(2,3), there is mounting evidence that considerable heterogeneity exists in molecules important in disease pathogenesis. These differences may manifest in the ability of some isolates to modify the host cellular immune response, thereby contributing to the observed diversity of clinical outcomes(4-7). Here we describe the identification and functional relevance of a highly biologically active lipid species - a polyketide synthase-derived phenolic glycolipid (PGL) produced by a subset of M. tuberculosis isolates belonging to the W-Beijing family(8) that show 'hyperlethality' in murine disease models. Disruption of PGL synthesis results in loss of this hypervirulent phenotype without significantly affecting bacterial load during disease. Loss of PGL was found to correlate with an increase in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 12 in vitro. Furthermore, the overproduction of PGL by M. tuberculosis or the addition of purified PGL to monocyte-derived macrophages was found to inhibit the release of these pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner.
C1 NIAID, TB Res Sect, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
   Publ Hlth Res Inst, Lab Mycobacterial Immun & Pathogenesis, Newark, NJ 07103 USA.
   Publ Hlth Res Inst, TB Ctr, Newark, NJ 07103 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Barry, CE III (corresponding author), NIAID, TB Res Sect, NIH, 12441 Parklawn Dr, Rockville, MD 20852 USA.
EM clifton_barry@nih.gov
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI054338] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AI000783] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 612
Z9 727
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature02837
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500046
PM 15343336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maldonado, RA
   Irvine, DJ
   Schreiber, R
   Glimcher, LH
AF Maldonado, RA
   Irvine, DJ
   Schreiber, R
   Glimcher, LH
TI A role for the immunological synapse in lineage commitment of CD4 lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helper t-cells; lipid rafts; leishmania-major; interferon-gamma; il-2 production; differentiation; phosphorylation; microdomains; inhibition; activation
AB Activation of the naive T-helper lymphocyte (Thp) directs it down one of two major developmental pathways called Th1 and Th2. Signals transmitted by T cell, co-stimulatory and cytokine receptors control Thp lineage commitment but the mechanism by which these signals are integrated remains a mystery. The interferon-gamma ( IFNGR) and interleukin 4 (IL-4R) cytokine receptors, in particular, direct the earliest stages of T-helper commitment. Here we report that on engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on Thp cells, rapid co-polarization of IFNGR with the TCR occurs within the developing immunological synapse. Thp cells from the intrinsically Th1-like C57BL/6 mouse strain have significantly more receptor co-polarization than Th2-prone BALB/c Thp cells. Remarkably, in the presence of IL-4, a cytokine required for Th2 differentiation, IFNGR co-polarization with TCR is prevented. This inhibition depends on Stat6, the transcription factor downstream of IL-4R that is required for Th2 differentiation. This cytokine receptor crossregulation provides an explanation for the effect of IL-4 in inhibiting Th1 differentiation. These observations suggest a scenario in which physical co-polarization of critical receptors directs the fate of the naive Thp, and offer a novel function for the immunological synapse in directing cell differentiation. They further suggest a new mechanism of membrane-bound signalling control by the physical disruption of large receptor-rich domains on signalling through a functionally antagonistic receptor.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Biol Engn Div, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Glimcher, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM lglimche@hsph.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 155
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 527
EP 532
DI 10.1038/nature02916
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700035
PM 15386021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yen, L
   Svendsen, J
   Lee, JS
   Gray, JT
   Magnier, M
   Baba, T
   D'Amato, RJ
   Mulligan, RC
AF Yen, L
   Svendsen, J
   Lee, JS
   Gray, JT
   Magnier, M
   Baba, T
   D'Amato, RJ
   Mulligan, RC
TI Exogenous control of mammalian gene expression through modulation of RNA self-cleavage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hammerhead-ribozyme; in-vitro; system; identification; inhibition; cells
AB Recent studies on the control of specific metabolic pathways in bacteria have documented the existence of entirely RNA-based mechanisms for controlling gene expression. These mechanisms involve the modulation of translation, transcription termination or RNA self-cleavage through the direct interaction of specific intracellular metabolites and RNA sequences(1-4). Here we show that an analogous RNA-based gene regulation system can effectively be designed for mammalian cells via the incorporation of sequences encoding self-cleaving RNA motifs(5) into the transcriptional unit of a gene or vector. When correctly positioned, the sequences lead to potent inhibition of gene or vector expression, owing to the spontaneous cleavage of the RNA transcript. Administration of either oligonucleotides complementary to regions of the self-cleaving motif or a specific small molecule results in the efficient induction of gene expression, owing to inhibition of self-cleavage of the messenger RNA. Efficient regulation of transgene expression is shown in a variety of mammalian cell lines and live animals. In conjunction with other emerging technologies(6), this methodology may be particularly applicable to the development of gene regulation systems tailored to any small inducer molecule, and provide a novel means of biological sensing in vivo that may have an important application in the regulated delivery of protein therapeutics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Harvard Inst Human Genet, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Mol Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Mulligan, RC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Harvard Inst Human Genet, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM mulligan@receptor.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 471
EP 476
DI 10.1038/nature02844
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500045
PM 15386015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morwood, MJ
   Soejono, RP
   Roberts, RG
   Sutikna, T
   Turney, CSM
   Westaway, KE
   Rink, WJ
   Zhao, JX
   van den Bergh, GD
   Due, RA
   Hobbs, DR
   Moore, MW
   Bird, MI
   Fifield, LK
AF Morwood, MJ
   Soejono, RP
   Roberts, RG
   Sutikna, T
   Turney, CSM
   Westaway, KE
   Rink, WJ
   Zhao, JX
   van den Bergh, GD
   Due, RA
   Hobbs, DR
   Moore, MW
   Bird, MI
   Fifield, LK
TI Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human occupation; australia; colonization; quartz
AB Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominins, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis(1). The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, as well as a premolar from another individual in older deposits. Here we describe their context, implications and the remaining archaeological uncertainties. Dating by radiocarbon (C-14), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18 kyr. Associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus ( including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus)(1) that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. It overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region(2,3), but we do not know if or how the two species interacted.
C1 Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   Indonesian Ctr Archaeol, Jakarta 12001, Indonesia.
   Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, GeoQuEST Res Ctr, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
   McMaster Univ, Sch Geog & Geol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
   Univ Queensland, ACQUIRE, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Geosci, St Andrews KY16 9AL, Fife, Scotland.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci & Engn, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of New England; University of Wollongong; McMaster University; University of Queensland; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of St Andrews; Australian National University
RP Morwood, MJ (corresponding author), Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
EM mmorwood@pobox.une.edu.au; rgrob@uow.edu.au
NR 21
TC 307
Z9 344
U1 1
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1087
EP 1091
DI 10.1038/nature02956
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800038
PM 15510146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitman, K
   Starfield, AM
   Quadling, HS
   Packer, C
AF Whitman, K
   Starfield, AM
   Quadling, HS
   Packer, C
TI Sustainable trophy hunting of African lions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cooperation; infanticide; mammals; kinship
AB In most species, sport hunting of male trophy animals can only reduce overall population size when the rate of removal of males is so high that females can no longer be impregnated(1). However, where males provide extensive paternal care, the removal of even a few individuals could harm the population as a whole(2,3). In species such as lions, excessive trophy hunting could theoretically cause male replacements (and associated infanticide(4,5)) to become sufficiently common to prevent cubs reaching adulthood. Here we simulate the population consequences of lion trophy hunting using a spatially explicit, individual-based, stochastic model parameterized with 40 years of demographic data from northern Tanzania. Although our simulations confirm that infanticide increases the risk of population extinction, trophy hunting could be sustained simply by hunting males above a minimum age threshold, and this strategy maximizes both the quantity and the quality of the long-term kill. We present a simple non-invasive technique for estimating lion age in populations lacking long-term records, and suggest that quotas would be unnecessary in any male-only trophy species where age determination could be reliably implemented.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Packer, C (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM packer@cbs.umn.edu
NR 23
TC 170
Z9 203
U1 7
U2 259
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature02395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600047
PM 14990967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffman, S
AF Hoffman, S
TI Save the children
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circumsporozoite protein vaccine; plasmodium; malaria; genomics; efficacy
C1 Sanaria, Rockville, MD USA.
C3 Sanaria Inc.
RP Hoffman, S (corresponding author), Sanaria, Rockville, MD USA.
NR 8
TC 12
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 940
EP 941
DI 10.1038/430940a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800062
PM 15318239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fotin, A
   Cheng, YF
   Sliz, P
   Grigorieff, N
   Harrison, SC
   Kirchhausen, T
   Walz, T
AF Fotin, A
   Cheng, YF
   Sliz, P
   Grigorieff, N
   Harrison, SC
   Kirchhausen, T
   Walz, T
TI Molecular model for a complete clathrin lattice from electron cryomicroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-chains; 3-dimensional structure; location; coats; trimerization; stabilization; organization; resolution; software
AB Clathrin-coated vesicles are important vehicles of membrane traffic in cells. We report the structure of a clathrin lattice at subnanometre resolution, obtained from electron cryomicroscopy of coats assembled in vitro. We trace most of the 1,675-residue clathrin heavy chain by fitting known crystal structures of two segments, and homology models of the rest, into the electron microscopy density map. We also define the position of the central helical segment of the light chain. A helical tripod, the carboxyterminal parts of three heavy chains, projects inward from the vertex of each three-legged clathrin triskelion, linking that vertex to 'ankles' of triskelions centred two vertices away. Analysis of coats with distinct diameters shows an invariant pattern of contacts in the neighbourhood of each vertex, with more variable interactions along the extended parts of the triskelion 'legs'. These invariant local interactions appear to stabilize the lattice, allowing assembly and uncoating to be controlled by events at a few specific sites.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Biophys Grad Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University
RP Harrison, SC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 250 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Harrison@crystal.harvard.edu
NR 40
TC 426
Z9 522
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 573
EP 579
DI 10.1038/nature03079
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200035
PM 15502812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saleh, M
   Vaillancourt, JP
   Graham, RK
   Huyck, M
   Srinivasula, SM
   Alnemri, ES
   Steinberg, MH
   Nolan, V
   Baldwin, CT
   Hotchkiss, RS
   Buchman, TG
   Zehnbauer, BA
   Hayden, MR
   Farrer, LA
   Roy, S
   Nicholson, DW
AF Saleh, M
   Vaillancourt, JP
   Graham, RK
   Huyck, M
   Srinivasula, SM
   Alnemri, ES
   Steinberg, MH
   Nolan, V
   Baldwin, CT
   Hotchkiss, RS
   Buchman, TG
   Zehnbauer, BA
   Hayden, MR
   Farrer, LA
   Roy, S
   Nicholson, DW
TI Differential modulation of endotoxin responsiveness by human caspase-12 polymorphisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kappa-b; activation; apoptosis; sepsis; mutations; disease; death; beta; asc
AB Caspases mediate essential key proteolytic events in inflammatory cascades and the apoptotic cell death pathway. Human caspases functionally segregate into two distinct subfamilies: those involved in cytokine maturation (caspase-1, -4 and -5) and those involved in cellular apoptosis (caspase-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, -9 and -10)(1,2). Although caspase-12 is phylogenetically related to the cytokine maturation caspases, in mice it has been proposed as a mediator of apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress including amyloid-beta cytotoxicity, suggesting that it might contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(3). Here we show that a single nucleotide polymorphism in caspase-12 in humans results in the synthesis of either a truncated protein (Csp12-S) or a full-length caspase proenzyme (Csp12-L). The read-through single nucleotide polymorphism encoding Csp12-L is confined to populations of African descent and confers hypo-responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine production in ex vivo whole blood, but has no significant effect on apoptotic sensitivity. In a preliminary study, we find that the frequency of the Csp12-L allele is increased in African American individuals with severe sepsis. Thus, Csp12-L attenuates the inflammatory and innate immune response to endotoxins and in doing so may constitute a risk factor for developing sepsis.
C1 Merck Frosst Ctr Therapeut Res, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Pharmacol, Montreal, PQ H9H 3L1, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
   Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Genet Program, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Hematol Oncol Sect, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet & Genom, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Human Genet, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Inst, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company Canada; University of British Columbia; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Boston University; Thomas Jefferson University; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Nicholson, DW (corresponding author), Merck Frosst Ctr Therapeut Res, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Pharmacol, Montreal, PQ H9H 3L1, Canada.
EM donald_nicholson@merck.com
NR 18
TC 341
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 75
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature02451
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100047
PM 15129283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, JH
   Perez-Iosada, J
   Wu, D
   DelRosario, R
   Tsunematsu, R
   Nakayama, KI
   Brown, K
   Bryson, S
   Balmain, A
AF Mao, JH
   Perez-Iosada, J
   Wu, D
   DelRosario, R
   Tsunematsu, R
   Nakayama, KI
   Brown, K
   Bryson, S
   Balmain, A
TI Fbxw7/Cdc4 is a p53-dependent, haploinsufficient tumour suppressor gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f-box protein; cyclin-e; centrosome amplification; chromosomal instability; ubiquitin ligase; p53; cancer; mice; notch; expression
AB The FBXW7/hCDC4 gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase implicated in the control of chromosome stability(1). Here we identify the mouse Fbxw7 gene as a p53-dependent tumour suppressor gene by using a mammalian genetic screen for p53-dependent genes involved in tumorigenesis. Radiation-induced lymphomas from p53(+/-) mice, but not those from p53(-/-) mice, show frequent loss of heterozygosity and a 10% mutation rate of the Fbxw7 gene. Fbxw7(+/-) mice have greater susceptibility to radiation-induced tumorigenesis, but most tumours retain and express the wildtype allele, indicating that Fbxw7 is a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor gene. Loss of Fbxw7 alters the spectrum of tumours that develop in p53 deficient mice to include a range of tumours in epithelial tissues such as the lung, liver and ovary. Mouse embryo fibroblasts from Fbxw7-deficient mice, or wild-type mouse cells expressing Fbxw7 small interfering RNA, have higher levels of Aurora-A kinase, c-Jun and Notch4, but not of cyclin E. We propose that p53-dependent loss of Fbxw7 leads to genetic instability by mechanisms that might involve the activation of Aurora-A, providing a rationale for the early occurrence of these mutations in human cancers.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Med Inst Bioregulat, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Univ Glasgow, CRC Dept Med Oncol, Glasgow G61 1BD, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Kyushu University; University of Glasgow
RP Balmain, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Canc Res Inst, 2340 Sutter St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM abalmain@cc.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 340
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 775
EP 779
DI 10.1038/nature03155
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200053
PM 15592418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbamonte, P
   Blumberg, G
   Rusydi, A
   Gozar, A
   Evans, PG
   Siegrist, T
   Venema, L
   Eisaki, H
   Isaacs, ED
   Sawatzky, GA
AF Abbamonte, P
   Blumberg, G
   Rusydi, A
   Gozar, A
   Evans, PG
   Siegrist, T
   Venema, L
   Eisaki, H
   Isaacs, ED
   Sawatzky, GA
TI Crystallization of charge holes in the spin ladder of Sr14Cu24O41
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doped holes; superconductivity; wave
AB Determining the nature of the electronic phases that compete with superconductivity in high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors is one of the deepest problems in condensed matter physics. One candidate is the 'stripe' phase(1-3), in which the charge carriers ( holes) condense into rivers of charge that separate regions of antiferromagnetism. A related but lesser known system is the 'spin ladder', which consists of two coupled chains of magnetic ions forming an array of rungs. A doped ladder can be thought of as a high-T-c material with lower dimensionality, and has been predicted to exhibit both superconductivity(4-6) and an insulating 'hole crystal'(4,7,8) phase in which the carriers are localized through many-body interactions. The competition between the two resembles that believed to operate between stripes and superconductivity in high-T-c materials(9). Here we report the existence of a hole crystal in the doped spin ladder of Sr14Cu24O41 using a resonant X-ray scattering technique(10). This phase exists without a detectable distortion in the structural lattice, indicating that it arises from many-body electronic effects. Our measurements confirm theoretical predictions(4,7,8), and support the picture that proximity to charge ordered states is a general property of superconductivity in copper oxides.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   AIST, Nanoelectr Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; University of Groningen; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of British Columbia
RP Abbamonte, P (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM abbamonte@bnl.gov
NR 29
TC 171
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1078
EP 1081
DI 10.1038/nature02925
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800035
PM 15510143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matheny, SA
   Chen, CY
   Kortum, RL
   Razidlo, GL
   Lewis, RE
   White, MA
AF Matheny, SA
   Chen, CY
   Kortum, RL
   Razidlo, GL
   Lewis, RE
   White, MA
TI Ras regulates assembly of mitogenic signalling complexes through the effector protein IMP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase suppressor; rna interference; raf-1 kinase; activation; scaffold; phosphorylation; localization; transduction; ksr
AB The signal transduction cascade comprising Raf, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MEK) and MAP kinase is a Ras effector pathway that mediates diverse cellular responses to environmental cues and contributes to Ras-dependent oncogenic transformation. Here we report that the Ras effector protein Impedes Mitogenic signal Propagation (IMP) modulates sensitivity of the MAP kinase cascade to stimulus-dependent activation by limiting functional assembly of the core enzymatic components through the inactivation of KSR, a scaffold/adaptor protein that couples activated Raf to its substrate MEK1. IMP is a Ras-responsive E3 ubiquitin ligase that, on activation of Ras, is modified by auto-polyubiquitination, which releases the inhibition of Raf-MEK complex formation. Thus, Ras activates the MAP kinase cascade through simultaneous dual effector interactions: induction of Raf kinase activity and derepression of Raf-MEK complex formation. IMP depletion results in increased stimulus-dependent MEK activation without alterations in the timing or duration of the response. These observations suggest that IMP functions as a threshold modulator, controlling sensitivity of the cascade to stimulus and providing a mechanism to allow adaptive behaviour of the cascade in chronic or complex signalling environments.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Eppley Inst Res Canc & Allied Dis, Omaha, NE 68198 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Medical Center
RP White, MA (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM michael.white@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 16
TC 157
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 256
EP 260
DI 10.1038/nature02237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100046
PM 14724641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemingway, J
AF Hemingway, J
TI Taking aim at mosquitoes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insecticide resistance; genome sequence; plasmodium
C1 Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
RP Hemingway, J (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
NR 9
TC 16
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 936
EP 936
DI 10.1038/430936a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800059
PM 15318236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zipfel, C
   Robatzek, S
   Navarro, L
   Oakeley, EJ
   Jones, JDG
   Felix, G
   Boller, T
AF Zipfel, C
   Robatzek, S
   Navarro, L
   Oakeley, EJ
   Jones, JDG
   Felix, G
   Boller, T
TI Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate immune-response; toll-like receptor-5; genome-wide analysis; extracellular alkalinization; subnanomolar concentrations; caenorhabditis-elegans; elicitor flagellin; defense responses; tomato cells; plant
AB Plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)(1-5) such as flagellin(6-10). However, the importance of flagellin perception for disease resistance has, until now, not been demonstrated(7-11). Here we show that treatment of plants with flg22, a peptide representing the elicitor-active epitope of flagellin(6), induces the expression of numerous defence-related genes and triggers resistance to pathogenic bacteria in wild-type plants, but not in plants carrying mutations in the flagellin receptor gene FLS2. This induced resistance seems to be independent of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling. Wild-type and fls2 mutants both display enhanced resistance when treated with crude bacterial extracts, even devoid of elicitor-active flagellin, indicating the existence of functional perception systems for PAMPs other than flagellin. Although fls2 mutant plants are as susceptible as the wild type when bacteria are infiltrated into leaves, they are more susceptible to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 when it is sprayed on the leaf surface. Thus, flagellin perception restricts bacterial invasion, probably at an early step, and contributes to the plant's disease resistance.
C1 John Innes Ctr, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Boller, T (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Inst Bot, Hebelstr 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM thomas.boller@unibas.ch
NR 30
TC 1371
Z9 1653
U1 5
U2 439
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 764
EP 767
DI 10.1038/nature02485
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800043
PM 15085136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Itatani, J
   Levesque, J
   Zeidler, D
   Niikura, H
   Pépin, H
   Kieffer, JC
   Corkum, PB
   Villeneuve, DM
AF Itatani, J
   Levesque, J
   Zeidler, D
   Niikura, H
   Pépin, H
   Kieffer, JC
   Corkum, PB
   Villeneuve, DM
TI Tomographic imaging of molecular orbitals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID order harmonic-generation; neutral molecules; laser-cycle; ionization; alignment; pulses
AB Single-electron wavefunctions, or orbitals, are the mathematical constructs used to describe the multi-electron wavefunction of molecules. Because the highest-lying orbitals are responsible for chemical properties, they are of particular interest. To observe these orbitals change as bonds are formed and broken is to observe the essence of chemistry. Yet single orbitals are difficult to observe experimentally, and until now, this has been impossible on the timescale of chemical reactions. Here we demonstrate that the full three-dimensional structure of a single orbital can be imaged by a seemingly unlikely technique, using high harmonics generated from intense femtosecond laser pulses focused on aligned molecules. Applying this approach to a series of molecular alignments, we accomplish a tomographic reconstruction of the highest occupied molecular orbital of N-2. The method also allows us to follow the attosecond dynamics of an electron wave packet.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   INRS Energie & Mat, Varennes, PQ J3X 1S2, Canada.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Ottawa; University of Quebec; Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Villeneuve, DM (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM david.villeneuve@nrc.ca
NR 37
TC 2055
Z9 2217
U1 2
U2 406
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 867
EP 871
DI 10.1038/nature03183
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500044
PM 15602553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Osyczka, A
   Moser, CC
   Daldal, F
   Dutton, PL
AF Osyczka, A
   Moser, CC
   Daldal, F
   Dutton, PL
TI Reversible redox energy coupling in electron transfer chains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome bc(1) complex; iron-sulfur protein; ubiquinol oxidation; bc1 complex; rhodobacter-capsulatus; domain movement; ubihydroquinone oxidation; 2-electron transfer; inhibitor binding; crystal-structure
AB Reversibility is a common theme in respiratory and photosynthetic systems that couple electron transfer with a transmembrane proton gradient driving ATP production. This includes the intensely studied cytochrome bc(1), which catalyses electron transfer between quinone and cytochrome c. To understand how efficient reversible energy coupling works, here we have progressively inactivated individual cofactors comprising cytochrome bc(1). We have resolved millisecond reversibility in all electron-tunnelling steps and coupled proton exchanges, including charge-separating hydroquinone-quinone catalysis at the Q(o) site, which shows that redox equilibria are relevant on a catalytic timescale. Such rapid reversibility renders popular models based on a semiquinone in Q(o) site catalysis prone to short-circuit failure. Two mechanisms allow reversible function and safely relegate short-circuits to long-distance electron tunnelling on a timescale of seconds: conformational gating of semiquinone for both forward and reverse electron transfer, or concerted two-electron quinone redox chemistry that avoids the semiquinone intermediate altogether.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Biotechnol, Krakow, Poland.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Jagiellonian University
RP Dutton, PL (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM dutton@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 49
TC 238
Z9 275
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 607
EP 612
DI 10.1038/nature02242
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300033
PM 14961113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeffery, WR
   Strickler, AG
   Yamamoto, Y
AF Jeffery, WR
   Strickler, AG
   Yamamoto, Y
TI Migratory neural crest-like cells form body pigmentation in a urochordate embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; expression; tunicate; placodes; protochordate; amphioxus; origin; plate; genes
AB The neural crest, a source of many different cell types in vertebrate embryos, has not been identified in other chordates(1-3). Current opinion therefore holds that neural crest cells were a vertebrate innovation(4-7). Here we describe a migratory cell population resembling neural crest cells in the ascidian urochordate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Labelling of embryos and larvae with the vital lipophilic dye DiI enabled us to detect cells that emerge from the neural tube, migrate into the body wall and siphon primordia, and subsequently differentiate as pigment cells. These cells express HNK-1 antigen and Zic gene markers of vertebrate neural crest cells. The results suggest that migratory cells with some of the features of neural crest cells are present in the urochordates. Thus, we propose a hypothesis for neural crest evolution beginning with the release of migratory cells from the CNS to produce body pigmentation in the common ancestor of the urochordates and vertebrates. These cells may have gained additional functions or were joined by other cell types to generate the variety of derivatives typical of the vertebrate neural crest.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Jeffery, WR (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM jeffery@umd.edu
NR 30
TC 194
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 696
EP 699
DI 10.1038/nature02975
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300042
PM 15470430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, ER
   Andrews, CD
   Wheatley, PS
   Webb, PB
   Wormald, P
   Morris, RE
AF Cooper, ER
   Andrews, CD
   Wheatley, PS
   Webb, PB
   Wormald, P
   Morris, RE
TI Ionic liquids and eutectic mixtures as solvent and template in synthesis of zeolite analogues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aluminophosphate; silica; water
AB The challenges associated with synthesizing porous materials(1) mean that new classes of zeolites (zeotypes)-such as aluminosilicate zeolites(2,3) and zeolite analogues(4)-together with new methods of preparing known zeotypes(5), continue to be of great importance. Normally these materials are prepared hydrothermally with water as the solvent in a sealed autoclave under autogenous pressure(6). The reaction mixture usually includes an organic template or 'structure-directing agent' that guides the synthesis pathway towards particular structures. Here we report the preparation of aluminophosphate zeolite analogues by using ionic liquids(7) and eutectic mixtures(8). An imidazolium-based ionic liquid acts as both solvent and template, leading to four zeotype frameworks under different experimental conditions. The structural characteristics of the materials can be traced back to the solvent chemistry used. Because of the vanishingly low vapour pressure of ionic liquids, synthesis takes place at ambient pressure, eliminating safety concerns associated with high hydrothermal pressures. The ionic liquid can also be recycled for further use. A choline chloride/urea eutectic mixture(8) is also used in the preparation of a new zeotype framework.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Cooper, ER (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, Purdie Bldg, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
EM rem1@st-and.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 1145
Z9 1270
U1 13
U2 896
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1012
EP 1016
DI 10.1038/nature02860
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900039
PM 15329717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brönnimann, S
   Luterbacher, J
   Staehelin, J
   Svendby, TM
   Hansen, G
   Svenoe, T
AF Brönnimann, S
   Luterbacher, J
   Staehelin, J
   Svendby, TM
   Hansen, G
   Svenoe, T
TI Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere in 1940-42 related to El Nino
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern-hemisphere; data set; temperature; enso; teleconnections; oscillation; anomaly; trends; winter
AB Although the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon is the most prominent mode of climate variability(1) and affects weather and climate in large parts of the world, its effects on Europe and the high-latitude stratosphere are controversial(2-5). Using historical observations and reconstruction techniques, we analyse the anomalous state of the troposphere and stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere from 1940 to 1942 that occurred during a strong and long-lasting El Nino event. Exceptionally low surface temperatures in Europe and the north Pacific Ocean coincided with high temperatures in Alaska. In the lower stratosphere, our reconstructions show high temperatures over northern Eurasia and the north Pacific Ocean, and a weak polar vortex. In addition, there is observational evidence for frequent stratospheric warmings and high column ozone at Arctic and mid-latitude sites. We compare our historical data for the period 1940-42 with more recent data and a 650-year climate model simulation. We conclude that the observed anomalies constitute a recurring extreme state of the global troposphere-stratosphere system in northern winter that is related to strong El Nino events.
C1 ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Honggerberg HPP, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Bern, NCCR Climate, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Geog, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Norwegian Inst Air Res, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
   Norwegian Polar Res Inst, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Arizona; University of Bern; University of Bern; University of Oslo; NILU; Norwegian Polar Institute
RP Brönnimann, S (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Honggerberg HPP, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM stefan.broennimann@env.ethz.ch
NR 31
TC 170
Z9 187
U1 2
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 971
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature02982
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600040
PM 15496919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, LQ
   Mitra, R
   Atkinson, PW
   Hickman, AB
   Dyda, F
   Craig, NL
AF Zhou, LQ
   Mitra, R
   Atkinson, PW
   Hickman, AB
   Dyda, F
   Craig, NL
TI Transposition of hAT elements links transposable elements and V(D)J recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single active-site; mutational analysis; musca-domestica; strand transfer; transfer steps; rag proteins; amino-acids; dna; hermes; residues
AB Transposons are DNA sequences that encode functions that promote their movement to new locations in the genome. If unregulated, such movement could potentially insert additional DNA into genes, thereby disrupting gene expression and compromising an organism's viability. Transposable elements are classified by their transposition mechanisms and by the transposases that mediate their movement. The mechanism of movement of the eukaryotic hAT superfamily elements was previously unknown, but the divergent sequence of hAT transposases from other elements suggested that these elements might use a distinct mechanism. Here we have analysed transposition of the insect hAT element Hermes in vitro. Like other transposons, Hermes excises from DNA via double-strand breaks between the donor-site DNA and the transposon ends, and the newly exposed transposon ends join to the target DNA. Interestingly, the ends of the donor double-strand breaks form hairpin intermediates, as observed during V(D)J recombination, the process which underlies the combinatorial formation of antigen receptor genes. Significant similarities exist in the catalytic amino acids of Hermes transposase, the V( D) J recombinase RAG, and retroviral integrase superfamily transposases, thereby linking the movement of transposable elements and V( D) J recombination.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Integrat Genome Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Craig, NL (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM ncraig@jhmi.edu
NR 50
TC 158
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 995
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/nature03157
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000033
PM 15616554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Papp, B
   Pál, C
   Hurst, LD
AF Papp, B
   Pál, C
   Hurst, LD
TI Metabolic network analysis of the causes and evolution of enzyme dispensability in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli mg1655; post-genome era; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genetic robustness; duplicate genes; null mutations; pathways; database
AB Under laboratory conditions 80% of yeast genes seem not to be essential for viability(1). This raises the question of what the mechanistic basis for dispensability is, and whether it is the result of selection for buffering or an incidental side product. Here we analyse these issues using an in silico flux model(2-5) of the yeast metabolic network. The model correctly predicts the knockout fitness effects in 88% of the genes studied(4) and in vivo fluxes. Dispensable genes might be important, but under conditions not yet examined in the laboratory. Our model indicates that this is the dominant explanation for apparent dispensability, accounting for 37 - 68% of dispensable genes, whereas 15 - 28% of them are compensated by a duplicate, and only 4 - 17% are buffered by metabolic network flux reorganization. For over one-half of those not important under nutrient-rich conditions, we can predict conditions when they will be important. As expected, such condition-specific genes have a more restricted phylogenetic distribution. Gene duplicates catalysing the same reaction are not more common for indispensable reactions, suggesting that the reason for their retention is not to provide compensation. Instead their presence is better explained by selection for high enzymatic flux.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Coll Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, MTA, Ecol & Theoret Biol Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Bath; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Hurst, LD (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM l.d.hurst@bath.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 283
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/nature02636
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600041
PM 15190353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harbison, CT
   Gordon, DB
   Lee, TI
   Rinaldi, NJ
   Macisaac, KD
   Danford, TW
   Hannett, NM
   Tagne, JB
   Reynolds, DB
   Yoo, J
   Jennings, EG
   Zeitlinger, J
   Pokholok, DK
   Kellis, M
   Rolfe, PA
   Takusagawa, KT
   Lander, ES
   Gifford, DK
   Fraenkel, E
   Young, RA
AF Harbison, CT
   Gordon, DB
   Lee, TI
   Rinaldi, NJ
   Macisaac, KD
   Danford, TW
   Hannett, NM
   Tagne, JB
   Reynolds, DB
   Yoo, J
   Jennings, EG
   Zeitlinger, J
   Pokholok, DK
   Kellis, M
   Rolfe, PA
   Takusagawa, KT
   Lander, ES
   Gifford, DK
   Fraenkel, E
   Young, RA
TI Transcriptional regulatory code of a eukaryotic genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding-sites; sequences; gcn4; proteins; database; motifs; genes
AB DNA-binding transcriptional regulators interpret the genome's regulatory code by binding to specific sequences to induce or repress gene expression(1). Comparative genomics has recently been used to identify potential cis-regulatory sequences within the yeast genome on the basis of phylogenetic conservation(2-6), but this information alone does not reveal if or when transcriptional regulators occupy these binding sites. We have constructed an initial map of yeast's transcriptional regulatory code by identifying the sequence elements that are bound by regulators under various conditions and that are conserved among Saccharomyces species. The organization of regulatory elements in promoters and the environment-dependent use of these elements by regulators are discussed. We find that environment-specific use of regulatory elements predicts mechanistic models for the function of a large population of yeast's transcriptional regulators.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute
RP Young, RA (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM efraenkel@wi.mit.edu; young@wi.mit.edu
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG004037, R01 HG002668] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1698
Z9 2112
U1 0
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 99
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature02800
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500050
PM 15343339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Du, JL
   Poo, MM
AF Du, JL
   Poo, MM
TI Rapid BDNF-induced retrograde synaptic modification in a developing retinotectal system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cultured hippocampal-neurons; long-term potentiation; retinal ganglion-cells; visual-system; neurotrophic factor; neural-networks; receptor; synapses; conductance; propagation
AB In cultures of hippocampal neurons, induction of long-term synaptic potentiation or depression by repetitive synaptic activity is accompanied by a retrograde spread of potentiation or depression, respectively, from the site of induction at the axonal outputs to the input synapses on the dendrites of the presynaptic neuron(1,2). We report here that rapid retrograde synaptic modification also exists in an intact developing retinotectal system. Local application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) to the Xenopus laevis optic tectum, which induced persistent potentiation of retinotectal synapses, led to a rapid modification of synaptic inputs at the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as shown by a persistent enhancement of light-evoked excitatory synaptic currents and spiking activity of RGCs. This retrograde effect required TrkB receptor activation, phospholipase Cgamma activity and Ca2+ elevation in RGCs, and was accounted for by a selective increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA-subtype glutamate receptors at RGC dendrites. Such retrograde information flow in the neuron allows rapid regulation of synaptic inputs at the dendrite in accordance to signals received at axon terminals, a process reminiscent of back-propagation algorithm for learning in neural networks(3).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM mpoo@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 878
EP 883
DI 10.1038/nature02618
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000043
PM 15215865
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, U
   Gais, S
   Haider, H
   Verleger, R
   Born, J
AF Wagner, U
   Gais, S
   Haider, H
   Verleger, R
   Born, J
TI Sleep inspires insight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movement sleep; rem-sleep; memory; hippocampus; awareness; systems; skills; dreams
AB Insight denotes a mental restructuring that leads to a sudden gain of explicit knowledge allowing qualitatively changed behaviour(1,2). Anecdotal reports on scientific discovery suggest that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep(3). Sleep consolidates recent memories(4-6) and, concomitantly, could allow insight by changing their representational structure. Here we show a facilitating role of sleep in a process of insight. Subjects performed a cognitive task requiring the learning of stimulus - response sequences, in which they improved gradually by increasing response speed across task blocks. However, they could also improve abruptly after gaining insight into a hidden abstract rule underlying all sequences. Initial training establishing a task representation was followed by 8 h of nocturnal sleep, nocturnal wakefulness, or daytime wakefulness. At subsequent retesting, more than twice as many subjects gained insight into the hidden rule after sleep as after wakefulness, regardless of time of day. Sleep did not enhance insight in the absence of initial training. A characteristic antecedent of sleep- related insight was revealed in a slowing of reaction times across sleep. We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour.
C1 Univ Lubeck, Dept Neuroendocrinol, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Psychol, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Lubeck, Dept Neurol, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
C3 University of Lubeck; University of Cologne; University of Lubeck
RP Wagner, U (corresponding author), Univ Lubeck, Dept Neuroendocrinol, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
EM wagner@kfg.uni-luebeck.de; born@kfg.uni-luebeck.de
NR 30
TC 655
Z9 791
U1 2
U2 145
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 352
EP 355
DI 10.1038/nature02223
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200041
PM 14737168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ives, AR
   Cardinale, BJ
AF Ives, AR
   Cardinale, BJ
TI Food-web interactions govern the resistance of communities after non-random extinctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density compensation; biodiversity; productivity; diversity; populations; responses; dynamics
AB Growing concern about how loss of biodiversity will affect ecosystems has stimulated numerous studies(1-5). Although most studies have assumed that species go extinct randomly(6-8), species often go extinct in order of their sensitivity to a stress that intensifies through time (such as climate change)(9). Here we show that the consequences of random and ordered extinctions differ. Both depend on food-web interactions that create compensation; that is, the increase of some species when their competitors and/or predators decrease in density due to environmental stress. Compensation makes communities as a whole more resistant to stress by reducing changes in combined species densities. As extinctions progress, the potential for compensation is depleted, and communities become progressively less resistant. For ordered extinctions, however, this depletion is offset and communities retain their resistance, because the surviving species have greater average resistance to the stress. Despite extinctions being ordered, changes in the food web with successive extinctions make it difficult to predict which species will show compensation in the future. This unpredictability argues for 'whole-ecosystem' approaches to biodiversity conservation, as seemingly insignificant species may become important after other species go extinct.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Ives, AR (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM arives@wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature02515
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300039
PM 15141210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhattacharya, K
   Conti, S
   Zanzotto, G
   Zimmer, J
AF Bhattacharya, K
   Conti, S
   Zanzotto, G
   Zimmer, J
TI Crystal symmetry and the reversibility of martensitic transformations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; lattices
AB Martensitic transformations are diffusionless, solid-to-solid phase transitions, and have been observed in metals, alloys, ceramics and proteins(1,2). They are characterized by a rapid change of crystal structure, accompanied by the development of a rich microstructure. Martensitic transformations can be irreversible, as seen in steels upon quenching(1), or they can be reversible, such as those observed in shape-memory alloys(3,4). In the latter case, the microstructures formed on cooling are easily manipulated by loads and disappear upon reheating. Here, using mathematical theory and numerical simulation, we explain these sharp differences in behaviour on the basis of the change in crystal symmetry during the transition. We find that a necessary condition for reversibility is that the symmetry groups of the parent and product phases be included in a common finite symmetry group. In these cases, the energy barrier to lattice-invariant shear is generically higher than that pertaining to the phase change and, consequently, transformations of this type can occur with virtually no plasticity. Irreversibility is inevitable in all other martensitic transformations, where the energy barrier to plastic deformation (via lattice-invariant shears, as in twinning or slip) is no higher than the barrier to the phase change itself. Various experimental observations confirm the importance of the symmetry of the stable states in determining the macroscopic reversibility of martensitic transformations.
C1 CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Math Sci, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Metodi & Modelli Matemat Sci Applica, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Max Planck Society; University of Padua
RP Bhattacharya, K (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM bhatta@caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 370
U1 5
U2 286
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 55
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature02378
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800032
PM 14999277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Running interference on the genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 225
EP 225
DI 10.1038/428225b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600064
PM 15014515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roca, AL
   Bar-Gal, GK
   Eizirik, E
   Helgen, KM
   Maria, R
   Springer, MS
   O'Brien, SJ
   Murphy, WJ
AF Roca, AL
   Bar-Gal, GK
   Eizirik, E
   Helgen, KM
   Maria, R
   Springer, MS
   O'Brien, SJ
   Murphy, WJ
TI Mesozoic origin for West Indian insectivores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evidence; biogeography; evolution; mammals; vertebrates; phylogeny; order
AB The highly endangered solenodons, endemic to Cuba ( Solenodon cubanus) and Hispaniola ( S. paradoxus), comprise the only two surviving species of West Indian insectivores(1,2). Combined gene sequences (13.9 kilobases) from S. paradoxus established that solenodons diverged from other eulipotyphlan insectivores 76 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, which is consistent with vicariance, though also compatible with dispersal. A sequence of 1.6 kilobases of mitochondrial DNA from S. cubanus indicated a deep divergence of 25 million years versus the congeneric S. paradoxus, which is consistent with vicariant origins as tectonic forces separated Cuba and Hispaniola(3,4). Efforts to prevent extinction of the two surviving solenodon species would conserve an entire lineage as old or older than many mammalian orders.
C1 SAIC Frederick, Lab Genom Divers, Basic Res Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Ctr Biol Genom & Mol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
   Univ Adelaide, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   ZOODOM, Parque Zool Nacl, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Rio Grande Do Sul; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Roca, AL (corresponding author), SAIC Frederick, Lab Genom Divers, Basic Res Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
EM roca@ncifcrf.gov; obrien@ncifcrf.gov; murphywi@ncifcrf.gov
NR 30
TC 120
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 649
EP 651
DI 10.1038/nature02597
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600037
PM 15190349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paddison, PJ
   Silva, JM
   Conklin, DS
   Schlabach, M
   Li, MM
   Aruleba, S
   Balija, V
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Gnoj, L
   Scobie, K
   Chang, K
   Westbrook, T
   Cleary, M
   Sachidanandam, R
   McCombie, WR
   Elledge, SJ
   Hannon, GJ
AF Paddison, PJ
   Silva, JM
   Conklin, DS
   Schlabach, M
   Li, MM
   Aruleba, S
   Balija, V
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Gnoj, L
   Scobie, K
   Chang, K
   Westbrook, T
   Cleary, M
   Sachidanandam, R
   McCombie, WR
   Elledge, SJ
   Hannon, GJ
TI A resource for large-scale RNA-interference-based screens in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae genome; proteasome; cells; expression; shrnas; genes
AB Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) has become a valuable genetic tool(1-10). Here, we report the construction and application of a shRNA expression library targeting 9,610 human and 5,563 mouse genes. This library is presently composed of about 28,000 sequence-verified shRNA expression cassettes contained within multi-functional vectors, which permit shRNA cassettes to be packaged in retroviruses, tracked in mixed cell populations by means of DNA 'bar codes', and shuttled to customized vectors by bacterial mating. In order to validate the library, we used a genetic screen designed to report defects in human proteasome function. Our results suggest that our large-scale RNAi library can be used in specific, genetic applications in mammals, and will become a valuable resource for gene analysis and discovery.
C1 Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Rosetta Inpharmat, Kirkland, WA 98034 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Merck & Company
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM selledge@genetics.med.harvard.edu; hannon@cshl.org
NR 19
TC 575
Z9 727
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 427
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature02370
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300043
PM 15042091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van den Berg, B
   Clemons, WM Jr
   Collinson, I
   Modis, Y
   Hartmann, E
   Harrison, SC
   Rapoport, TA
AF van den Berg, B
   Clemons, WM Jr
   Collinson, I
   Modis, Y
   Hartmann, E
   Harrison, SC
   Rapoport, TA
TI X-ray structure of a protein-conducting channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum membrane; signal sequence recognition; escherichia-coli; er membrane; cross-linking; preprotein translocation; sec proteins; complex; transport; angstrom
AB A conserved heterotrimeric membrane protein complex, the Sec61 or SecY complex, forms a protein-conducting channel, allowing polypeptides to be transferred across or integrated into membranes. We report the crystal structure of the complex from Methanococcus jannaschii at a resolution of 3.2 Angstrom. The structure suggests that one copy of the heterotrimer serves as a functional translocation channel. The alpha-subunit has two linked halves, transmembrane segments 1-5 and 6-10, clamped together by the gamma-subunit. A cytoplasmic funnel leading into the channel is plugged by a short helix. Plug displacement can open the channel into an 'hourglass' with a ring of hydrophobic residues at its constriction. This ring may form a seal around the translocating polypeptide, hindering the permeation of other molecules. The structure also suggests mechanisms for signal-sequence recognition and for the lateral exit of transmembrane segments of nascent membrane proteins into lipid, and indicates binding sites for partners that provide the driving force for translocation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Med Univ Lubeck, Inst Biol, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Max Planck Society; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Lubeck
RP Rapoport, TA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tom_rapoport@hms.harvard.edu
NR 50
TC 1024
Z9 1256
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 36
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature02218
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000026
PM 14661030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baulcombe, D
AF Baulcombe, D
TI RNA silencing in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; transmembrane protein sid-1; small interfering rna; to-cell movement; viral suppressor; virus-resistance; gene-regulation; leaf polarity; histone h3; c-elegans
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Baulcombe, D (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM david.baulcombe@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk
NR 87
TC 1967
Z9 2375
U1 6
U2 432
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 356
EP 363
DI 10.1038/nature02874
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000052
PM 15372043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kellis, M
   Birren, BW
   Lander, ES
AF Kellis, M
   Birren, BW
   Lander, ES
TI Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemiascomycetous yeasts; functional homolog; gene duplication; sequence; differentiation; preservation; exploration; expression; mutations; arachne
AB Whole-genome duplication followed by massive gene loss and specialization has long been postulated as a powerful mechanism of evolutionary innovation. Recently, it has become possible to test this notion by searching complete genome sequence for signs of ancient duplication. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae arose from ancient whole-genome duplication, by sequencing and analysing Kluyveromyces waltii, a related yeast species that diverged before the duplication. The two genomes are related by a 1:2 mapping, with each region of K. waltii corresponding to two regions of S. cerevisiae, as expected for whole-genome duplication. This resolves the long-standing controversy on the ancestry of the yeast genome, and makes it possible to study the fate of duplicated genes directly. Strikingly, 95% of cases of accelerated evolution involve only one member of a gene pair, providing strong support for a specific model of evolution, and allowing us to distinguish ancestral and derived functions.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Kellis, M (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM manoli@mit.edu; lander@broad.mit.edu
NR 45
TC 1146
Z9 1399
U1 2
U2 145
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 617
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature02424
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200034
PM 15004568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batey, RT
   Gilbert, SD
   Montange, RK
AF Batey, RT
   Gilbert, SD
   Montange, RK
TI Structure of a natural guanine-responsive riboswitch complexed with the metabolite hypoxanthine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-protein recognition; bacillus-subtilis; crystal-structure; induced fit; binding; ribozymes; selection; switches; aptamer; motif
AB Riboswitches are genetic regulatory elements found in the 50 untranslated region of messenger RNA that act in the absence of protein cofactors(1,2). They are broadly distributed across bacteria and account for the regulation of more than 2% of all genes in Bacillus subtilis, underscoring their importance in the control of cellular metabolism(3). The 5' untranslated region of many mRNAs of genes involved in purine metabolism and transport contain a guanine-responsive riboswitch that directly binds guanine, hypoxanthine or xanthine to terminate transcription(3,4). Here we report the crystal structure at 1.95 Angstrom resolution of the purine-binding domain of the guanine riboswitch from the xpt-pbuX operon of B. subtilis bound to hypoxanthine, a prevalent metabolite in the bacterial purine salvage pathway. This structure reveals a complex RNA fold involving several phylogenetically conserved nucleotides that create a binding pocket that almost completely envelops the ligand. Hypoxanthine functions to stabilize this structure and to promote the formation of a downstream transcriptional terminator element, thereby providing a mechanism for directly repressing gene expression in response to an increase in intracellular concentrations of metabolite.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Batey, RT (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM robert.batey@colorado.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM142607, T32 GM008759] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 430
Z9 596
U1 4
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 411
EP 415
DI 10.1038/nature03037
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400060
PM 15549109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimel, AV
   Kirilyuk, A
   Tsvetkov, A
   Pisarev, RV
   Rasing, T
AF Kimel, AV
   Kirilyuk, A
   Tsvetkov, A
   Pisarev, RV
   Rasing, T
TI Laser-induced ultrafast spin reorientation in the antiferromagnet TmFeO3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rare-earth orthoferrites
AB All magnetically ordered materials can be divided into two primary classes: ferromagnets(1,2) and antiferromagnets(3). Since ancient times, ferromagnetic materials have found vast application areas(4), from the compass to computer storage and more recently to magnetic random access memory and spintronics(5). In contrast, antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials, though representing the overwhelming majority of magnetically ordered materials, for a long time were of academic interest only. The fundamental difference between the two types of magnetic materials manifests itself in their reaction to an external magnetic field-in an antiferromagnet, the exchange interaction leads to zero net magnetization. The related absence of a net angular momentum should result in orders of magnitude faster AFM spin dynamics(6,7). Here we show that, using a short laser pulse, the spins of the antiferromagnet TmFeO3 can indeed be manipulated on a timescale of a few picoseconds, in contrast to the hundreds of picoseconds in a ferromagnet(8-12). Because the ultrafast dynamics of spins in antiferromagnets is a key issue for exchange-biased devices(13), this finding can expand the now limited set of applications for AFM materials.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM Inst, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
RP Rasing, T (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, NSRIM Inst, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM th.rasing@sci.kun.nl
NR 27
TC 606
Z9 658
U1 9
U2 305
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature02659
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000035
PM 15215858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rajagopalan, H
   Jallepalli, PV
   Rago, C
   Velculescu, VE
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Lengauer, C
AF Rajagopalan, H
   Jallepalli, PV
   Rago, C
   Velculescu, VE
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
   Lengauer, C
TI Inactivation of hCDC4 can cause chromosomal instability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-e; genetic instability; colorectal cancers; ubiquitin ligase; cell-cycle; phosphorylation; tumorigenesis; archipelago; mutations; onset
AB Aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number, has been recognized as a hallmark of human cancer for nearly a century(1); however, the mechanisms responsible for this abnormality have remained elusive. Here we report the identification of mutations in hCDC4 (also known as Fbw7 or Archipelago) in both human colorectal cancers and their precursor lesions. We show that genetic inactivation of hCDC4, by means of targeted disruption of the gene in karyotypically stable colorectal cancer cells, results in a striking phenotype associated with micronuclei and chromosomal instability. This phenotype can be traced to a defect in the execution of metaphase and subsequent transmission of chromosomes, and is dependent on cyclin E-a protein that is regulated by hCDC4 (refs 2-4). Our data suggest that chromosomal instability is caused by specific genetic alterations in a large fraction of human cancers and can occur before malignant conversion.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Inst Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Lengauer, C (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM lengauer@jhmi.edu
NR 28
TC 471
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature02313
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800038
PM 14999283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhie, J
   Romanowicz, B
AF Rhie, J
   Romanowicz, B
TI Excitation of Earth's continuous free oscillations by atmosphere-ocean-seafloor coupling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID background free oscillations; earthquakes; waves
AB The Earth undergoes continuous oscillations, and free oscillation peaks have been consistently identified in seismic records in the frequency range 2 - 7 mHz (refs 1, 2), on days without significant earthquakes. The level of daily excitation of this 'hum' is equivalent to that of magnitude 5.75 to 6.0 earthquakes(3,4), which cannot be explained by summing the contributions of small earthquakes(1,3.) As slow or silent earthquakes have been ruled out as a source for the hum(4) ( except in a few isolated cases(5)), turbulent motions in the atmosphere or processes in the oceans have been invoked(3,6-8) as the excitation mechanism. We have developed an array-based method to detect and locate sources of the excitation of the hum. Our results demonstrate that the Earth's hum originates mainly in the northern Pacific Ocean during Northern Hemisphere winter, and in the Southern oceans during Southern Hemisphere winter. We conclude that the Earth's hum is generated by the interaction between atmosphere, ocean and sea floor, probably through the conversion of storm energy to oceanic infragravity waves that interact with seafloor topography.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Romanowicz, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM barbara@seismo.berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 243
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 552
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature02942
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700042
PM 15457256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iitaka, T
   Hirose, K
   Kawamura, K
   Murakami, M
AF Iitaka, T
   Hirose, K
   Kawamura, K
   Murakami, M
TI The elasticity of the MgSiO3 post-perovskite phase in the Earth's lowermost mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; crystal-structure; high-pressure; pseudopotentials; physics; base
AB MgSiO(3) perovskite has been assumed to be the dominant component of the Earth's lower mantle, although this phase alone cannot explain the discontinuity in seismic velocities observed 200-300 km above the core-mantle boundary (the D" discontinuity) or the polarization anisotropy observed in the lowermost mantle(1). Experimental and theoretical studies that have attempted to attribute these phenomena to a phase transition in the perovskite phase have tended to simply confirm the stability of the perovskite phase(2-6). However, recent in situ X-ray diffraction measurements have revealed(7) a transition to a 'post-perovskite' phase above 125 GPa and 2,500 K-conditions close to those at the D" discontinuity. Here we show the results of first-principles calculations of the structure, stability and elasticity of both phases at zero temperature. We find that the post-perovskite phase becomes the stable phase above 98 GPa, and may be responsible for the observed seismic discontinuity and anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. Although our ground-state calculations of the unit cell do not include the effects of temperature and minor elements, they do provide a consistent explanation for a number of properties of the D" layer.
C1 RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Computat Astrophys Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Iitaka, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Computat Astrophys Lab, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
EM tiitaka@riken.jp
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 442
EP 445
DI 10.1038/nature02702
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400039
PM 15269765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wallis, JW
   Aerts, J
   Groenen, MAM
   Crooijmans, RPMA
   Layman, D
   Graves, TA
   Scheer, DE
   Kremitzki, C
   Fedele, MJ
   Mudd, NK
   Cardenas, M
   Higginbotham, J
   Carter, J
   McGrane, R
   Gaige, T
   Mead, K
   Walker, J
   Albracht, D
   Davito, J
   Yang, SP
   Leong, S
   Chinwalla, A
   Sekhon, M
   Wylie, K
   Dodgson, J
   Romanov, MN
   Cheng, H
   de Jong, PJ
   Osoegawa, K
   Nefedov, M
   Zhang, HB
   McPherson, JD
   Krzywinski, M
   Schein, J
   Hillier, L
   Mardis, ER
   Wilson, RK
   Warren, WC
AF Wallis, JW
   Aerts, J
   Groenen, MAM
   Crooijmans, RPMA
   Layman, D
   Graves, TA
   Scheer, DE
   Kremitzki, C
   Fedele, MJ
   Mudd, NK
   Cardenas, M
   Higginbotham, J
   Carter, J
   McGrane, R
   Gaige, T
   Mead, K
   Walker, J
   Albracht, D
   Davito, J
   Yang, SP
   Leong, S
   Chinwalla, A
   Sekhon, M
   Wylie, K
   Dodgson, J
   Romanov, MN
   Cheng, H
   de Jong, PJ
   Osoegawa, K
   Nefedov, M
   Zhang, HB
   McPherson, JD
   Krzywinski, M
   Schein, J
   Hillier, L
   Mardis, ER
   Wilson, RK
   Warren, WC
TI A physical map of the chicken genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse genome; bac clones; integration; sequence; software; linkage
AB Strategies for assembling large, complex genomes have evolved to include a combination of whole-genome shotgun sequencing and hierarchal map-assisted sequencing(1,2). Whole-genome maps of all types can aid genome assemblies, generally starting with low-resolution cytogenetic maps and ending with the highest resolution of sequence. Fingerprint clone maps are based upon complete restriction enzyme digests of clones representative of the target genome, and ultimately comprise a near-contiguous path of clones across the genome. Such clone-based maps are used to validate sequence assembly order, supply long-range linking information for assembled sequences, anchor sequences to the genetic map and provide templates for closing gaps. Fingerprint maps are also a critical resource for subsequent functional genomic studies, because they provide a redundant and ordered sampling of the genome with clones(3). In an accompanying paper(4) we describe the draft genome sequence of the chicken, Gallus gallus, the first species sequenced that is both a model organism and a global food source. Here we present a clone-based physical map of the chicken genome at 20-fold coverage, containing 260 contigs of overlapping clones. This map represents approximately 91% of the chicken genome and enables identification of chicken clones aligned to positions in other sequenced genomes.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Anim Breeding & Genet Grp, NL-6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Inst Plant Genom & Biotechnol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   British Columbia Canc Agcy, Genome Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Wageningen University & Research; Michigan State University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Baylor College of Medicine; British Columbia Cancer Agency
RP Warren, WC (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Campus Box 8501,4444 Forest Pk Ave, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM wwarren@watson.wustl.edu
NR 19
TC 157
Z9 200
U1 2
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 761
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature03030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200050
PM 15592415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Todd, JJ
   Marois, R
AF Todd, JJ
   Marois, R
TI Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID working-memory; neural system; storage; representation; dissociation; constraints; binding; object
AB At any instant, our visual system allows us to perceive a rich and detailed visual world. Yet our internal, explicit representation of this visual world is extremely sparse: we can only hold in mind a minute fraction of the visual scene(1,2). These mental representations are stored in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Even though VSTM is essential for the execution of a wide array of perceptual and cognitive functions(3-5), and is supported by an extensive network of brain regions(6-9), its storage capacity is severely limited(10-13). With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show here that this capacity limit is neurally reflected in one node of this network: activity in the posterior parietal cortex is tightly correlated with the limited amount of scene information that can be stored in VSTM. These results suggest that the posterior parietal cortex is a key neural locus of our impoverished mental representation of the visual world.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Dept Psychol, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Marois, R (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Vis Res Ctr, Dept Psychol, 530 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37203 USA.
EM rene.marois@vanderbilt.edu
NR 30
TC 1165
Z9 1388
U1 3
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 751
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature02466
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800040
PM 15085133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JF
   Green, HW II
   Bozhilov, K
   Jin, ZM
AF Zhang, JF
   Green, HW II
   Bozhilov, K
   Jin, ZM
TI Faulting induced by precipitation of water at grain boundaries in hot subducting oceanic crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; earthquakes; lithosphere; solubility; dehydration; deformation; serpentine; hydroxyl; rheology; minerals
AB Dehydration embrittlement has been proposed to explain both intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes in subduction zones(1-5). Because such earthquakes primarily occur at shallow depths or within the core of the subducting plate, dehydration at relatively low temperatures has been emphasized(6-8). However, recent careful relocation of subduction-zone earthquakes(9,10) shows that at depths of 100-250 km, earthquakes continue in the uppermost part of the slab (probably the former oceanic crust that has been converted to eclogite) where temperatures are higher. Here we show that at such pressures and temperatures, eclogite lacking hydrous phases but with significant hydroxyl incorporated as defects in pyroxene and garnet develops a faulting instability associated with precipitation of water at grain boundaries and the production of very small amounts of melt. This new faulting mechanism satisfactorily explains high-temperature earthquakes in subducting oceanic crust and could potentially be involved in much deeper earthquakes in connection with similar precipitation of water in the mantle transition zone (400-700 km depth). Of potential importance for all proposed high-pressure earthquake mechanisms is the very small amount of fluid required to trigger this instability.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   China Univ Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; China University of Geosciences
RP Green, HW II (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM harry.green@ucr.edu
NR 28
TC 80
Z9 125
U1 26
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature02475
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200038
PM 15071590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murry, CE
   Soonpaa, MH
   Reinecke, H
   Nakajima, H
   Nakajima, HO
   Rubart, M
   Pasumarthi, KBS
   Virag, JI
   Bartelmez, SH
   Poppa, V
   Bradford, G
   Dowell, JD
   Williams, DA
   Field, LJ
AF Murry, CE
   Soonpaa, MH
   Reinecke, H
   Nakajima, H
   Nakajima, HO
   Rubart, M
   Pasumarthi, KBS
   Virag, JI
   Bartelmez, SH
   Poppa, V
   Bradford, G
   Dowell, JD
   Williams, DA
   Field, LJ
TI Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marrow-derived cells; bone-marrow; progenitor cells; in-vivo; cardiomyocytes; transplantation; heart; regeneration; muscle; mice
AB The mammalian heart has a very limited regenerative capacity and, hence, heals by scar formation(1). Recent reports suggest that haematopoietic stem cells can transdifferentiate into unexpected phenotypes such as skeletal muscle(2,3), hepatocytes(4), epithelial cells(5), neurons(6,7), endothelial cells(8) and cardiomyocytes(8,9), in response to tissue injury or placement in a new environment. Furthermore, transplanted human hearts contain myocytes derived from extra-cardiac progenitor cells(10-12), which may have originated from bone marrow(8,13-15). Although most studies suggest that transdifferentiation is extremely rare under physiological conditions, extensive regeneration of myocardial infarcts was reported recently after direct stem cell injection(9), prompting several clinical trials(16,17). Here, we used both cardiomyocyte-restricted and ubiquitously expressed reporter transgenes to track the fate of haematopoietic stem cells after 145 transplants into normal and injured adult mouse hearts. No transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes was detectable when using these genetic techniques to follow cell fate, and stem-cell-engrafted hearts showed no overt increase in cardiomyocytes compared to sham-engrafted hearts. These results indicate that haematopoietic stem cells do not readily acquire a cardiac phenotype, and raise a cautionary note for clinical studies of infarct repair.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Wells Ctr Pediat Res, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Murry, CE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Box 357470,Room D-514 HSB, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM murry@u.washington.edu; ljfield@iupui.edu
NR 30
TC 1682
Z9 2028
U1 0
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 664
EP 668
DI 10.1038/nature02446
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200047
PM 15034593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beatty, CD
   Beirinckx, K
   Sherratt, TN
AF Beatty, CD
   Beirinckx, K
   Sherratt, TN
TI The evolution of mullerian mimicry in multispecies communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-selection; aposematic prey; warning signals; color
AB Prey species that are unprofitable to attack often share conspicuous colours and patterns with other coexisting defended species(1-6). This phenomenon, termed mullerian mimicry(2,3), has long been explained as a consequence of selection on defended prey to adopt a common way of advertising their unprofitability(7,8). However, studies using two unpalatable prey types have not always supported this theory(9-12). Here we show, using a system of humans hunting for computer-generated prey, that predators do not always generate strong selection for mimicry when there are two unprofitable prey types. By contrast, we demonstrate that when predators are faced with a range of different prey species, selection on unprofitable prey to resemble one another can be intense. Here the primary selective force is not one in which predators evaluate the profitabilities of distinct prey types independently, but one in which predators learn better to avoid unprofitable phenotypes that share traits distinguishing them from profitable prey(13,14). This need to simplify decision making readily facilitates the spread of imperfect mimetic forms from rarity, and suggests that mullerian mimicry is more likely to arise in multispecies communities.
C1 Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
C3 Carleton University
RP Sherratt, TN (corresponding author), Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, 1125 Colonel Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
EM sherratt@ccs.carleton.ca
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 63
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature02818
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500041
PM 15343332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winn, JN
   Rusin, D
   Kochanek, CS
AF Winn, JN
   Rusin, D
   Kochanek, CS
TI The central image of a gravitationally lensed quasar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass models; quintuple quasar; radio; galaxy; centers
AB A galaxy can act as a gravitational lens, producing multiple images of a background object. Theory predicts that there should be an odd number of images produced by the lens(1,2), but hitherto almost all lensed objects have two or four images. The missing 'central' images, which should be faint and appear near the centre of the lensing galaxy, have long been sought as probes of galactic cores too distant to resolve with ordinary observations(3-7). There are five candidates for central images, but in one case the third image is not necessarily the central one(8-10), and in the others the putative central images might be foreground sources(11-15). Here we report a secure identification of a central image, based on radio observations of one of the candidates(14). Lens models using the central image reveal that the massive black hole at the centre of the lensing galaxy has a mass of <2x10(8) solar masses (M-circle dot), and the galaxy's surface density at the location of the central image is >20,000 M-circle dot pc(-2); which is in agreement with expections based on observations of galaxies that are much closer to the Earth.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Pennsylvania; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Winn, JN (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jwinn@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 91
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 613
EP 615
DI 10.1038/nature02279
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300034
PM 14961114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubie, DC
   Gessmann, CK
   Frost, DJ
AF Rubie, DC
   Gessmann, CK
   Frost, DJ
TI Partitioning of oxygen during core formation on the Earth and Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID snc meteorites; high-pressure; temperature; mantle; silicate; gpa; constraints; fugacity; elements; nickel
AB Core formation on the Earth and Mars involved the physical separation of metal and silicate, most probably in deep magma oceans(1-4). Although core-formation models explain many aspects of mantle geochemistry, they have not accounted for the large differences observed between the compositions of the mantles of the Earth (similar to8 wt% FeO) and Mars (similar to18 wt% FeO) or the smaller mass fraction of the martian core(5-7). Here we explain these differences as a consequence of the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron-alloy increasing with increasing temperature. We assume that the Earth and Mars both accreted from oxidized chondritic material. In a terrestrial magma ocean, 1,200 - 2,000 km deep, high temperatures resulted in the extraction of FeO from the silicate magma ocean owing to high solubility of oxygen in the metal. Lower temperatures of a martian magma ocean resulted in little or no extraction of FeO from the mantle, which thus remains FeO-rich. The FeO extracted from the Earth's magma ocean may have contributed to chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle(8), a FeO-rich D" layer(9) and the light element budget of the core(10,11).
C1 Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95444 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 University of Bayreuth
RP Rubie, DC (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95444 Bayreuth, Germany.
EM dave.rubie@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 30
TC 138
Z9 155
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature02473
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100042
PM 15129278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ninomiya, H
   Elinson, RP
   Winklbauer, R
AF Ninomiya, H
   Elinson, RP
   Winklbauer, R
TI Antero-posterior tissue polarity links mesoderm convergent extension to axial patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphogen gradient; cell polarization; xenopus homolog; wnt pathway; gastrulation; movements; activin; expression; drosophila; organizer
AB Remodelling its shape, or morphogenesis, is a fundamental property of living tissue. It underlies much of embryonic development and numerous pathologies. Convergent extension (CE) of the axial mesoderm of vertebrates is an intensively studied model for morphogenetic processes that rely on cell rearrangement. It involves the intercalation of polarized cells perpendicular to the antero-posterior (AP) axis, which narrows and lengthens the tissue(1,2). Several genes have been identified that regulate cell behaviour underlying CE in zebrafish and Xenopus. Many of these are homologues of genes that control epithelial planar cell polarity in Drosophila(1-5). However, elongation of axial mesoderm must be also coordinated with the pattern of AP tissue specification to generate a normal larval morphology. At present, the long-range control that orients CE with respect to embryonic axes is not understood. Here we show that the chordamesoderm of Xenopus possesses an intrinsic AP polarity that is necessary for CE, functions in parallel to Wnt/planar cell polarity signalling, and determines the direction of tissue elongation. The mechanism that establishes AP polarity involves graded activin-like signalling and directly links mesoderm AP patterning to CE.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Duquesne Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; Duquesne University
RP Winklbauer, R (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
EM winklbauer@zoo.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/nature02620
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200044
PM 15254540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brookmeyer, R
   Johnson, E
   Bollinger, R
AF Brookmeyer, R
   Johnson, E
   Bollinger, R
TI Public health vaccination policies for containing an anthrax outbreak
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postexposure prophylaxis; emergency response; biological weapon; prevention; attack; risk
AB Concern about biological weapons has raised questions about the most effective public health policies to contain an anthrax outbreak(1-3). We developed a probability model to predict the impact of different anthrax antibiotic and vaccination policies. An anthrax outbreak can be significantly contained by minimizing the delay until initiation of antibiotic prophylaxis. However, even if mass distribution of antibiotics is completed within six days of the initial exposure, then at most about 70% of cases can be prevented. Post-exposure vaccination will not significantly increase that prevention rate if adherence to antibiotic regimens is similar or higher than that attained in the 2001 US outbreak(4). However, post-exposure vaccination can be useful either in shortening the duration of a prolonged antibiotic regimen, in the event of an antibiotic-resistant strain, or if antibiotic adherence rates are very low. Here we show that a mass pre-exposure vaccination programme for the general population would require very high population coverage rates to significantly increase prevention rates from that achieved with targeted and rapid post-exposure prophylaxis programmes.
C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University
RP Bollinger, R (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM rbrook@jhsph.edu
NR 28
TC 48
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 901
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature03087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500052
PM 15602561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matthews, JM
   Kusching, R
   Guenther, DB
   Walker, GAH
   Moffat, AFJ
   Rucinski, SM
   Sasselov, D
   Weiss, WW
AF Matthews, JM
   Kusching, R
   Guenther, DB
   Walker, GAH
   Moffat, AFJ
   Rucinski, SM
   Sasselov, D
   Weiss, WW
TI No stellar p-mode oscillations in space-based photometry of Procyon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global pressure oscillations; solar; amplitudes; search; limit
AB Pressure-driven (p-mode) oscillations at the surface of the Sun, resulting from sound waves travelling through the solar interior, are a powerful probe of solar structure, just as seismology can reveal details about the interior of the Earth. Astronomers have hoped to exploit p-mode asteroseismology(1) in Sun-like stars to test detailed models of stellar structure and evolution, but the observations are extremely difficult. The bright star Procyon has been considered one of the best candidates for asteroseismology, on the basis of models and previous reports(2-8) of p-modes detected in ground-based spectroscopy. Here we present a search for p-modes in 32 days of nearly continuous photometric satellite-based observations of Procyon. If there are p-modes in Procyon, they must have lifetimes less than 2-3 days and/or peak amplitudes <15 parts per million, which defy expectations from the Sun's oscillations and previous theoretical predictions. Target selection for future planned asteroseismology space missions may need to be reconsidered, as will the theory of stellar oscillations.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   St Marys Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Inst Computat Astrophys, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Vienna, Inst Astron, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of British Columbia; Saint Marys University - Canada; Universite de Montreal; University of Toronto; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; University of Vienna
RP Matthews, JM (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
EM matthews@astro.ubc.ca
NR 26
TC 133
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature02671
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800038
PM 15229593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarmiento, JL
   Gruber, N
   Brzezinski, MA
   Dunne, JP
AF Sarmiento, JL
   Gruber, N
   Brzezinski, MA
   Dunne, JP
TI High-latitude controls of thermocline nutrients and low latitude biological productivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; north; si; cycle; mode
AB The ocean's biological pump strips nutrients out of the surface waters and exports them into the thermocline and deep waters. If there were no return path of nutrients from deep waters, the biological pump would eventually deplete the surface waters and thermocline of nutrients; surface biological productivity would plummet. Here we make use of the combined distributions of silicic acid and nitrate to trace the main nutrient return path from deep waters by upwelling in the Southern Ocean(1) and subsequent entrainment into subantarctic mode water. We show that the subantarctic mode water, which spreads throughout the entire Southern Hemisphere(2,3) and North Atlantic Ocean(3), is the main source of nutrients for the thermocline. We also find that an additional return path exists in the northwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, where enhanced vertical mixing, perhaps driven by tides(4), brings abyssal nutrients to the surface and supplies them to the thermocline of the North Pacific. Our analysis has important implications for our understanding of large-scale controls on the nature and magnitude of low-latitude biological productivity and its sensitivity to climate change.
C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Sarmiento, JL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM jls@princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 1061
Z9 1189
U1 4
U2 242
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 56
EP 60
DI 10.1038/nature02127
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000031
PM 14702082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hashimoto, A
   Suenaga, K
   Gloter, A
   Urita, K
   Iijima, S
AF Hashimoto, A
   Suenaga, K
   Gloter, A
   Urita, K
   Iijima, S
TI Direct evidence for atomic defects in graphene layers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotube; graphite; stm; relaxation; vacancy
AB Atomic-scale defects in graphene layers alter the physical and chemical properties of carbon nanostructures(1,2). Theoretical predictions have recently shown that energetic particles such as electrons and ions can induce polymorphic atomic defects in graphene layers as a result of knock-on atom displacements(3,4). However, the number of experimental reports on these defects is limited(5,6). The graphite network in single-walled carbon nanotubes has been visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their chiral indices have been determined(7,8). But the methods used require a long image acquisition time and intensive numerical treatments after observations to find an 'average' image, which prevents the accurate detection and investigation of defect structures. Here we report observations in situ of defect formation in single graphene layers by high-resolution TEM. The observed structures are expected to be of use when engineering the properties of carbon nanostructures for specific device applications.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Res Ctr Adv Carbon Mat, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
   Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8502, Phys Solides Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Saclay; Chiba University
RP Suenaga, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Res Ctr Adv Carbon Mat, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
EM suenaga-kazu@aist.go.jp
NR 29
TC 1537
Z9 1717
U1 15
U2 1349
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 870
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature02817
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800036
PM 15318216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jung, H
   Green, HW II
   Dobrzhinetskaya, LF
AF Jung, H
   Green, HW II
   Dobrzhinetskaya, LF
TI Intermediate-depth earthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative volume change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-focus earthquakes; high-pressure; mantle; water; serpentinite; stability; fluids; zones
AB Earthquakes are observed to occur in subduction zones to depths of approximately 680 km, even though unassisted brittle failure is inhibited at depths greater than about 50 km, owing to the high pressures and temperatures(1-3). It is thought that such earthquakes (particularly those at intermediate depths of 50-300 km) may instead be triggered by embrittlement accompanying dehydration of hydrous minerals, principally serpentine(1-3). A problem with failure by serpentine dehydration is that the volume change accompanying dehydration becomes negative at pressures of 2-4 GPa (60-120 km depth), above which brittle fracture mechanics predicts that the instability should be quenched(4,5). Here we show that dehydration of antigorite serpentinite under stress results in faults delineated by ultrafine-grained solid reaction products formed during dehydration. This phenomenon was observed under all conditions tested (pressures of 1-6 GPa; temperatures of 650-820degreesC), independent of the sign of the volume change of reaction. Although this result contradicts expectations from fracture mechanics, it can be explained by separation of fluid from solid residue before and during faulting, a hypothesis supported by our observations. These observations confirm that dehydration embrittlement is a viable mechanism for nucleating earthquakes independent of depth, as long as there are hydrous minerals breaking down under a differential stress.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Green, HW II (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM hgreen@mail.ucr.edu
NR 29
TC 275
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 545
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature02412
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100038
PM 15057828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webster, SM
   del Camino, D
   Dekker, JP
   Yellen, G
AF Webster, SM
   del Camino, D
   Dekker, JP
   Yellen, G
TI Intracellular gate opening in Shaker K+ channels defined by high-affinity metal bridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; activation gate; inactivation gate; crystal-structure; s6 segment; pore; mutations; s4; cooperativity; conductance
AB Voltage-gated potassium channels such as Shaker help to control electrical signalling in neurons by regulating the passage of K+ across cell membranes. Ion flow is controlled by a voltage-dependent gate at the intracellular side of the pore, formed by the crossing of four alpha-helices-the inner-pore helices. The prevailing model of gating is based on a comparison of the crystal structures of two bacterial channels-KcsA in a closed state and MthK in an open state-and proposes a hinge motion at a conserved glycine that splays the inner-pore helices wide open(1). We show here that two types of intersubunit metal bridge, involving cysteines placed near the bundle crossing, can occur simultaneously in the open state. These bridges provide constraints on the open Shaker channel structure, and on the degree of movement upon opening. We conclude that, unlike predictions from the structure of MthK, the inner-pore helices of Shaker probably maintain the KcsA-like bundle-crossing motif in the open state, with a bend in this region at the conserved proline motif (Pro-X-Pro) not found in the bacterial channels. A narrower opening of the bundle crossing in Shaker K+ channels may help to explain why Shaker has an approximately tenfold lower conductance than its bacterial relatives.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Yellen, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM gary_yellen@hms.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 176
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 864
EP 868
DI 10.1038/nature02468
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300043
PM 15103379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanley, S
   Bloxham, J
AF Stanley, S
   Bloxham, J
TI Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner-core; interior; geodynamo; dynamos
AB The discovery of Uranus' and Neptune's non-dipolar, non-axisymmetric magnetic fields(1-4) destroyed the picture-established by Earth, Jupiter and Saturn(5-6)-that planetary magnetic fields are dominated by axial dipoles. Although various explanations for these unusual fields have been proposed(3,7-10), the cause of such field morphologies remains unexplained. Planetary magnetic fields are generated by complex fluid motions in electrically conducting regions of the planets (a process known as dynamo action), and so are intimately linked to the structure and evolution of planetary interiors. Determining why Uranus and Neptune have different field morphologies is not only critical for studying the interiors of these planets, but also essential for understanding the dynamics of magnetic-field generation in all planets. Here we present three-dimensional numerical dynamo simulations that model the dynamo source region as a convecting thin shell surrounding a stably stratified fluid interior. We show that this convective-region geometry produces magnetic fields similar in morphology to those of Uranus and Neptune. The fields are non-dipolar and non-axisymmetric, and result from a combination of the stable fluid's response to electromagnetic stress and the small length scales imposed by the thin shell.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Stanley, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM stanley@geophysics.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 151
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature02376
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600040
PM 15014493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bramble, DM
   Lieberman, DE
AF Bramble, DM
   Lieberman, DE
TI Endurance running and the evolution of Homo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy-cost; stride length; body-size; speed; walking; energetics; brain; mass; dimensions; locomotion
AB Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Harvard University
RP Bramble, DM (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM bramble@bioscience.utah.edu; danlieb@fas.harvard.edu
NR 67
TC 1157
Z9 1420
U1 3
U2 641
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 345
EP 352
DI 10.1038/nature03052
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400045
PM 15549097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pawlowska, TE
   Taylor, JW
AF Pawlowska, TE
   Taylor, JW
TI Organization of genetic variation in individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; exchanges; origin; drive
AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) are thought to be the oldest group of asexual multicellular organisms. They colonize the roots of most land plants, where they facilitate mineral uptake from the soil in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon(1). Cells of AM fungi contain hundreds of nuclei. Unusual polymorphism of ribosomal DNA observed in individual spores of AM fungi inspired a hypothesis that heterokaryosis-that is, the coexistence of many dissimilar nuclei in cells-occurs throughout the AM fungal life history(2,3). Here we report a genetic approach to test the hypothesis of heterokaryosis in AM fungi. Our study of the transmission of polymorphic genetic markers in natural isolates of Glomus etunicatum, coupled with direct amplification of rDNA from microdissected nuclei by polymerase chain reaction, supports the alternative hypothesis of homokaryosis, in which nuclei populating AM fungal individuals are genetically uniform. Intrasporal rDNA polymorphism contained in each nucleus signals a relaxation of concerted evolution(4), a recombination-driven process that is responsible for homogenizing rDNA repeats(5). Polyploid organization of glomeromycotan genomes could accommodate intranuclear rDNA polymorphism and buffer these apparently asexual organisms against the effects of accumulating mutations.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Pawlowska, TE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM tpawlows@nature.berkeley.edu
NR 25
TC 174
Z9 217
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 733
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature02290
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000043
PM 14973485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samatey, FA
   Matsunami, H
   Imada, K
   Nagashima, S
   Shaikh, TR
   Thomas, DR
   Chen, JZ
   DeRosier, DJ
   Kitao, A
   Namba, K
AF Samatey, FA
   Matsunami, H
   Imada, K
   Nagashima, S
   Shaikh, TR
   Thomas, DR
   Chen, JZ
   DeRosier, DJ
   Kitao, A
   Namba, K
TI Structure of the bacterial flagellar hook and implication for the molecular universal joint mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; salmonella-typhimurium; protein; filament; rotation; transformations; organization; caulobacter; refinement; resolution
AB The bacterial flagellum is a motile organelle, and the flagellar hook is a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament acting as a helical propeller. The hook is made of about 120 copies of a single protein, FlgE, and its function as a nano-sized universal joint is essential for dynamic and efficient bacterial motility and taxis. It transmits the motor torque to the helical propeller over a wide range of its orientation for swimming and tumbling. Here we report a partial atomic model of the hook obtained by X-ray crystallography of FlgE31, a major proteolytic fragment of FlgE lacking unfolded terminal regions, and by electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional helical image reconstruction of the hook. The model reveals the intricate molecular interactions and a plausible switching mechanism for the hook to be flexible in bending but rigid against twisting for its universal joint function.
C1 JST, ICORP, Dynam Nanomachine Project, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   JST, ERATO, Photon Nanomachine Project, Kyoto, Japan.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, WM Keck Inst Cellular Visualizat, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biolsci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Brandeis University; Brandeis University; University of Tokyo
RP Namba, K (corresponding author), JST, ICORP, Dynam Nanomachine Project, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM keiichi@fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 46
TC 162
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1062
EP 1068
DI 10.1038/nature02997
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800031
PM 15510139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mueller, K
   Hough, SE
   Bilham, R
AF Mueller, K
   Hough, SE
   Bilham, R
TI Analysing the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes with recent instrumentally recorded aftershocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central united-states; seismic zone; magnitude; intensity; fault
AB Although dynamic stress changes associated with the passage of seismic waves are thought to trigger earthquakes at great distances, more than 60 per cent of all aftershocks appear to be triggered by static stress changes within two rupture lengths of a mainshock(1-5). The observed distribution of aftershocks may thus be used to infer details of mainshock rupture geometry(6). Aftershocks following large mid-continental earthquakes, where background stressing rates are low, are known to persist for centuries(7,8), and models based on rate-and-state friction laws provide theoretical support for this inference(9). Most past studies of the New Madrid earthquake sequence have indeed assumed ongoing microseismicity to be a continuing aftershock sequence(10-12). Here we use instrumentally recorded aftershock locations and models of elastic stress change to develop a kinematically consistent rupture scenario for three of the four largest earthquakes of the 1811-1812 New Madrid sequence. Our results suggest that these three events occurred on two contiguous faults, producing lobes of increased stress near fault intersections and end points, in areas where present-day microearthquakes have been hitherto interpreted as evidence of primary mainshock rupture. We infer that the remaining New Madrid mainshock may have occurred more than 200 km north of this region in the Wabash Valley of southern Indiana and Illinois-an area that contains abundant modern microseismicity, and where substantial liquefaction was documented by historic accounts. Our results suggest that future large mid-plate earthquake sequences may extend over a much broader region than previously suspected.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91030 USA.
   Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Mueller, K (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM Karl.Mueller@colorado.edu
NR 27
TC 64
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 284
EP 288
DI 10.1038/nature02557
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900039
PM 15152249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plotkin, JB
   Dushoff, J
   Fraser, HB
AF Plotkin, JB
   Dushoff, J
   Fraser, HB
TI Detecting selection using a single genome sequence of M-tuberculosis and P-falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide substitution; expression; evolution; proteins; patterns
AB Selective pressures on proteins are usually measured by comparing nucleotide sequences(1). Here we introduce a method to detect selection on the basis of a single genome sequence. We catalogue the relative strength of selection on each gene in the entire genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum. Our analysis confirms that most antigens are under strong selection for amino-acid substitutions, particularly the PE/PPE family(2) of putative surface proteins in M. tuberculosis and the EMP1 family(3) of cytoadhering surface proteins in P. falciparum. We also identify many uncharacterized proteins that are under strong selection in each pathogen. We provide a genome-wide analysis of natural selection acting on different stages of an organism's life cycle: genes expressed in the ring stage(4) of P. falciparum are under stronger positive selection than those expressed in other stages of the parasite's life cycle. Our method of estimating selective pressures requires far fewer data than comparative sequence analysis, and it measures selection across an entire genome; the method can readily be applied to a large range of sequenced organisms.
C1 Harvard Soc Fellows, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Bauer Ctr Gen Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Princeton University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Fogarty International Center (FIC); University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Plotkin, JB (corresponding author), Harvard Soc Fellows, 7 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jplotkin@fas.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 75
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 942
EP 945
DI 10.1038/nature02458
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000041
PM 15118727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benenson, Y
   Gil, B
   Ben-Dor, U
   Adar, R
   Shapiro, E
AF Benenson, Y
   Gil, B
   Ben-Dor, U
   Adar, R
   Shapiro, E
TI An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lung-cancer; dna solution; computation; antisense; machine; apoptosis; design
AB Early biomolecular computer research focused on laboratory-scale, human-operated computers for complex computational problems(1-7). Recently, simple molecular-scale autonomous programmable computers were demonstrated(8-15) allowing both input and output information to be in molecular form. Such computers, using biological molecules as input data and biologically active molecules as outputs, could produce a system for 'logical' control of biological processes. Here we describe an autonomous biomolecular computer that, at least in vitro, logically analyses the levels of messenger RNA species, and in response produces a molecule capable of affecting levels of gene expression. The computer operates at a concentration of close to a trillion computers per microlitre and consists of three programmable modules: a computation module, that is, a stochastic molecular automaton(12-17); an input module, by which specific mRNA levels or point mutations regulate software molecule concentrations, and hence automaton transition probabilities; and an output module, capable of controlled release of a short single-stranded DNA molecule. This approach might be applied in vivo to biochemical sensing, genetic engineering and even medical diagnosis and treatment. As a proof of principle we programmed the computer to identify and analyse mRNA of disease-related genes(18-22) associated with models of small-cell lung cancer and prostate cancer, and to produce a single-stranded DNA molecule modelled after an anticancer drug.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Shapiro, E (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM Ehud.Shapiro@weizmann.ac.il
FU European Research Council (ERC) [233047] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
NR 30
TC 610
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 155
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 423
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature02551
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600041
PM 15116117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hackermüller, L
   Hornberger, K
   Brezger, B
   Zeilinger, A
   Arndt, M
AF Hackermüller, L
   Hornberger, K
   Brezger, B
   Zeilinger, A
   Arndt, M
TI Decoherence of matter waves by thermal emission of radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60; photon; fragmentation; coherence
AB Emergent quantum technologies have led to increasing interest in decoherence - the processes that limit the appearance of quantum effects and turn them into classical phenomena. One important cause of decoherence is the interaction of a quantum system with its environment, which 'entangles' the two and distributes the quantum coherence over so many degrees of freedom as to render it unobservable. Decoherence theory(1-4) has been complemented by experiments using matter waves coupled to external photons(5-7) or molecules(8), and by investigations using coherent photon states(9), trapped ions(10) and electron interferometers(11,12). Large molecules are particularly suitable for the investigation of the quantum-classical transition because they can store much energy in numerous internal degrees of freedom; the internal energy can be converted into thermal radiation and thus induce decoherence. Here we report matter wave interferometer experiments in which C-70 molecules lose their quantum behaviour by thermal emission of radiation. We find good quantitative agreement between our experimental observations and microscopic decoherence theory. Decoherence by emission of thermal radiation is a general mechanism that should be relevant to all macroscopic bodies.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Arndt, M (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM markus.arndt@univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/nature02276
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000036
PM 14973478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rolett, B
   Diamond, J
AF Rolett, B
   Diamond, J
TI Environmental predictors of pre-European deforestation on Pacific islands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Some Pacific island societies, such as those of Easter Island and Mangareva, inadvertently contributed to their own collapse by causing massive deforestation(1-7). Others retained forest cover and survived(3,8,9). How can those fateful differences be explained? Although the answers undoubtedly involve both different cultural responses of peoples and different susceptibilities of environments, how can one determine which environmental factors predispose towards deforestation and which towards replacement of native trees with useful introduced tree species? Here we code European-contact conditions and nine environmental variables for 81 sites on 69 Pacific islands from Yap in the west to Easter in the east, and from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south. We thereby detect statistical decreases in deforestation and/or forest replacement with island rainfall, elevation, area, volcanic ash fallout, Asian dust transport and makatea terrain ( uplifted reef), and increases with latitude, age and isolation. Comparative analyses of deforestation therefore lend themselves to much more detailed interpretations than previously possible. These results might be relevant to similar deforestation-associated collapses ( for example, Fertile Crescent, Maya and Anasazi) or the lack thereof ( Japan and highland New Guinea) elsewhere in the world.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Anthropol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Rolett, B (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Anthropol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM rolett@hawaii.edu
NR 17
TC 117
Z9 138
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 443
EP 446
DI 10.1038/nature02801
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500038
PM 15386010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baksh, MM
   Jaros, M
   Groves, JT
AF Baksh, MM
   Jaros, M
   Groves, JT
TI Detection of molecular interactions at membrane surfaces through colloid phase transitions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model system; resonance; glass
AB The molecular architecture of - and biochemical processes within - cell membranes play important roles in all living organisms, with many drugs and infectious disease agents targeting membranes. Experimental studies of biochemical reactions on membrane surfaces are challenging, as they require a membrane environment that is fluid ( like cell membranes) but nevertheless allows for the efficient detection and characterization of molecular interactions. One approach uses lipid membranes supported on solid substrates such as silica or polymers(1,2): although the membrane is trapped near the solid interface, it retains natural fluidity and biological functionality(3) and can be implanted with membrane proteins for functional studies(4). But the detection of molecular interactions involving membrane-bound species generally requires elaborate techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance(5) or total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy(6). Here we demonstrate that colloidal phase transitions of membrane-coated silica beads provide a simple and label-free method for monitoring molecular interactions on lipid membrane surfaces. By adjusting the lipid membrane composition and hence the pair interaction potential between the membrane-supporting silica beads, we poise our system near a phase transition so that small perturbations on the membrane surface induce dramatic changes in the macroscopic organization of the colloid. We expect that this approach, used here to probe with high sensitivity protein binding events at membrane surfaces, can be applied to study a broad range of cell membrane processes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Groves, JT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM JTGroves@lbl.gov
NR 16
TC 198
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/nature02209
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900031
PM 14712272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lilley, BN
   Ploegh, HL
AF Lilley, BN
   Ploegh, HL
TI A membrane protein required for dislocation of misfolded proteins from the ER
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum degradation; i heavy-chains; quality-control; retro-translocation; proteasome; transport; cytosol; reveals; peptide; us11
AB After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER), proteins that fail to fold there are destroyed. Through a process termed dislocation such misfolded proteins arrive in the cytosol, where ubiquitination, deglycosylation and finally proteasomal proteolysis dispense with the unwanted polypeptides. The machinery involved in the extraction of misfolded proteins from the ER is poorly defined. The human cytomegalovirus-encoded glycoproteins US2 and US11 catalyse the dislocation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products, resulting in their rapid degradation. Here we show that US11 uses its transmembrane domain to recruit class I MHC products to a human homologue of yeast Der1p, a protein essential for the degradation of a subset of misfolded ER proteins. We show that this protein, Derlin-1, is essential for the degradation of class I MHC molecules catalysed by US11, but not by US2. We conclude that Derlin-1 is an important factor for the extraction of certain aberrantly folded proteins from the mammalian ER.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ploegh, HL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM ploegh@hms.harvard.edu
NR 48
TC 571
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 834
EP 840
DI 10.1038/nature02592
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000032
PM 15215855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wendel, HG
   de Stanchina, E
   Fridman, JS
   Malina, A
   Ray, S
   Kogan, S
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Pelletier, J
   Lowe, SW
AF Wendel, HG
   de Stanchina, E
   Fridman, JS
   Malina, A
   Ray, S
   Kogan, S
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Pelletier, J
   Lowe, SW
TI Survival signalling by Akt and eIF4E in oncogenesis and cancer therapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translational control; mtor; pten; p53; protein; chemoresistance; inhibition; apoptosis; rapamycin; tumors
AB Evading apoptosis is considered to be a hallmark of cancer, because mutations in apoptotic regulators invariably accompany tumorigenesis(1). Many chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis, and so disruption of apoptosis during tumour evolution can promote drug resistance(2). For example, Akt is an apoptotic regulator that is activated in many cancers and may promote drug resistance in vitro(3). Nevertheless, how Akt disables apoptosis and its contribution to clinical drug resistance are unclear. Using a murine lymphoma model, we show that Akt promotes tumorigenesis and drug resistance by disrupting apoptosis, and that disruption of Akt signalling using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reverses chemoresistance in lymphomas expressing Akt, but not in those with other apoptotic defects. eIF4E, a translational regulator that acts downstream of Akt and mTOR, recapitulates Akt's action in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, but is unable to confer sensitivity to rapamycin and chemotherapy. These results establish Akt signalling through mTOR and eIF4E as an important mechanism of oncogenesis and drug resistance in vivo, and reveal how targeting apoptotic programmes can restore drug sensitivity in a genotype-dependent manner.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; McGill University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Lowe, SW (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM lowe@cshl.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 845
Z9 987
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 332
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature02369
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200047
PM 15029198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raya, A
   Kawakami, Y
   Rodríguez-Esteban, C
   Ibañes, M
   Rasskin-Gutman, D
   Rodríguez-León, J
   Büscher, D
   Feijo, J
   Belmonte, JCI
AF Raya, A
   Kawakami, Y
   Rodríguez-Esteban, C
   Ibañes, M
   Rasskin-Gutman, D
   Rodríguez-León, J
   Büscher, D
   Feijo, J
   Belmonte, JCI
TI Notch activity acts as a sensor for extracellular calcium during vertebrate left-right determination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; lunatic-fringe; segmentation clock; pattern-formation; nodal expression; chick-embryo; glycosyltransferase; establishment; inhibition; mechanisms
AB During vertebrate embryo development, the breaking of the initial bilateral symmetry is translated into asymmetric gene expression around the node and/or in the lateral plate mesoderm. The earliest conserved feature of this asymmetric gene expression cascade is the left-sided expression of Nodal, which depends on the activity of the Notch signalling pathway. Here we present a mathematical model describing the dynamics of the Notch signalling pathway during chick embryo gastrulation, which reveals a complex and highly robust genetic network that locally activates Notch on the left side of Hensen's node. We identify the source of the asymmetric activation of Notch as a transient accumulation of extracellular calcium, which in turn depends on left right differences in H+/K+-ATPase activity. Our results uncover a mechanism by which the Notch signalling pathway translates asymmetry in epigenetic factors into asymmetric gene expression around the node.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Inst Gulbenkian Ciencias, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Biotecnol Vegetal, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal.
C3 Salk Institute; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia; Universidade de Lisboa
RP Belmonte, JCI (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM belmonte@salk.edu
NR 50
TC 190
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 121
EP 128
DI 10.1038/nature02190
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900027
PM 14712268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Isshiki, M
   Irifune, T
   Hirose, K
   Ono, S
   Ohishi, Y
   Watanuki, T
   Nishibori, E
   Takata, M
   Sakata, M
AF Isshiki, M
   Irifune, T
   Hirose, K
   Ono, S
   Ohishi, Y
   Watanuki, T
   Nishibori, E
   Takata, M
   Sakata, M
TI Stability of magnesite and its high-pressure form in the lowermost mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earth; diamond; system; origin; carbon; gpa
AB Carbonates are important constituents of marine sediments and play a fundamental role in the recycling of carbon into the Earth's deep interior via subduction of oceanic crust and sediments(1-3). Study of the stability of carbonates under high pressure and temperature is thus important for modelling the carbon budget in the entire Earth system. Such studies, however, have rarely been performed under appropriate lower-mantle conditions and no experimental data exist at pressures greater than 80 GPa (refs 3-6). Here we report an in situ X-ray diffraction study of the stability of magnesite (MgCO3), which is the major component of subducted carbonates, at pressure and temperature conditions approaching those of the core-mantle boundary. We found that magnesite transforms to an unknown form at pressures above similar to115 GPa and temperatures of 2,100-2,200 K (depths of similar to2,600 km) without any dissociation, suggesting that magnesite and its high-pressure form may be the major hosts for carbon throughout most parts of the Earth's lower mantle.
C1 Ehime Univ, Geodynam Res Ctr, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
   Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, IFREE, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
C3 Ehime University; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Nagoya University
RP Isshiki, M (corresponding author), Ehime Univ, Geodynam Res Ctr, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908577, Japan.
EM isshiki@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp; irifune@dpc.ehime-u.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 247
Z9 279
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature02181
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000032
PM 14702083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, XP
   Shao, M
   Kulkarni, SR
AF Pan, XP
   Shao, M
   Kulkarni, SR
TI A distance of 133-137 parsecs to the Pleiades star cluster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID palomar testbed interferometer; iii stellar interferometer; spectroscopic binary; lunar occultations; parallaxes; orbit
AB Nearby ' open' clusters of stars ( those that are not gravitationally bound) have played a crucial role in the development of stellar astronomy because, as a consequence of the stars having a common age, they provide excellent natural laboratories to test theoretical stellar models. Clusters also play a fundamental part in determining distance scales. The satellite Hipparcos(1) surprisingly found that an extensively studied open cluster - the Pleiades ( also known as the Seven Sisters) - had a distance of D = 118 +/- 4 pc ( refs 2, 3), about ten per cent smaller than the accepted value(4-6). The discrepancy generated a spirited debate because the implication(7) was that either current stellar models were incorrect by a surprising amount or Hipparcos was giving incorrect distances. Here we report the orbital parameters of the bright double star Atlas in the Pleiades, using long- baseline optical/ infrared interferometry. From the data we derive a firm lower bound of D > 127 pc, with the most likely range being 133 < D < 137 pc. Our result reaffirms the fidelity of current stellar models.
C1 CALTECH, Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM srk@anju.caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 72
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 326
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature02296
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200033
PM 14737161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheehan, PM
   Harris, MT
AF Sheehan, PM
   Harris, MT
TI Microbialite resurgence after the Late Ordovician extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass extinction; south china; stromatolites; carbonates; facy; basin; decline; record
AB Microbialites, including biogenic stromatolites, thrombolites and dendrolites, were formed by various microbial mats that trapped and bound sediments or formed the locus of mineral precipitation(1). Microbialites were common and diverse during the Proterozoic(2-4), but declined in abundance and morphological diversity when multicellular life diversified during the Cambrian Radiation. A second decline occurred during the Ordovician Radiation of marine animals, and from then until the present microbialites have been confined largely to high-stress environments where multicellular organisms are rare. The microbialite declines in the Phanerozoic are attributed to disruption of the mats by animals(2,5,6). A resurgence of stromatolite abundance and size during reduced animal diversity after the Permian extinction(7) has been documented anecdotally. Here we show, with statistical support, that a microbialite resurgence also occurred after the Late Ordovician extinction event in western North America. The resurgences were associated with loss of mat-inhibiting animals, providing insights into shallow-water community structures after extinction events.
C1 Milwaukee Publ Museum, Dept Geol, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol Sci, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
RP Sheehan, PM (corresponding author), Milwaukee Publ Museum, Dept Geol, 800 W Wells St, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA.
EM sheehan@uwm.edu
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 138
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature02654
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800045
PM 15229600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, JDJ
   Bertin, N
   Hao, T
   Goldberg, DS
   Berriz, GF
   Zhang, LV
   Dupuy, D
   Walhout, AJM
   Cusick, ME
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
AF Han, JDJ
   Bertin, N
   Hao, T
   Goldberg, DS
   Berriz, GF
   Zhang, LV
   Dupuy, D
   Walhout, AJM
   Cusick, ME
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
TI Evidence for dynamically organized modularity in the yeast protein-protein interaction network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genome; scale; identification; robustness; map
AB In apparently scale-free protein-protein interaction networks, or 'interactome' networks(1,2), most proteins interact with few partners, whereas a small but significant proportion of proteins, the 'hubs', interact with many partners. Both biological and nonbiological scale-free networks are particularly resistant to random node removal but are extremely sensitive to the targeted removal of hubs(1). A link between the potential scale-free topology of interactome networks and genetic robustness(3,4) seems to exist, because knockouts of yeast genes(5,6) encoding hubs are approximately threefold more likely to confer lethality than those of non-hubs(1). Here we investigate how hubs might contribute to robustness and other cellular properties for protein protein interactions dynamically regulated both in time and in space. We uncovered two types of hub: 'party' hubs, which interact with most of their partners simultaneously, and 'date' hubs, which bind their different partners at different times or locations. Both in silico studies of network connectivity and genetic interactions described in vivo support a model of organized modularity in which date hubs organize the proteome, connecting biological processes-or modules(7)-to each other, whereas party hubs function inside modules.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Vidal, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM marc_vidal@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 1373
Z9 1601
U1 0
U2 152
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 88
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature02555
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800049
PM 15190252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prangé, R
   Pallier, L
   Hansen, KC
   Howard, R
   Vourlidas, A
   Courtin, G
   Parkinson, C
AF Prangé, R
   Pallier, L
   Hansen, KC
   Howard, R
   Vourlidas, A
   Courtin, G
   Parkinson, C
TI An interplanetary shock traced by planetary auroral storms from the Sun to Saturn
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extreme ultraviolet observations; solar-wind; kilometric radiation; voyager-1 encounter; radio-emission; convection; dynamics; jupiter; camera; field
AB A relationship between solar activity and aurorae on Earth was postulated(1,2) long before space probes directly detected plasma propagating outwards from the Sun(3). Violent solar eruption events trigger interplanetary shocks(4) that compress Earth's magnetosphere, leading to increased energetic particle precipitation into the ionosphere and subsequent auroral storms(5,6). Monitoring shocks is now part of the 'Space Weather' forecast programme aimed at predicting solar-activity-related environmental hazards. The outer planets also experience aurorae, and here we report the discovery of a strong transient polar emission on Saturn, tentatively attributed to the passage of an interplanetary shock - and ultimately to a series of solar coronal mass ejection (CME) events. We could trace the shock-triggered events from Earth, where auroral storms were recorded, to Jupiter, where the auroral activity was strongly enhanced, and to Saturn, where it activated the unusual polar source. This establishes that shocks retain their properties and their ability to trigger planetary auroral activity thoughout the Solar System. Our results also reveal differences in the planetary auroral responses on the passing shock, especially in their latitudinal and local time dependences.
C1 Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Prangé, R (corresponding author), Observ Paris, LESIA, 5 Pl Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France.
EM renee.prange@obspm.fr
NR 29
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature02986
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900041
PM 15525983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yue, YZ
   Angell, CA
AF Yue, YZ
   Angell, CA
TI Clarifying the glass-transition behaviour of water by comparison with hyperquenched inorganic glasses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amorphous solid water; heat-capacity changes; liquid water; enthalpy relaxation; aqueous-solutions; cubic ice; t-g; fictive temperature; crystallization; fragility
AB The formation of glasses is normal for substances that remain liquid over a wide temperature range (the 'good glassformers') and can be induced for most liquids if cooling is fast enough to bypass crystallization. During reheating but still below the melting point, good glassformers exhibit glass transitions as they abruptly transform into supercooled liquids, whereas other substances transform directly from the glassy to the crystalline state. Whether water exhibits a glass transition before crystallization has been much debated over five decades(1,2-6). For the last 20 years, the existence of a glass transition at 136 K (ref. 3) has been widely accepted(2-4), but the transition exhibits qualities difficult to reconcile with our current knowledge of glass transitions(2,5,6). Here we report detailed calorimetric characterizations of hyperquenched inorganic glasses that, when heated, do not crystallize before reaching their glass transition temperatures. We compare our results to the behaviour of glassy water and find that small endothermic effects, such as the one attributed to the glass transition of water, are only a 'shadow' of the real glass transition occurring at higher temperatures, thus substantiating the conclusion(6) that the glass transition of water cannot be probed directly.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Aalborg, Sect Chem, Dept Life Sci, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Aalborg University
RP Angell, CA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM caa@asu.edu
NR 32
TC 239
Z9 255
U1 4
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 717
EP 720
DI 10.1038/nature02295
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000038
PM 14973480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU King, DA
AF King, DA
TI The scientific impact of nations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Off Sci & Technol, London SW1H 0ET, England.
RP King, DA (corresponding author), Off Sci & Technol, 1 Victoria St, London SW1H 0ET, England.
NR 11
TC 950
Z9 1075
U1 3
U2 166
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 311
EP 316
DI 10.1038/430311a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200031
PM 15254529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engel, A
   Thoms, S
   Riebesell, U
   Rochelle-Newall, E
   Zondervan, I
AF Engel, A
   Thoms, S
   Riebesell, U
   Rochelle-Newall, E
   Zondervan, I
TI Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transparent exopolymer particles; matter; fluxes; particulate; respiration; nitrogen; tep
AB The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean(1). Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected(2,3). Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Stn Zool, Lab Oceanog Villefrance Mer, F-06234 Villefranche Sur Mer, France.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Sorbonne Universite
RP Engel, A (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM anja.engel@stonybrook.edu; sthoms@awi-bremerhaven.de
NR 30
TC 307
Z9 342
U1 6
U2 144
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 929
EP 932
DI 10.1038/nature02453
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000037
PM 15118723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oganov, AR
   Ono, S
AF Oganov, AR
   Ono, S
TI Theoretical and experimental evidence for a post-perovskite phase of MgSiO3 in Earth's D" layer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower mantle; aluminous phase; stability; pressure; base; discontinuity; anisotropy; equation; velocity; state
AB The Earth's lower mantle is believed to be composed mainly of (Mg, Fe) SiO3 perovskite, with lesser amounts of (Mg,Fe)O and CaSiO3 (ref. 1). But it has not been possible to explain many unusual properties of the lowermost similar to150 km of the mantle (the D" layer) with this mineralogy. Here, using ab initio simulations and high-pressure experiments, we show that at pressures and temperatures of the D" layer, MgSiO3 transforms from perovskite into a layered CaIrO3-type post-perovskite phase. The elastic properties of the post-perovskite phase and its stability field explain several observed puzzling properties of the D" layer: its seismic anisotropy(2), the strongly undulating shear-wave discontinuity at its top(3-6) and possibly the anticorrelation between shear and bulk sound velocities(7,8).
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Mat, Crystallog Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Frontier Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC)
RP Oganov, AR (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Dept Mat, Crystallog Lab, Wolfgang Pauli Str 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM a.oganov@mat.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 807
Z9 903
U1 0
U2 185
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 445
EP 448
DI 10.1038/nature02701
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400040
PM 15269766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakamura, D
   Gunjishima, I
   Yamaguchi, S
   Ito, T
   Okamoto, A
   Kondo, H
   Onda, S
   Takatori, K
AF Nakamura, D
   Gunjishima, I
   Yamaguchi, S
   Ito, T
   Okamoto, A
   Kondo, H
   Onda, S
   Takatori, K
TI Ultrahigh-quality silicon carbide single crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sublimation growth; degradation; micropipes; pin; 6h
AB Silicon carbide (SiC) has a range of useful physical, mechanical and electronic properties that make it a promising material for next-generation electronic devices(1,2). Careful consideration of the thermal conditions(3-6) in which SiC {0001} is grown has resulted in improvements in crystal diameter and quality: the quantity of macroscopic defects such as hollow core dislocations (micropipes)(7-9), inclusions, small-angle boundaries and long-range lattice warp has been reduced(10,11). But some macroscopic defects (about 1-10 cm(-2)) and a large density of elementary dislocations (similar to10(4) cm(-2)), such as edge, basal plane and screw dislocations, remain within the crystal, and have so far prevented the realization of high-efficiency, reliable electronic devices in SiC (refs 12-16). Here we report a method, inspired by the dislocation structure of SiC grown perpendicular to the c-axis (a-face growth)(17), to reduce the number of dislocations in SiC single crystals by two to three orders of magnitude, rendering them virtually dislocation-free. These substrates will promote the development of high-power SiC devices and reduce energy losses of the resulting electrical systems.
C1 Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
   DENSO Corp, Res Labs, Aichi 4700111, Japan.
C3 Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc; DENSO
RP Takatori, K (corresponding author), Toyota Cent Res & Dev Labs Inc, Aichi 4801192, Japan.
EM takatori@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp
NR 22
TC 362
Z9 426
U1 8
U2 304
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1009
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/nature02810
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900038
PM 15329716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Field, J
   Brace, S
AF Field, J
   Brace, S
TI Pre-social benefits of extended parental care
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bledius-spectabilis; parasitism; evolution; wasp; hymenoptera; advantage; bees
AB The evolution of helping, in which some individuals forfeit their own reproduction and help others to reproduce, is a central problem in evolutionary biology. Recently proposed insurance-based mechanisms rely on a pre-existing life history with a long period of offspring dependency relative to the short life expectancies of adult carers(1-4): a lone mother's offspring are doomed if she dies young, whereas after a helper dies, other group members can finish rearing the offspring(5,6). A critical question, however, is how this life history could evolve in ancestral non-social populations, as offspring survival would then depend on a single, short-lived carer. Here, we resolve this paradox by focusing on the extended parental care inherent in prolonged dependency. We show experimentally that in non-social wasps, extended care can significantly reduce the impact of interspecific parasites. Under extended care, offspring are less vulnerable by the time they are exposed to parasites, and costs of parasitism are reduced because mothers have the option to terminate investment in failing offspring. By experimentally simulating aspects of extended care in a species where it is lacking, we demonstrate that neither benefit requires specialized behaviour. Such benefits could therefore offset the disadvantage of prolonged dependency in non-social species, thereby facilitating the evolution of helping.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Field, J (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Wolfson House,4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM jeremy.field@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 55
Z9 57
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 650
EP 652
DI 10.1038/nature02427
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200043
PM 15071594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rugar, D
   Budakian, R
   Mamin, HJ
   Chui, BW
AF Rugar, D
   Budakian, R
   Mamin, HJ
   Chui, BW
TI Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cantilevers; relaxation
AB Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well known as a powerful technique for visualizing subsurface structures with three-dimensional spatial resolution. Pushing the resolution below 1 mum remains a major challenge, however, owing to the sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. Currently, the smallest volume elements in an image must contain at least 10(12) nuclear spins for MRI-based microscopy(1), or 10(7) electron spins for electron spin resonance microscopy(2). Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) was proposed as a means to improve detection sensitivity to the single-spin level, and thus enable three-dimensional imaging of macromolecules ( for example, proteins) with atomic resolution(3,4). MRFM has also been proposed as a qubit readout device for spin-based quantum computers(5,6). Here we report the detection of an individual electron spin by MRFM. A spatial resolution of 25 nm in one dimension was obtained for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide. The measured signal is consistent with a model in which the spin is aligned parallel or anti-parallel to the effective field, with a rotating-frame relaxation time of 760 ms. The long relaxation time suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Rugar, D (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
EM rugar@almaden.ibm.com
NR 29
TC 1366
Z9 1627
U1 5
U2 305
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature02658
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200035
PM 15254532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irigoien, X
   Huisman, J
   Harris, RP
AF Irigoien, X
   Huisman, J
   Harris, RP
TI Global biodiversity patterns of marine phytoplankton and zooplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID productivity; diversity; competition; resources; growth
AB Although the oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface, our knowledge of biodiversity patterns in marine phytoplankton and zooplankton is very limited compared to that of the biodiversity of plants and herbivores in the terrestrial world. Here, we present biodiversity data for marine plankton assemblages from different areas of the world ocean. Similar to terrestrial vegetation(1-3), marine phytoplankton diversity is a unimodal function of phytoplankton biomass, with maximum diversity at intermediate levels of phytoplankton biomass and minimum diversity during massive blooms. Contrary to expectation, we did not find a relation between phytoplankton diversity and zooplankton diversity. Zooplankton diversity is a unimodal function of zooplankton biomass. Most strikingly, these marine biodiversity patterns show a worldwide consistency, despite obvious differences in environmental conditions of the various oceanographic regions. These findings may serve as a new benchmark in the search for global biodiversity patterns of plants and herbivores.
C1 AZTI, Arrantza Elikaigintzarako Inst Teknol, Harrera Kaia Portualdea, Pasaia 20110, Spain.
   Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 3DH, Devon, England.
C3 AZTI; University of Amsterdam; Plymouth Marine Laboratory
RP Irigoien, X (corresponding author), AZTI, Arrantza Elikaigintzarako Inst Teknol, Harrera Kaia Portualdea, Pasaia 20110, Spain.
EM xirigoien@pas.azti.es
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/O/S/2001/00680] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 359
Z9 410
U1 7
U2 281
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 863
EP 867
DI 10.1038/nature02593
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000039
PM 15215862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, E
   Chan, MHW
AF Kim, E
   Chan, MHW
TI Probable observation of a supersolid helium phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; porous vycor glass; confined geometry; he-4 films; solidification; superfluidity; transition
AB When liquid He-4 is cooled below 2.176 K, it undergoes a phase transition-Bose-Einstein condensation-and becomes a superfluid with zero viscosity(1). Once in such a state, it can flow without dissipation even through pores of atomic dimensions. Although it is intuitive to associate superflow only with the liquid phase(2), it has been proposed theoretically(3-5) that superflow can also occur in the solid phase of He-4. Owing to quantum mechanical fluctuations, delocalized vacancies and defects are expected to be present in crystalline solid He-4, even in the limit of zero temperature. These zero-point vacancies can in principle allow the appearance of superfluidity in the solid(3,4). However, in spite of many attempts(6), such a 'supersolid' phase has yet to be observed in bulk solid He-4. Here we report torsional oscillator measurements on solid helium confined in a porous medium, a configuration that is likely to be more heavily populated with vacancies than bulk helium. We find an abrupt drop in the rotational inertia(5) of the confined solid below a certain critical temperature. The most likely interpretation of the inertia drop is entry into the supersolid phase. If confirmed, our results show that all three states of matter-gas(7), liquid(1) and solid-can undergo Bose Einstein condensation.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Chan, MHW (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, 104 Davey Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM chan@phys.psu.edu
NR 21
TC 795
Z9 853
U1 1
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 225
EP 227
DI 10.1038/nature02220
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100037
PM 14724632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gally, C
   Eimer, S
   Richmond, JE
   Bessereau, JL
AF Gally, C
   Eimer, S
   Richmond, JE
   Bessereau, JL
TI A transmembrane protein required for acetylcholine receptor clustering in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID levamisole resistance; ampa receptors; cub-domain; gene; gaba; mutants; synapse; module
AB Clustering neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse is crucial for efficient neurotransmission. Here we identify a Caenorhabditis elegans locus, lev-10, required for postsynaptic aggregation of ionotropic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). lev-10 mutants were identified on the basis of weak resistance to the anthelminthic drug levamisole, a nematode-specific cholinergic agonist that activates AChRs present at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) resulting in muscle hypercontraction and death at high concentrations(1-3). In lev-10 mutants, the density of levamisole-sensitive AChRs at NMJs is markedly reduced, yet the number of functional AChRs present at the muscle cell surface remains unchanged. LEV-10 is a transmembrane protein localized to cholinergic NMJs and required in body-wall muscles for AChR clustering. We also show that the LEV-10 extracellular region, containing five predicted CUB domains and one LDLa domain, is sufficient to rescue AChR aggregation in lev-10 mutants. This suggests a mechanism for AChR clustering that relies on extracellular protein - protein interactions. Such a mechanism is likely to be evolutionarily conserved because CUB/LDL transmembrane proteins similar to LEV-10, but lacking any assigned function, are expressed in the mammalian nervous system and might be used to cluster ionotropic receptors in vertebrates.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, INSERM, U497, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP Bessereau, JL (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, INSERM, U497, 46 Rue Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM jlbesse@wotan.ens.fr
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS041477, R01NS41477-03] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 121
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 578
EP 582
DI 10.1038/nature02893
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700049
PM 15457263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klausner, R
   Alonso, P
AF Klausner, R
   Alonso, P
TI An attack on all fronts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID placebo-controlled trial; global fund; malaria
C1 Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, Global Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
   Ctr Invest Saude Manhica, Manhica, Mozambique.
   Univ Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Hosp Clin, Ctr Int Hlth, E-08007 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica; University of Barcelona; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS
RP Klausner, R (corresponding author), Bill & Melinda Gates Fdn, Global Hlth Program, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
NR 8
TC 13
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 930
EP 931
DI 10.1038/430930a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800055
PM 15318232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sung, SB
   Amasino, RM
AF Sung, SB
   Amasino, RM
TI Vernalization in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by the PHD finger protein VIN3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flowering-locus-c; dna methylation; molecular-basis; frigida; gene; mutations; phenotype; repressor; acts
AB In biennials and winter annuals, flowering is typically blocked in the first growing season. Exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, through a process called vernalization, is required to alleviate this block and permit flowering in the second growing season(1). In winter-annual types of Arabidopsis thaliana, a flowering repressor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), is expressed at levels that inhibit flowering in the first growing season(2). Vernalization promotes flowering by causing a repression of FLC that is mitotically stable after return to warmgrowing conditions(2). Here we identify a gene with a function in the measurement of the duration of cold exposure and in the establishment of the vernalized state. We show that this silencing involves changes in the modification of histones in FLC chromatin.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Amasino, RM (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM amasino@biochem.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 709
Z9 853
U1 3
U2 195
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 159
EP 164
DI 10.1038/nature02195
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900036
PM 14712276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, YH
   Shibata, Y
   Yun, C
   Ron, D
   Rapoport, TA
AF Ye, YH
   Shibata, Y
   Yun, C
   Ron, D
   Rapoport, TA
TI A membrane protein complex mediates retro-translocation from the ER lumen into the cytosol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum degradation; i heavy-chains; aaa-atpase; disulfide-isomerase; misfolded glycoproteins; caenorhabditis-elegans; quality-control; retrotranslocation; dislocation; recognition
AB Elimination of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retro-translocation is an important physiological adaptation to ER stress. This process requires recognition of a substrate in the ER lumen and its subsequent movement through the membrane by the cytosolic p97 ATPase. Here we identify a p97-interacting membrane protein complex in the mammalian ER that links these two events. The central component of the complex, Derlin-1, is a homologue of Der1, a yeast protein whose inactivation prevents the elimination of misfolded luminal ER proteins. Derlin-1 associates with different substrates as they move through the membrane, and inactivation of Derlin-1 in C. elegans causes ER stress. Derlin-1 interacts with US11, a virally encoded ER protein that specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains for export from the ER, as well as with VIMP, a novel membrane protein that recruits the p97 ATPase and its cofactor.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; New York University
RP Rapoport, TA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tom_rapoport@hms.harvard.edu
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [ZIADK033008] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 40
TC 812
Z9 982
U1 2
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 841
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature02656
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000033
PM 15215856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwender, J
   Goffman, F
   Ohlrogge, JB
   Shachar-Hill, Y
AF Schwender, J
   Goffman, F
   Ohlrogge, JB
   Shachar-Hill, Y
TI Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brassica-napus embryos; metabolic networks; flux; oilseeds; pathway
AB Efficient storage of carbon in seeds is crucial to plant fitness and to agricultural productivity. Oil is a major reserve material in most seeds(1), and these oils provide the largest source of renewable reduced carbon chains available from nature. However, the conversion of carbohydrate to oil through glycolysis results in the loss of one-third of the carbon as CO2. Here we show that, in developing embryos of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape), Rubisco ( ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) acts without the Calvin cycle(2) and in a previously undescribed metabolic context to increase the efficiency of carbon use during the formation of oil. In comparison with glycolysis, the metabolic conversion we describe provides 20% more acetyl-CoA for fatty-acid synthesis and results in 40% less loss of carbon as CO2. Our conclusions are based on measurements of mass balance, enzyme activity and stable isotope labelling, as well as an analysis of elementary flux modes.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Schwender, J (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM schwend2@msu.edu
NR 11
TC 387
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 779
EP 782
DI 10.1038/nature03145
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200054
PM 15592419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Provenzano, V
   Shapiro, AJ
   Shull, RD
AF Provenzano, V
   Shapiro, AJ
   Shull, RD
TI Reduction of hysteresis losses in the magnetic refrigerant Gd5Ge2Si2 by the addition of iron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition
AB The magnetocaloric effect is the change in temperature of a material as a result of the alignment of its magnetic spins that occurs on exposure to an external magnetic field. The phenomenon forms the basis for magnetic refrigeration, a concept purported to be more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional refrigeration systems(1-5). In 1997, a 'giant' magnetocaloric effect, between 270 K and 300 K, was reported in Gd5Ge2Si2, demonstrating its potential as a near-room-temperature magnetic refrigerant(6-8). However, large hysteretic losses ( which make magnetic refrigeration less efficient) occur in the same temperature range(8,9). Here we report the reduction (by more than 90 per cent) of these hysteretic losses by alloying the compound with a small amount of iron. This has the additional benefit of shifting the magnetic entropy change peak ( a measure of the refrigerator's optimal operating temperature) from 275 K to 305 K, and broadening its width. Although the addition of iron does not significantly affect the refrigerant capacity of the material, a greater net capacity is obtained for the iron-containing alloy when the hysteresis losses are accounted for. The iron-containing alloy is thus a much-improved magnetic refrigerant for near-room-temperature applications.
C1 NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Provenzano, V (corresponding author), NIST, Magnet Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS-8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
EM virgil12@nist.gov
NR 19
TC 785
Z9 841
U1 2
U2 222
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 853
EP 857
DI 10.1038/nature02657
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000036
PM 15215859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huber, TL
   Kouskoff, V
   Fehling, HJ
   Palis, J
   Keller, G
AF Huber, TL
   Kouskoff, V
   Fehling, HJ
   Palis, J
   Keller, G
TI Haemangioblast commitment is initiated in the primitive streak of the mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID definitive hematopoiesis; cell-differentiation; expression pattern; common precursor; mesodermal cells; smooth-muscle; yolk-sac; gene; flk-1; erythropoiesis
AB Haematopoietic and vascular cells are thought to arise from a common progenitor called the haemangioblast. Support for this concept has been provided by embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation studies that identified the blast colony-forming cell (BL-CFC), a progenitor with both haematopoietic and vascular potential(1,2). Using conditions that support the growth of BL-CFCs, we identify comparable progenitors that can form blast cell colonies (displaying haematopoietic and vascular potential) in gastrulating mouse embryos. Cell mixing and limiting dilution analyses provide evidence that these colonies are clonal, indicating that they develop from a progenitor with haemangioblast potential. Embryo-derived haemangioblasts are first detected at the mid-streak stage of gastrulation and peak in number during the neural plate stage. Analysis of embryos carrying complementary DNA of the green fluorescent protein targeted to the brachyury locus demonstrates that the haemangioblast is a subpopulation of mesoderm that co-expresses brachyury ( also known as T) and Flk-1 (also known as Kdr). Detailed mapping studies reveal that haemangioblasts are found at highest frequency in the posterior region of the primitive streak, indicating that initial stages of haematopoietic and vascular commitment occur before blood island development in the yolk sac.
C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Gene & Cell Med, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Paterson Inst Canc Res, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
   Univ Clin, Fac Med, Dept Immunol, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
   Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Ctr Canc, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Ctr Human Genet & Mol Pediat Dis, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Paterson Institute for Cancer Research; Ulm University; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
RP Keller, G (corresponding author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Gene & Cell Med, New York, NY 10029 USA.
EM james_palis@urmc.rochester.edu; gordon.keller@mssm.edu
NR 28
TC 510
Z9 661
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 625
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature03122
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200047
PM 15577911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, CD
   Cameron, A
   Green, RE
   Bakkenes, M
   Beaumont, LJ
   Collingham, YC
   Erasmus, BFN
   de Siqueira, MF
   Grainger, A
   Hannah, L
   Hughes, L
   Huntley, B
   van Jaarsveld, AS
   Midgley, GF
   Miles, L
   Ortega-Huerta, MA
   Peterson, AT
   Phillips, OL
   Williams, SE
AF Thomas, CD
   Cameron, A
   Green, RE
   Bakkenes, M
   Beaumont, LJ
   Collingham, YC
   Erasmus, BFN
   de Siqueira, MF
   Grainger, A
   Hannah, L
   Hughes, L
   Huntley, B
   van Jaarsveld, AS
   Midgley, GF
   Miles, L
   Ortega-Huerta, MA
   Peterson, AT
   Phillips, OL
   Williams, SE
TI Extinction risk from climate change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; impacts; deforestation; co2; vulnerability
AB Climate change over the past similar to30 years has produced numerous shifts in the distributions and abundances of species(1,2) and has been implicated in one species-level extinction(3). Using projections of species' distributions for future climate scenarios, we assess extinction risks for sample regions that cover some 20% of the Earth's terrestrial surface. Exploring three approaches in which the estimated probability of extinction shows a powerlaw relationship with geographical range size, we predict, on the basis of mid-range climate-warming scenarios for 2050, that 15 - 37% of species in our sample of regions and taxa will be 'committed to extinction'. When the average of the three methods and two dispersal scenarios is taken, minimal climate-warming scenarios produce lower projections of species committed to extinction (similar to18%) than mid-range (similar to24%) and maximum-change (similar to35%) scenarios. These estimates show the importance of rapid implementation of technologies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for carbon sequestration.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Royal Soc Protect Birds, Sandy SG19 2DL, Beds, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Conservat Biol Grp, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands.
   Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Witwatersrand, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Ctr Referencia Informacao Ambiental, BR-13083885 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Zool, ZA-7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
   Natl Bot Inst, Kirstenbosch Res Ctr, Climate Change Res Grp, ZA-7735 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Unidad Occidente, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Kansas, Museum Nat Hist, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Cooperat Res Ctr Trop Rainforest Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 University of Leeds; Royal Society for Protection of Birds; University of Cambridge; Netherlands National Institute for Public Health & the Environment; Macquarie University; Durham University; University of Witwatersrand; University of Leeds; Conservation International; Stellenbosch University; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; University of Kansas; University of Kansas; James Cook University
RP Thomas, CD (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM c.d.thomas@leeds.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/B503384/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 5535
Z9 6780
U1 48
U2 6080
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 145
EP 148
DI 10.1038/nature02121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900033
PM 14712274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nóbrega, MA
   Zhu, YW
   Plajzer-Frick, I
   Afzal, V
   Rubin, EM
AF Nóbrega, MA
   Zhu, YW
   Plajzer-Frick, I
   Afzal, V
   Rubin, EM
TI Megabase deletions of gene deserts result in viable mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequence; expression; skeletal; interval; enhancer; number
AB The functional importance of the roughly 98% of mammalian genomes not corresponding to protein coding sequences remains largely undetermined(1). Here we show that some large-scale deletions of the non-coding DNA referred to as gene deserts(2-4) can be well tolerated by an organism. We deleted two large non-coding intervals, 1,511 kilobases and 845 kilobases in length, from the mouse genome. Viable mice homozygous for the deletions were generated and were indistinguishable from wildtype littermates with regard to morphology, reproductive fitness, growth, longevity and a variety of parameters assaying general homeostasis. Further detailed analysis of the expression of multiple genes bracketing the deletions revealed only minor expression differences in homozygous deletion and wild-type mice. Together, the two deleted segments harbour 1,243 non-coding sequences conserved between humans and rodents (more than 100 base pairs, 70% identity). Some of the deleted sequences might encode for functions unidentified in our screen; nonetheless, these studies further support the existence of potentially 'disposable DNA' in the genomes of mammals.
C1 DOE Joint Genome Inst Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genom Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Rubin, EM (corresponding author), DOE Joint Genome Inst Walnut Creek, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
EM emrubin@lbl.gov
NR 28
TC 136
Z9 176
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 988
EP 993
DI 10.1038/nature03022
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600045
PM 15496924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fukasawa, M
   Freeland, H
   Perkin, R
   Watanabe, T
   Uchida, H
   Nishina, A
AF Fukasawa, M
   Freeland, H
   Perkin, R
   Watanabe, T
   Uchida, H
   Nishina, A
TI Bottom water warming in the North Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID world ocean; scale
AB Observations of changes in the properties of ocean waters have been restricted to surface(1) or intermediate-depth waters(2,3), because the detection of change in bottom water is extremely difficult owing to the small magnitude of the expected signals. Nevertheless, temporal changes in the properties of such deep waters across an ocean basin are of particular interest, as they can be used to constrain the transport of water at the bottom of the ocean and to detect changes in the global thermohaline circulation. Here we present a comparison of a trans-Pacific survey completed in 1985 ( refs 4, 5) and its repetition in 1999 ( ref. 6). We find that the deepest waters of the North Pacific Ocean have warmed significantly across the entire width of the ocean basin. Our observations imply that changes in water properties are now detectable in water masses that have long been insulated from heat exchange with the atmosphere.
C1 Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Ocean Observat & Res Dept, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
   Fisheries Oceans Canada Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Japan Fisheries Agcy, Far Fisheries Lab, Shimizu, Shizuoka 4248633, Japan.
   Kagoshima Univ, Fac Fisheries, Kagoshima 8900056, Japan.
C3 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Japan Fisheries Research & Education Agency (FRA); Kagoshima University
RP Fukasawa, M (corresponding author), Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Ocean Observat & Res Dept, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
EM fksw@jamstec.go.jp; FreelandHj@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
NR 17
TC 111
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 825
EP 827
DI 10.1038/nature02337
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500035
PM 14985757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pool, JA
   Lobkovsky, E
   Chirik, PJ
AF Pool, JA
   Lobkovsky, E
   Chirik, PJ
TI Hydrogenation and cleavage of dinitrogen to ammonia with a zirconium complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dihydrogen; activation; reduction; molecule
AB Molecular nitrogen is relatively inert owing to the strength of its triple bond, nonpolarity and high ionization potential. As a result, the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia under mild conditions has remained a challenge to chemists for more than a century. Although the Haber-Bosch process produces over 100 million tons of ammonia annually(1) for the chemical industry and agriculture(2), it requires high temperature and pressure, in addition to a catalyst(3), to induce the combination of hydrogen (H-2) and nitrogen (N-2). Coordination of molecular nitrogen to transition metal complexes can activate and even rupture the strong N-N bond(4) under mild conditions, with protonation yielding ammonia in stoichiometric(5) and even catalytic yields(6). But the assembly of N-H bonds directly from H-2 and N-2 remains challenging: adding H-2 to a metal-N-2 complex results in the formation of N-2 and metal-hydrogen bonds or, in the case of one zirconium complex(7), in formation of one N-H bond and a bridging hydride. Here we extend our work on zirconium complexes containing cyclopentadienyl ligands(8,9) and show that adjustment of the ligands allows direct observation of N-H bond formation from N-2 and H-2. Subsequent warming of the complex cleaves the N-N bond at 45degreesC, and continued hydrogenation at 85degreesC results in complete fixation to ammonia.
C1 Cornell Univ, Baker Lab, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Chirik, PJ (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Baker Lab, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM pc92@cornell.edu
NR 19
TC 526
Z9 594
U1 8
U2 398
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 527
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature02274
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800037
PM 14765191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huxman, TE
   Smith, MD
   Fay, PA
   Knapp, AK
   Shaw, MR
   Loik, ME
   Smith, SD
   Tissue, DT
   Zak, JC
   Weltzin, JF
   Pockman, WT
   Sala, OE
   Haddad, BM
   Harte, J
   Koch, GW
   Schwinning, S
   Small, EE
   Williams, DG
AF Huxman, TE
   Smith, MD
   Fay, PA
   Knapp, AK
   Shaw, MR
   Loik, ME
   Smith, SD
   Tissue, DT
   Zak, JC
   Weltzin, JF
   Pockman, WT
   Sala, OE
   Haddad, BM
   Harte, J
   Koch, GW
   Schwinning, S
   Small, EE
   Williams, DG
TI Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states; elevated co2; ecosystems; productivity; dynamics; gradient; shrubs; steppe
AB Water availability limits plant growth and production in almost all terrestrial ecosystems(1-5). However, biomes differ substantially in sensitivity of aboveground net primary production ( ANPP) to between-year variation in precipitation(6-8). Average rain-use efficiency ( RUE; ANPP/precipitation) also varies between biomes, supposedly because of differences in vegetation structure and/or biogeochemical constraints(8). Here we show that RUE decreases across biomes as mean annual precipitation increases. However, during the driest years at each site, there is convergence to a common maximum RUE (RUEmax) that is typical of arid ecosystems. RUEmax was also identified by experimentally altering the degree of limitation by water and other resources. Thus, in years when water is most limiting, deserts, grasslands and forests all exhibit the same rate of biomass production per unit rainfall, despite differences in physiognomy and site-level RUE. Global climate models(9,10) predict increased between-year variability in precipitation, more frequent extreme drought events, and changes in temperature. Forecasts of future ecosystem behaviour should take into account this convergent feature of terrestrial biomes.
C1 Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Global Ecol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Biol Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
   Texas Tech Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, Dept Ecol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, IFEVA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Biosphere Ctr 2, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Yale University; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; Texas Tech University System; Texas Tech University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of New Mexico; University of Buenos Aires; University of Buenos Aires; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Northern Arizona University; Columbia University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Wyoming
RP Huxman, TE (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM huxman@email.arizona.edu; melinda.smith@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 1035
Z9 1216
U1 35
U2 711
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature02561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600038
PM 15190350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, DE
   Holcombe, M
   Ratnieks, FLW
AF Jackson, DE
   Holcombe, M
   Ratnieks, FLW
TI Trail geometry gives polarity to ant foraging networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-model; orientation; hymenoptera
AB Pheromone trails are used by many ants to guide foragers between nest and food(1-4). But how does a forager that has become displaced from a trail know which way to go on rejoining the trail? A laden forager, for example, should walk towards the nest. Polarized trails would enable ants to choose the appropriate direction, thereby saving time and reducing predation risk. However, previous research has found no evidence that ants can detect polarity from the pheromone trail alone(3,5-7). Pharaoh's ants (Monomorium pharaonis) produce elaborate trail networks throughout their foraging environment(8). Here we show that by using information from the geometry of trail bifurcations within this network, foragers joining a trail can adaptively reorientate themselves if they initially walk in the wrong direction. The frequency of correct reorientations is maximized when the trail bifurcation angle is approximately 60 degrees, as found in natural networks. These are the first data to demonstrate how ant trails can themselves provide polarity information. They also demonstrate previously unsuspected sophistication in the organization and information content of networks in insect societies.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Comp Sci, Sheffield S1 4DP, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S1 4DP, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield
RP Jackson, DE (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Comp Sci, Sheffield S1 4DP, S Yorkshire, England.
EM duncan@dcs.sheffield.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 137
Z9 158
U1 4
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 907
EP 909
DI 10.1038/nature03105
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500054
PM 15602563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Che, S
   Liu, Z
   Ohsuna, T
   Sakamoto, K
   Terasaki, O
   Tatsumi, T
AF Che, S
   Liu, Z
   Ohsuna, T
   Sakamoto, K
   Terasaki, O
   Tatsumi, T
TI Synthesis and characterization of chiral mesoporous silica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catalysis; zeolite
AB Chirality is widely expressed in organic materials, perhaps most notably in biological molecules such as DNA, and in proteins, owing to the homochirality of their components (D-sugars and L-amino acids). But the occurrence of large-scale chiral pores in inorganic materials is rare(1). Although some progress has been made in strategies to synthesize helical and chiral zeolite-like materials(1-3), the synthesis of enantiomerically pure mesoporous materials is a challenge that remains unsolved(4). Here we report the surfactant-templated synthesis of ordered chiral mesoporous silica, together with a general approach for the structural analysis of chiral mesoporous crystals by electron microscopy. The material that we have synthesized has a twisted hexagonal rodlike morphology, with diameter 130-180 nm and length 1-6 mum. Transmission electron microscopy combined with computer simulations confirm the presence of hexagonally ordered chiral channels of 2.2 nm diameter winding around the central axis of the rods. Our findings could lead to new uses for mesoporous silica and other chiral pore materials in, for example, catalysis and separation media, where both shape selectivity and enantio-selectivity(5) can be applied to the manufacturing of enantiomerically pure chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
C1 Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Chem & Chem Technol, Dept Chem, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China.
   Bussan Nanotech Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   Univ Stockholm, Arrhenius Lab, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Ajinomoto Co Inc, AminoSci Lab, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2108681, Japan.
   Yokohama Natl Univ, Fac Engn, Div Mat Sci & Chem Engn, JST,CREST, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2408501, Japan.
C3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Stockholm University; Ajinomoto Co Inc; Yokohama National University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Che, S (corresponding author), Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Chem & Chem Technol, Dept Chem, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China.
EM chesa@sjtu.edu.cn
NR 12
TC 746
Z9 820
U1 5
U2 754
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature02529
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900038
PM 15152248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gibbons, DL
   Vaney, MC
   Roussel, A
   Vigouroux, A
   Reilly, B
   Lepault, J
   Kielian, M
   Rey, FA
AF Gibbons, DL
   Vaney, MC
   Roussel, A
   Vigouroux, A
   Reilly, B
   Lepault, J
   Kielian, M
   Rey, FA
TI Conformational change and protein protein interactions of the fusion protein of Semliki Forest virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-fusion; influenza hemagglutinin; pore formation; cytoplasmic tail; hemifusion; crystallography; glycoprotein; activation; pathway; entry
AB Fusion of biological membranes is mediated by specific lipid- interacting proteins that induce the formation and expansion of an initial fusion pore. Here we report the crystal structure of the ectodomain of the Semliki Forest virus fusion glycoprotein E1 in its low- pH- induced trimeric form. E1 adopts a folded- back conformation that, in the final post- fusion form of the full- length protein, would bring the fusion peptide loop and the transmembrane anchor to the same end of a stable protein rod. The observed conformation of the fusion peptide loop is compatible with interactions only with the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Crystal contacts between fusion peptide loops of adjacent E1 trimers, together with electron microscopy observations, suggest that in an early step of membrane fusion, an intermediate assembly of five trimers creates two opposing nipple- like deformations in the viral and target membranes, leading to formation of the fusion pore.
C1 INRA, CNRS, UMR 2472 1157, 1 Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Kielian, M (corresponding author), INRA, CNRS, UMR 2472 1157, 1 Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM kielian@aecom.yu.edu; rey@vms.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 42
TC 304
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 320
EP 325
DI 10.1038/nature02239
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200032
PM 14737160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, D
   Cane, MA
   Kaplan, A
   Zebiak, SE
   Huang, DJ
AF Chen, D
   Cane, MA
   Kaplan, A
   Zebiak, SE
   Huang, DJ
TI Predictability of El Nino over the past 148 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-oscillation; optimal-growth; coupled model; la-nina; enso; prediction; forecasts; pacific; onset; skill
AB Forecasts of El Nino climate events are routinely provided and distributed, but the limits of El Nino predictability are still the subject of debate. Some recent studies suggest that the predictability is largely limited by the effects of high-frequency atmospheric 'noise'(1-7), whereas others emphasize limitations arising from the growth of initial errors in model simulations(8-10). Here we present retrospective forecasts of the interannual climate fluctuations in the tropical Pacific Ocean for the period 1857 to 2003, using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The model successfully predicts all prominent El Nino events within this period at lead times of up to two years. Our analysis suggests that the evolution of El Nino is controlled to a larger degree by self-sustaining internal dynamics than by stochastic forcing. Model-based prediction of El Nino therefore depends more on the initial conditions than on unpredictable atmospheric noise. We conclude that throughout the past century, El Nino has been more predictable than previously envisaged.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   State Ocean Adm, Lab Ocean Dynam Proc & Satellite Oceanog, Hangzhou, Peoples R China.
C3 Columbia University
RP Chen, D (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM dchen@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 444
Z9 511
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/nature02439
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800034
PM 15085127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grützner, F
   Rens, W
   Tsend-Ayush, E
   El-Mogharbel, N
   O'Brien, PCM
   Jones, RC
   Ferguson-Smith, MA
   Graves, JAM
AF Grützner, F
   Rens, W
   Tsend-Ayush, E
   El-Mogharbel, N
   O'Brien, PCM
   Jones, RC
   Ferguson-Smith, MA
   Graves, JAM
TI In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID determining region; y-chromosome; dmrt1; monotremata; differentiation; marsupials; evolution; system; medaka; dna
AB Two centuries after the duck-billed platypus was discovered, monotreme chromosome systems remain deeply puzzling. Karyotypes of males(1), or of both sexes(2-4), were claimed to contain several unpaired chromosomes ( including the X chromosome) that form a multi-chromosomal chain at meiosis. Such meiotic chains exist in plants(5) and insects(6) but are rare in vertebrates(7). How the platypus chromosome system works to determine sex and produce balanced gametes has been controversial for decades(1-4). Here we demonstrate that platypus have five male-specific chromosomes (Y chromosomes) and five chromosomes present in one copy in males and two copies in females ( X chromosomes). These ten chromosomes form a multivalent chain at male meiosis, adopting an alternating pattern to segregate into XXXXX-bearing and YYYYY-bearing sperm. Which, if any, of these sex chromosomes bears one or more sex-determining genes remains unknown. The largest X chromosome, with homology to the human X chromosome, lies at one end of the chain, and a chromosome with homology to the bird Z chromosome lies near the other end. This suggests an evolutionary link between mammal and bird sex chromosome systems, which were previously thought to have evolved independently.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Vet Med, Ctr Vet Sci, Cambridge CB3 0ES, England.
   Univ Newcastle, Dept Biol Sci, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; University of Cambridge; University of Newcastle
RP Grützner, F (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM frank.gruetzner@anu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 216
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature03021
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500056
PM 15502814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, RX
   Potts, R
   Xie, F
   Hoffman, KA
   Deng, CL
   Shi, CD
   Pan, YX
   Wang, HQ
   Shi, RP
   Wang, YC
   Shi, GH
   Wu, NQ
AF Zhu, RX
   Potts, R
   Xie, F
   Hoffman, KA
   Deng, CL
   Shi, CD
   Pan, YX
   Wang, HQ
   Shi, RP
   Wang, YC
   Shi, GH
   Wu, NQ
TI New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indonesia; hominids; dmanisi; georgia; china; homo; java; age
AB The timing of early human dispersal to Asia is a central issue in the study of human evolution. Excavations in predominantly lacustrine sediments at Majuangou, Nihewan basin, north China, uncovered four layers of indisputable hominin stone tools. Here we report magnetostratigraphic results that constrain the age of the four artefact layers to an interval of nearly 340,000 yr between the Olduvai subchron and the Cobb Mountain event. The lowest layer, about 1.66 million years old (Myr), provides the oldest record of stone-tool processing of animal tissues in east Asia. The highest layer, at about 1.32 Myr, correlates with the stone tool layer at Xiaochangliang(1), previously considered the oldest archaeological site in this region. The findings at Majuangou indicate that the oldest known human presence in northeast Asia at 40degreesN is only slightly younger than that in western Asia(2,3). This result implies that a long yet rapid migration from Africa, possibly initiated during a phase of warm climate, enabled early human populations to inhabit northern latitudes of east Asia over a prolonged period.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Paleomagnetism Lab, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
   Natl Museum Nat Hist, Human Origins Program, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Hebei Prov Inst Cultural Rel, Shijiazhuang 050000, Peoples R China.
   Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Phys, San Luis Obispo, CA 93410 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo
RP Zhu, RX (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Paleomagnetism Lab, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
EM rxzhucn@yahoo.com; potts.rick@nmnh.si.edu
NR 23
TC 272
Z9 371
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature02829
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700044
PM 15457258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiermeier, Q
AF Schiermeier, Q
TI A rising tide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice-sheet; balance
NR 6
TC 9
Z9 10
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 114
EP 115
DI 10.1038/428114a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600013
PM 15014465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, P
   Sutikna, T
   Morwood, MJ
   Soejono, RP
   Jatmiko
   Saptomo, EW
   Due, RA
AF Brown, P
   Sutikna, T
   Morwood, MJ
   Soejono, RP
   Jatmiko
   Saptomo, EW
   Due, RA
TI A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relative brain size; pliopleistocene hominids; dental morphology; body proportions; homo; australopithecus; allometry; stature; dmanisi; island
AB Currently, it is widely accepted that only one hominin genus, Homo, was present in Pleistocene Asia, represented by two species, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to Pliocene Australopithecus in Africa. Here we report the discovery, from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, of an adult hominin with stature and endocranial volume approximating 1 m and 380 cm(3), respectively - equal to the smallest-known australopithecines. The combination of primitive and derived features assigns this hominin to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is long-term isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing, of an ancestral H. erectus population. Importantly, H. floresiensis shows that the genus Homo is morphologically more varied and flexible in its adaptive responses than previously thought.
C1 Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   Indonesian Ctr Archaeol, Jakarta 12001, Indonesia.
C3 University of New England
RP Brown, P (corresponding author), Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
EM pbrown3@pobox.une.edu.au
NR 49
TC 611
Z9 727
U1 5
U2 487
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1055
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature02999
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800030
PM 15514638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmid, MF
   Sherman, MB
   Matsudaira, P
   Chiu, W
AF Schmid, MF
   Sherman, MB
   Matsudaira, P
   Chiu, W
TI Structure of the acrosomal bundle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limulus sperm; f-actin; 3-dimensional structure; crystal-structure; filaments; scruin; state; twist; nucleotide; resolution
AB In the unactivated Limulus sperm, a 60-mum-long bundle of actin filaments crosslinked by the protein scruin is bent and twisted into a coil around the base of the nucleus. At fertilization, the bundle uncoils and fully extends in five seconds to support a finger of membrane known as the acrosomal process. This biological spring is powered by stored elastic energy and does not require the action of motor proteins or actin polymerization(1). In a 9.5-Angstrom electron cryomicroscopic structure of the extended bundle, we show that twist, tilt and rotation of actin scruin subunits deviate widely from a 'standard' F-actin filament. This variability in structural organization allows filaments to pack into a highly ordered and rigid bundle in the extended state and suggests a mechanism for storing and releasing energy between coiled and extended states without disassembly.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Whitehead Inst, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Div Biol Engn, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chiu, W (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM wah@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 104
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature02881
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500051
PM 15343340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
   Tovar-Sanchez, A
   Fu, FX
   Capone, DG
   Carpenter, EJ
   Hutchins, DA
AF Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA
   Tovar-Sanchez, A
   Fu, FX
   Capone, DG
   Carpenter, EJ
   Hutchins, DA
TI The impact of surface-adsorbed phosphorus on phytoplankton Redfield stoichiometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; marine-phytoplankton; nutrient limitation; nitrogen-fixation; southern-ocean; iron; trichodesmium; productivity; variability; ratios
AB The Redfield ratio of 106 carbon: 16 nitrogen: 1 phosphorus in marine phytoplankton(1) is one of the foundations of ocean biogeochemistry, with applications in algal physiology(2), palaeoclimatology(3) and global climate change(4). However, this ratio varies substantially in response to changes in algal nutrient status(5) and taxonomic affiliation(6,7). Here we report that Redfield ratios are also strongly affected by partitioning into surface-adsorbed and intracellular phosphorus pools. The C: N: surface-adsorbed P (80 - 105 C: 15 - 18 N: 1 P) and total (71 - 80 C: 13 - 14 N: 1 P) ratios in natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium were close to Redfield values and not significantly different from each other. In contrast, intracellular ratios consistently exceeded the Redfield ratio ( 316 - 434 C: 59 - 83 N: 1 intracellular P). These high intracellular ratios were associated with reduced N-2 fixation rates, suggestive of phosphorus deficiency. Other algal species also have substantial surface-adsorbed phosphorus pools, suggesting that our Trichodesmium results are generally applicable to all phytoplankton. Measurements of the distinct phytoplankton phosphorus pools may be required to assess nutrient limitation accurately from elemental composition. Deviations from Redfield stoichiometry may be attributable to surface adsorption of phosphorus rather than to biological processes, and this scavenging could affect the interpretation of marine nutrient inventories and ecosystem models.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   IMEDEA, CSIC, UIB, Inst Mediterraneo Estudios Avanzados, Mallorca 07190, Islas Baleares, Spain.
   Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); ATTITUS Educacao; Universitat de les Illes Balears; University of Southern California; University of Southern California; California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Sañudo-Wilhelmy, SA (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM ssanudo@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
NR 25
TC 183
Z9 213
U1 5
U2 172
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 897
EP 901
DI 10.1038/nature03125
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500051
PM 15602560
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, M
   Saijoh, Y
   Perea-Gomez, A
   Shawlot, W
   Behringer, RR
   Ang, SL
   Hamada, H
   Meno, C
AF Yamamoto, M
   Saijoh, Y
   Perea-Gomez, A
   Shawlot, W
   Behringer, RR
   Ang, SL
   Hamada, H
   Meno, C
TI Nodal antagonists regulate formation of the anteroposterior axis of the mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuralizing activity; primitive streak; xenopus embryos; cerberus-like; expression; endoderm; lefty-1; gene; establishment; inhibitors
AB Patterning of the mouse embryo along the anteroposterior axis during body plan development requires migration of the distal visceral endoderm (DVE) towards the future anterior side by a mechanism that has remained unknown. Here we show that Nodal signalling and the regionalization of its antagonists are required for normal migration of the DVE. Whereas Nodal signalling provides the driving force for DVE migration by stimulating the proliferation of visceral endoderm cells, the antagonists Lefty1 and Cerl determine the direction of migration by asymmetrically inhibiting Nodal activity on the future anterior side.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Dev Genet Grp, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Hamada, H (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Dev Genet Grp, 1-3 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM hamada@fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117570533] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U117570533] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U117570533] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 232
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 387
EP 392
DI 10.1038/nature02418
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300032
PM 15004567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leung, C
   Lingbeek, M
   Shakhova, O
   Liu, J
   Tanger, E
   Saremaslani, P
   van Lohuizen, M
   Marino, S
AF Leung, C
   Lingbeek, M
   Shakhova, O
   Liu, J
   Tanger, E
   Saremaslani, P
   van Lohuizen, M
   Marino, S
TI Bmi1 is essential for cerebellar development and is overexpressed in human medulloblastomas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic hedgehog; stem-cells; n-myc; c-myc; proliferation; mice; transformation; expression; mutations; biology
AB Overexpression of the polycomb group gene Bmi1 promotes cell proliferation and induces leukaemia through repression of Cdkn2a (also known as ink4a/Arf) tumour suppressors(1,2). Conversely, loss of Bmi1 leads to haematological defects and severe progressive neurological abnormalities in which de-repression of the ink4a/Arf locus is critically implicated(1,3). Here, we show that Bmi1 is strongly expressed in proliferating cerebellar precursor cells in mice and humans. Using Bmi1-null mice we demonstrate a crucial role for Bmi1 in clonal expansion of granule cell precursors both in vivo and in vitro. Deregulated proliferation of these progenitor cells, by activation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, leads to medulloblastoma development(4). We also demonstrate linked overexpression of BMI1 and patched (PTCH), suggestive of SHH pathway activation, in a substantial fraction of primary human medulloblastomas. Together with the rapid induction of Bmi1 expression on addition of Shh or on overexpression of the Shh target Gli1 in cerebellar granule cell cultures, these findings implicate BMI1 overexpression as an alternative or additive mechanism in the pathogenesis of medulloblastomas, and highlight a role for Bmi1-containing polycomb complexes in proliferation of cerebellar precursor cells.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Zurich, Dept Pathol, Inst Clin Pathol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; University of Zurich
RP Marino, S (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM m.v.lohuizen@nki.nl; silvia.marino@usz.ch
NR 25
TC 451
Z9 542
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 337
EP 341
DI 10.1038/nature02385
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200048
PM 15029199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, R
AF Dalton, R
TI Aquaculture: Fishing for trouble
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mortality
NR 5
TC 23
Z9 26
U1 3
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 502
EP 504
DI 10.1038/431502a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700012
PM 15457229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knutti, R
   Flückiger, J
   Stocker, TF
   Timmermann, A
AF Knutti, R
   Flückiger, J
   Stocker, TF
   Timmermann, A
TI Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through freshwater discharge and ocean circulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mixed boundary-conditions; thermohaline circulation; rapid changes; scale; atlantic; antarctica; greenland; temperature; instability; fluctuations
AB The climate of the last glacial period was extremely variable, characterized by abrupt warming events in the Northern Hemisphere, accompanied by slower temperature changes in Antarctica and variations of global sea level. It is generally accepted that this millennial-scale climate variability was caused by abrupt changes in the ocean thermohaline circulation. Here we use a coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model to show that freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic Ocean, in addition to a reduction of the thermohaline circulation, has a direct effect on Southern Ocean temperature. The related anomalous oceanic southward heat transport arises from a zonal density gradient in the subtropical North Atlantic caused by a fast wave-adjustment process. We present an extended and quantitative bipolar seesaw concept that explains the timing and amplitude of Greenland and Antarctic temperature changes, the slow changes in Antarctic temperature and its similarity to sea level, as well as a possible time lag of sea level with respect to Antarctic temperature during Marine Isotope Stage 3.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, IFM, GEOMAR, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Bern; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Knutti, R (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
EM knutti@climate.unibe.ch
NR 50
TC 228
Z9 271
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 851
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature02786
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800032
PM 15318212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erickson, GM
   Makovicky, PJ
   Currie, PJ
   Norell, MA
   Yerby, SA
   Brochu, CA
AF Erickson, GM
   Makovicky, PJ
   Currie, PJ
   Norell, MA
   Yerby, SA
   Brochu, CA
TI Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth; evolution; age; rex
AB How evolutionary changes in body size are brought about by variance in developmental timing and/or growth rates ( also known as heterochrony) is a topic of considerable interest in evolutionary biology(1). In particular, extreme size change leading to gigantism occurred within the dinosaurs on multiple occasions(2). Whether this change was brought about by accelerated growth, delayed maturity or a combination of both processes is unknown. A better understanding of relationships between non-avian dinosaur groups and the newfound capacity to reconstruct their growth curves make it possible to address these questions quantitatively(3). Here we study growth patterns within the Tyrannosauridae, the best known group of large carnivorous dinosaurs, and determine the developmental means by which Tyrannosaurus rex, weighing 5,000 kg and more, grew to be one of the most enormous terrestrial carnivorous animals ever. T. rex had a maximal growth rate of 2.1 kg d(-1), reached skeletal maturity in two decades and lived for up to 28 years. T. rex's great stature was primarily attained by accelerating growth rates beyond that of its closest relatives.
C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Field Museum, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Royal Tyrrell Museum Paleontol, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biomech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Geosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); Stanford University; University of Iowa
RP Erickson, GM (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, B-157, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM gerickson@bio.fsu.edu
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 772
EP 775
DI 10.1038/nature02699
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600039
PM 15306807
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webster, MA
   Kaping, D
   Mizokami, Y
   Duhamel, P
AF Webster, MA
   Kaping, D
   Mizokami, Y
   Duhamel, P
TI Adaptation to natural facial categories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID face recognition; perception; expressions; mechanisms; race
AB Face perception is fundamentally important for judging the characteristics of individuals, such as identification of their gender, age, ethnicity or expression. We asked how the perception of these characteristics is influenced by the set of faces that observers are exposed to. Previous studies have shown that the appearance of a face can be biased strongly after viewing an altered image of the face, and have suggested that these aftereffects reflect response changes in the neural mechanisms underlying object or face perception(1-5). Here we show that these adaptation effects are pronounced for natural variations in faces and for natural categorical judgements about faces. This suggests that adaptation may routinely influence face perception in normal viewing, and could have an important role in calibrating properties of face perception according to the subset of faces populating an individual's environment.
C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Psychol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Webster, MA (corresponding author), Univ Nevada, Dept Psychol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
EM mwebster@unr.nevada.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY010834] Funding Source: Medline; National Eye Institute [R01EY010834] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 18
TC 533
Z9 608
U1 0
U2 213
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 557
EP 561
DI 10.1038/nature02420
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100041
PM 15058304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neukum, G
   Jaumann, R
   Hoffmann, H
   Hauber, E
   Head, JW
   Basilevsky, AT
   Ivanov, BA
   Werner, SC
   van Gasselt, S
   Murray, JB
   McCord, T
AF Neukum, G
   Jaumann, R
   Hoffmann, H
   Hauber, E
   Head, JW
   Basilevsky, AT
   Ivanov, BA
   Werner, SC
   van Gasselt, S
   Murray, JB
   McCord, T
TI Recent and episodic volcanic and glacial activity on Mars revealed by the High Resolution Stereo Camera
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water ice; olympus mons; evolution; origin
AB The large-area coverage at a resolution of 10 - 20 metres per pixel in colour and three dimensions with the High Resolution Stereo Camera Experiment on the European Space Agency Mars Express Mission has made it possible to study the time-stratigraphic relationships of volcanic and glacial structures in unprecedented detail and give insight into the geological evolution of Mars. Here we show that calderas on five major volcanoes on Mars have undergone repeated activation and resurfacing during the last 20 per cent of martian history, with phases of activity as young as two million years, suggesting that the volcanoes are potentially still active today. Glacial deposits at the base of the Olympus Mons escarpment show evidence for repeated phases of activity as recently as about four million years ago. Morphological evidence is found that snow and ice deposition on the Olympus construct at elevations of more than 7,000 metres led to episodes of glacial activity at this height. Even now, water ice protected by an insulating layer of dust may be present at high altitudes on Olympus Mons.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   DLR, Inst Plantenforsch, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   RAS, Vernadsky Inst Geochem & Analyt Chem, Moscow 119991, Russia.
   Inst Dynam Geospheres, Moscow 119334, Russia.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); Brown University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry & Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Open University - UK; University of Hawaii System
RP Neukum, G (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, Malteserstr 74-100,Bldg D, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
EM gneukum@zedat.fu-berlin.de
NR 38
TC 346
Z9 377
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 971
EP 979
DI 10.1038/nature03231
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000030
PM 15616551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coqueugniot, H
   Hublin, JJ
   Veillon, F
   Houët, F
   Jacob, T
AF Coqueugniot, H
   Hublin, JJ
   Veillon, F
   Houët, F
   Jacob, T
TI Early brain growth in Homo erectus and implications for cognitive ability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID age; dmanisi; georgia; java
AB Humans differ from other primates in their significantly lengthened growth period. The persistence of a fetal pattern of brain growth after birth is another important feature of human development(1). Here we present the results of an analysis of the 1.8-million-year-old Mojokerto child (Perning 1, Java), the only well preserved skull of a Homo erectus infant, by computed tomography. Comparison with a large series of extant humans and chimpanzees indicates that this individual was about 1 yr (0-1.5 yr) old at death and had an endocranial capacity at 72-84% of an average adult H. erectus. This pattern of relative brain growth resembles that of living apes, but differs from that seen in extant humans. It implies that major differences in the development of cognitive capabilities existed between H. erectus and anatomically modern humans.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, D-04130 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Lab Anthropol Populat Passe, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Hop Hautepierre, Serv Radiol 1, F-67200 Strasbourg, France.
   Gadjah Mada Univ, Coll Med, Dept Phys Anthropol, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite de Bordeaux; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; CHU Strasbourg; Gadjah Mada University
RP Hublin, JJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, Deutsch Pl 6, D-04130 Leipzig, Germany.
EM hublin@eva.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 142
Z9 167
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature02852
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000038
PM 15372030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vignal, C
   Mathevon, N
   Mottin, S
AF Vignal, C
   Mathevon, N
   Mottin, S
TI Audience drives male songbird response to partner's voice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taeniopygia-guttata; social-behavior; recognition; context; budgerigars; courtship; chicken; calls; seal
AB According to the social intelligence hypothesis, social context represents an important force driving the selection of animal cognitive abilities such as the capacity to estimate the nature of the social relationships between other individuals(1-4). Despite this importance, the influence of this force has been assessed only in primates and never in other animals showing social interactions(5-7). In this way, avian communication generally takes place in a network of signallers and receivers, which represents an audience altering individual signalling behaviours(8,9). Indeed, vocal amplitude(10) and repertoire(11) are known to be socially regulated and the attitude towards the opposite sex may change depending on the audience(8,12,13). This 'audience effect'(8,14-16) provides support for the reality of social awareness in some bird species. However no evidence has yet been found to suggest that birds are able to estimate the characteristics of the social relationships between group-mates. Here we show that the male of a gregarious songbird species-the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)-pays attention to the mating status of conspecific pairs, and uses this information to control its behaviour towards its female partner.
C1 Univ Paris 11 Orsay, CNRS, UMR 8620, NAMC,Equipe Commun Acoust, F-42023 St Etienne 2, France.
   Univ St Etienne, CNRS, UMR 5516, TSI, F-42023 St Etienne 2, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Engineering & Systems Sciences (INSIS); Universite Jean Monnet
RP Mathevon, N (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11 Orsay, CNRS, UMR 8620, NAMC,Equipe Commun Acoust, F-42023 St Etienne 2, France.
EM mathevon@univ-st-etienne.fr
NR 25
TC 169
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/nature02645
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400041
PM 15269767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pierce, JL
   Meyer, GA
   Jull, AJT
AF Pierce, JL
   Meyer, GA
   Jull, AJT
TI Fire-induced erosion and millennialscale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yellowstone-national-park; united-states; variability; age; temperatures; colorado; regimes; events; time; usa
AB Western US ponderosa pine forests have recently suffered extensive stand-replacing fires followed by hillslope erosion and sedimentation(1-4). These fires are usually attributed to increased stand density as a result of fire suppression, grazing and other land use, and are often considered uncharacteristic or unprecedented(1-3). Tree-ring records from the past 500 years indicate that before Euro-American settlement, frequent, low-severity fires maintained open stands(1-3). However, the pre-settlement period between about AD 1500 and AD 1900 was also generally colder than present(5-10), raising the possibility that rapid twentieth-century warming promoted recent catastrophic fires. Here we date fire-related sediment deposits in alluvial fans in central Idaho to reconstruct Holocene fire history in xeric ponderosa pine forests and examine links to climate. We find that colder periods experienced frequent low-severity fires, probably fuelled by increased understory growth. Warmer periods experienced severe droughts, stand-replacing fires and large debris-flow events that comprise a large component of long-term erosion(11) and coincide with similar events in sub-alpine forests of Yellowstone National Park(12). Our results suggest that given the powerful influence of climate, restoration of processes typical of pre-settlement times may be difficult in a warmer future that promotes severe fires.
C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Univ Arizona, NSF, Arizona AMS Facil, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico; National Science Foundation (NSF); University of Arizona
RP Pierce, JL (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
EM jpierce@unm.edu
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature03058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900044
PM 15525985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melton, L
AF Melton, L
TI Proteomics in multiplex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Novartis Fdn, London, England.
C3 Novartis; Novartis United Kingdom
RP Melton, L (corresponding author), Novartis Fdn, London, England.
NR 0
TC 87
Z9 106
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 101
EP +
DI 10.1038/429101a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100052
PM 15129287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Accardi, A
   Miller, C
AF Accardi, A
   Miller, C
TI Secondary active transport mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of ClC Cl- channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chloride channel; serotonin transporter; escherichia-coli; ionic currents; reconstitution; mechanism; solubilization; selectivity; conductance; hydrolysis
AB ClC Cl- channels make up a large molecular family, ubiquitous with respect to both organisms and cell types. In eukaryotes, these channels fulfill numerous biological roles requiring gated anion conductance, from regulating skeletal muscle excitability to facilitating endosomal acidification by (H+) ATPases. In prokaryotes, ClC functions are unknown except in Escherichia coli, where the ClC- ec1 protein promotes H+ extrusion activated in the extreme acid-resistance response common to enteric bacteria. Recently, the high-resolution structure of ClC- ec1 was solved by X-ray crystallography. This primal prokaryotic ClC structure has productively guided understanding of gating and anion permeation in the extensively studied eukaryotic ClC channels. We now show that this bacterial homologue is not an ion channel, but rather a H+-Cl- exchange transporter. As the same molecular architecture can support two fundamentally different transport mechanisms, it seems that the structural boundary separating channels and transporters is not as clear cut as generally thought.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University
RP Miller, C (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM cmiller@brandeis.edu
NR 35
TC 528
Z9 613
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 803
EP 807
DI 10.1038/nature02314
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500030
PM 14985752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kato, Y
   Myers, RC
   Gossard, AC
   Awschalom, DD
AF Kato, Y
   Myers, RC
   Gossard, AC
   Awschalom, DD
TI Coherent spin manipulation without magnetic fields in strained semiconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inversion asymmetry; precession; resonance; band
AB A consequence of relativity is that in the presence of an electric field, the spin and momentum states of an electron can be coupled; this is known as spin-orbit coupling. Such an interaction opens a pathway to the manipulation of electron spins within non-magnetic semiconductors, in the absence of applied magnetic fields. This interaction has implications for spin-based quantum information processing(1) and spintronics(2,3), forming the basis of various device proposals(4-8). For example, the concept of spin field-effect transistors(4,5) is based on spin precession due to the spin-orbit coupling. Most studies, however, focus on non-spin-selective electrical measurements in quantum structures. Here we report the direct measurement of coherent electron spin precession in zero magnetic field as the electrons drift in response to an applied electric field. We use ultrafast optical techniques to spatiotemporally resolve spin dynamics in strained gallium arsenide and indium gallium arsenide epitaxial layers. Unexpectedly, we observe spin splitting in these simple structures arising from strain in the semiconductor films. The observed effect provides a flexible approach for enabling electrical control over electron spins using strain engineering. Moreover, we exploit this strain-induced field to electrically drive spin resonance with Rabi frequencies of up to similar to30 MHz.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Spintron & Quantum Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Awschalom, DD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Spintron & Quantum Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM awsch@physics.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 465
U1 1
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature02202
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000029
PM 14702080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malinina, L
   Malakhova, ML
   Teplov, A
   Brown, RE
   Patel, DJ
AF Malinina, L
   Malakhova, ML
   Teplov, A
   Brown, RE
   Patel, DJ
TI Structural basis for glycosphingolipid transfer specificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycolipid transfer protein; phospholipid transfer proteins; macromolecular structures; crystal-structure; pig brain; purification; recognition; refinement; angstrom; complex
AB Lipid transfer proteins are important in membrane vesicle biogenesis and trafficking, signal transduction and immunological presentation processes(1-3). The conserved and ubiquitous mammalian glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) serve as potential regulators of cell processes mediated by glycosphingolipids, ranging from differentiation and proliferation to invasive adhesion, neurodegeneration and apoptosis(4,5). Here we report crystal structures of apo-GLTP (1.65 Angstrom resolution) and lactosylceramide-bound (1.95 Angstrom) GLTP, in which the bound glycosphingolipid is sandwiched, after adaptive recognition, within a previously unknown two-layer all-alpha-helical topology. Glycosphingolipid binding specificity is achieved through recognition and anchoring of the sugar-amide headgroup to the GLTPlipid recognition centre and within the hydrophobic tunnel support a framework for understanding how GLTPs acquire and release glycosphingolipids during lipid intermembrane transfer and presentation processes.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Hormel Inst, Austin, MN 55912 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Brown, RE (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Hormel Inst, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN 55912 USA.
EM reb@umn.edu; pateld@mskcc.org
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045928] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 117
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1048
EP 1053
DI 10.1038/nature02856
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900048
PM 15329726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sekikawa, T
   Kosuge, A
   Kanai, T
   Watanabe, S
AF Sekikawa, T
   Kosuge, A
   Kanai, T
   Watanabe, S
TI Nonlinear optics in the extreme ultraviolet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harmonic-generation; attosecond pulses; ionization; single; khz; ti
AB Nonlinear responses to an optical field are universal in nature but have been difficult to observe in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray regions owing to a lack of coherent intense light sources. High harmonic generation is a well-known nonlinear optical phenomenon(1,2) and is now drawing much attention in attosecond pulse generation(3-6). For the application of high harmonics to nonlinear optics in the XUV and soft X-ray regime, optical pulses should have both large pulse energy and short pulse duration to achieve a high optical electric field. Here we show the generation of intense isolated pulses from a single harmonic (photon energy 27.9 eV) by using a sub-10-femtosecond blue laser pulse, producing a large dipole moment at the relatively low ( ninth) harmonic order nonadiabatically(7,8). The XUV pulses with pulse durations of 950 attoseconds and 1.3 femtoseconds were characterized by an autocorrelation technique, based on two-photon above-threshold ionization(9) of helium atoms. Because of the small cross-section for above-threshold ionization(10), such an autocorrelation measurement of XUV pulses with photon energy larger than the ionization energy of helium has not hitherto been demonstrated(6,11-13). The technique can be extended to the characterization of higher harmonics at shorter wavelengths.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Watanabe, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
EM watanabe@issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 24
TC 304
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 605
EP 608
DI 10.1038/nature03108
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200041
PM 15577905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madden, MEE
   Bodnar, RJ
   Rimstidt, JD
AF Madden, MEE
   Bodnar, RJ
   Rimstidt, JD
TI Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian regolith; chemistry; climate; basalt; sulfur; salts
AB The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity identified the ferric sulphate mineral jarosite and possible relicts of gypsum at the Meridiani Planum landing site(1). On Earth, jarosite has been found to form in acid mine drainage environments, during the oxidation of sulphide minerals(2), and during alteration of volcanic rocks by acidic, sulphur-rich fluids near volcanic vents(3). Jarosite formation is thus thought to require a wet, oxidizing and acidic environment. But jarosite on Earth only persists over geologically relevant time periods in arid environments because it rapidly decomposes to produce ferric oxyhydroxides in more humid climates(4). Here we present equilibrium thermodynamic reaction-path simulations that constrain the range of possible conditions under which such aqueous alteration phases are likely to have formed on Mars. These calculations simulate the chemical weathering of basalt at relevant martian conditions. We conclude that the presence of jarosite combined with residual basalt at Meridiani Planum indicates that the alteration process did not proceed to completion, and that following jarosite formation, arid conditions must have prevailed.
C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Geosci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
C3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University
RP Madden, MEE (corresponding author), Virginia Tech, Dept Geosci, 4044 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
EM melwood@vt.edu
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 277
U1 3
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 821
EP 823
DI 10.1038/nature02971
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500040
PM 15483605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thompson, JK
   Rainville, S
   Pritchard, DE
AF Thompson, JK
   Rainville, S
   Pritchard, DE
TI Cyclotron frequency shifts arising from polarization forces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electric-dipole moment; mass measurements; ion; spectroscopy; polarizability
AB The cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field B is related to its mass m and charge q by the relationship omega(c) = qB/m. This simple relationship forms the basis for sensitive mass comparisons using ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy, with applications ranging from the identification of biomolecules(1) and the study of chemical reaction rates(2) to determinations of the fine structure constant of atomic spectra(3). Here we report the observation of a deviation from the cyclotron frequency relationship for polarizable particles: in high-accuracy measurements of a single CO+ ion, a dipole induced in the orbiting ion shifts the measured cyclotron frequency. We use this cyclotron frequency shift to measure nondestructively the quantum state of the CO+ ion. The effect also provides a means to determine to a few per cent the body-frame dipole moment of CO+, thus establishing a method for measuring dipole moments of molecular ions for which few comparably accurate measurements exist(4-6). The general perturbation that we describe here affects the most precise mass comparisons attainable today(7,8), with applications including direct tests of Einstein's mass-energy relationship(9) and charge-parity-time reversal symmetry(10), and possibly the weighing of chemical bonds(7).
C1 MIT, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Thompson, JK (corresponding author), MIT, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jkthomps@alum.mit.edu
NR 22
TC 69
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature02682
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800040
PM 15229595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, C
   Hong, B
   Choi, JM
   Kim, Y
   Watanabe, S
   Ishimi, Y
   Enomoto, T
   Tada, S
   Kim, YC
   Cho, YJ
AF Lee, C
   Hong, B
   Choi, JM
   Kim, Y
   Watanabe, S
   Ishimi, Y
   Enomoto, T
   Tada, S
   Kim, YC
   Cho, YJ
TI Structural basis for inhibition of the replication licensing factor Cdt1 by geminin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; bacillus-subtilis; protein; recognition; binding; cdc6
AB To maintain chromosome stability in eukaryotic cells, replication origins must be licensed by loading mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM2-7) complexes once and only once per cell cycle(1-9). This licensing control is achieved through the activities of geminin(10-12) and cyclin-dependent kinases(9,13,14). Geminin binds tightly to Cdt1, an essential component of the replication licensing system(6,15-18), and prevents the inappropriate reinitiation of replication on an already fired origin. The inhibitory effect of geminin is thought to prevent the interaction between Cdt1 and the MCM helicase(19,20). Here we describe the crystal structure of the mouse geminin-Cdt1 complex using tGeminin (residues 79-157, truncated geminin) and tCdt1 (residues 172-368, truncated Cdt1). The amino-terminal region of a coiled-coil dimer of tGeminin interacts with both N-terminal and carboxy-terminal parts of tCdt1. The primary interface relies on the steric complementarity between the tGeminin dimer and the hydrophobic face of the two short N-terminal helices of tCdt1 and, in particular, Pro 181, Ala 182, Tyr 183, Phe 186 and Leu 189. The crystal structure, in conjunction with our biochemical data, indicates that the N-terminal region of tGeminin might be required to anchor tCdt1, and the C-terminal region of tGeminin prevents access of the MCM complex to tCdt1 through steric hindrance.
C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Ctr Struct Biol, Pohang, Kyungbook, South Korea.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Pohang, Kyungbook, South Korea.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Kagaku Inst Life Sci, Biomol & Technol Dept, Tokyo 1948511, Japan.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Tohoku University; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Cho, YJ (corresponding author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Ctr Struct Biol, Hyoja Dong,San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook, South Korea.
EM yunje@postech.ac.kr
NR 29
TC 121
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature02813
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800047
PM 15286659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klak, C
   Reeves, G
   Hedderson, T
AF Klak, C
   Reeves, G
   Hedderson, T
TI Unmatched tempo of evolution in Southern African semi-desert ice plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversification rates; aizoaceae
AB The Succulent Karoo is an arid region, situated along the west coast of southern Africa. Floristically this region is part of the Greater Cape Flora(1) and is considered one of the Earth's 25 biodiversity hotspots(2). Of about 5,000 species occurring in this region, more than 40% are endemic(3). Aizoaceae (ice plants) dominate the Succulent Karoo both in terms of species numbers (1,750 species in 127 genera) and density of coverage(3,4). Here we show that a well-supported clade within the Aizoaceae, representing 1,563 species almost exclusively endemic to southern Africa, has diversified very recently and very rapidly. The estimated age for this radiation lies between 3.8 and 8.7 million years (Myr) ago, yielding a per-lineage diversification rate of 0.77-1.75 per million years. Both the number of species involved and the tempo of evolution far surpass those of any previously postulated continental or island plant radiation(5-7). Diversification of the group is closely associated with the origin of several morphological features and one anatomical feature. Because species-poor clades lacking these features occur over a very similar distribution area, we propose that these characteristics are key innovations that facilitated this radiation.
C1 Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Bolus Herbarium, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Natl Bot Inst Cape Town, Kirstenbosch Res Ctr, Leslie Hill Mol Systemat Lab, ZA-7735 Claremont, South Africa.
C3 University of Cape Town
RP Klak, C (corresponding author), Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Bolus Herbarium, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
EM klak@botzoo.uct.ac.za
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 63
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature02243
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000033
PM 14702084
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paredes, B
   Widera, A
   Murg, V
   Mandel, O
   Fölling, S
   Cirac, I
   Shlyapnikov, GV
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
AF Paredes, B
   Widera, A
   Murg, V
   Mandel, O
   Fölling, S
   Cirac, I
   Shlyapnikov, GV
   Hänsch, TW
   Bloch, I
TI Tonks-Girardeau gas of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; impenetrable bosons; ground state; transition; superfluid; insulator; molecules
AB Strongly correlated quantum systems are among the most intriguing and fundamental systems in physics. One such example is the Tonks-Girardeau gas(1,2), proposed about 40 years ago, but until now lacking experimental realization; in such a gas, the repulsive interactions between bosonic particles confined to one dimension dominate the physics of the system. In order to minimize their mutual repulsion, the bosons are prevented from occupying the same position in space. This mimics the Pauli exclusion principle for fermions, causing the bosonic particles to exhibit fermionic properties(1,2). However, such bosons do not exhibit completely ideal fermionic ( or bosonic) quantum behaviour; for example, this is reflected in their characteristic momentum distribution(3). Here we report the preparation of a Tonks-Girardeau gas of ultracold rubidium atoms held in a two-dimensional optical lattice formed by two orthogonal standing waves. The addition of a third, shallower lattice potential along the long axis of the quantum gases allows us to enter the Tonks-Girardeau regime by increasing the atoms' effective mass and thereby enhancing the role of interactions. We make a theoretical prediction of the momentum distribution based on an approach in which trapped bosons acquire fermionic properties, finding that it agrees closely with the measured distribution.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80799 Munich, Germany.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Paris 11, Lab Phys Theor & Modeles Stat, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Amsterdam, Van der Waals Zeeman Inst, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Munich; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Amsterdam
RP Bloch, I (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM bloch@uni-mainz.de
NR 30
TC 1412
Z9 1529
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 277
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature02530
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900037
PM 15152247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
AF Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
TI A large neutral fraction of cosmic hydrogen a billion years after the Big Bang
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe wmap observations; black-hole; quasar; reionization; helium; galaxy
AB The fraction of ionized hydrogen left over from the Big Bang provides evidence for the time of formation of the first stars and quasar black holes in the early Universe; such objects provide the high-energy photons necessary to ionize hydrogen. Spectra of the two most distant known quasars(1) show nearly complete absorption of photons with wavelengths shorter than the Lyman alpha transition of neutral hydrogen, indicating that hydrogen in the intergalactic medium (IGM) had not been completely ionized at a redshift of z approximate to 6.3, about one billion years after the Big Bang. Here we show that the IGM surrounding these quasars had a neutral hydrogen fraction of tens of per cent before the quasar activity started, much higher than the previous lower limits(1,2) of similar to0.1 per cent. Our results, when combined with the recent inference of a large cumulative optical depth to electron scattering after cosmological recombination(3) therefore suggest the presence of a second peak in the mean ionization history of the Universe.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 Harvard University; University of Melbourne
RP Loeb, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 815
EP 817
DI 10.1038/nature02336
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500032
PM 14985754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuzaki, M
   Honkura, N
   Ellis-Davies, GCR
   Kasai, H
AF Matsuzaki, M
   Honkura, N
   Ellis-Davies, GCR
   Kasai, H
TI Structural basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic plasticity; silent synapses; ampa receptors; adult cortex; ltp; ca1; expression; camkii; transmission; stimulation
AB Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex undergo activity-dependent structural remodelling(1-5) that has been proposed to be a cellular basis of learning and memory(6). How structural remodelling supports synaptic plasticity(4),5, such as long-term potentiation(7), and whether such plasticity is input-specific at the level of the individual spine has remained unknown. We investigated the structural basis of long-term potentiation using two-photon photolysis of caged glutamate at single spines of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons(8). Here we show that repetitive quantum-like photorelease (uncaging) of glutamate induces a rapid and selective enlargement of stimulated spines that is transient in large mushroom spines but persistent in small spines. Spine enlargement is associated with an increase in AMPA-receptor-mediated currents at the stimulated synapse and is dependent on NMDA receptors, calmodulin and actin polymerization. Long-lasting spine enlargement also requires Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Our results thus indicate that spines individually follow Hebb's postulate for learning. They further suggest that small spines are preferential sites for long-term potentiation induction, whereas large spines might represent physical traces of long-term memory.
C1 Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Dept Cell Physiol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies Sokendai, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
   Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Drexel University
RP Kasai, H (corresponding author), Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Dept Cell Physiol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
EM hkasai@nips.ac.jp
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM053395] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1892
Z9 2363
U1 6
U2 276
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 761
EP 766
DI 10.1038/nature02617
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900039
PM 15190253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, XB
   Ungar, G
   Liu, YS
   Percec, V
   Dulcey, SE
   Hobbs, JK
AF Zeng, XB
   Ungar, G
   Liu, YS
   Percec, V
   Dulcey, SE
   Hobbs, JK
TI Supramolecular dendritic liquid quasicrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lattice; design; dendrimers; library; phase; state; angle; shape; area
AB A large number of synthetic and natural compounds self-organize into bulk phases exhibiting periodicities on the 10(-8)-10(-6) metre scale(1) as a consequence of their molecular shape, degree of amphiphilic character and, often, the presence of additional non-covalent interactions. Such phases are found in lyotropic systems(2) (for example, lipid-water, soap-water), in a range of block copolymers(3) and in thermotropic (solvent-free) liquid crystals(4). The resulting periodicity can be one-dimensional (lamellar phases), two-dimensional (columnar phases) or three dimensional ('micellar' or 'bicontinuous' phases). All such two- and three-dimensional structures identified to date obey the rules of crystallography and their symmetry can be described, respectively, by one of the 17 plane groups or 230 space groups. The 'micellar' phases have crystallographic counterparts in transition-metal alloys, where just one metal atom is equivalent to a 10(3)-10(4)-atom micelle. However, some metal alloys are known to defy the rules of crystallography and form so-called quasicrystals, which have rotational symmetry other than the allowed two-, three-, four- or six-fold symmetry(5). Here we show that such quasiperiodic structures can also exist in the scaled-up micellar phases, representing a new mode of organization in soft matter.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Pennsylvania; University of Bristol
RP Ungar, G (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
EM g.ungar@sheffield.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/A11199/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 32
TC 589
Z9 669
U1 2
U2 267
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/nature02368
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600042
PM 15014524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayashi, T
   Carthew, RW
AF Hayashi, T
   Carthew, RW
TI Surface mechanics mediate pattern formation in the developing retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion; drosophila; cadherin; eye; gene; specification; expression; armadillo; tensions; tissue
AB Pattern formation of biological structures involves organizing different types of cells into a spatial configuration. In this study, we investigate the physical basis of biological patterning of the Drosophila retina in vivo. We demonstrate that E- and N-cadherins mediate apical adhesion between retina epithelial cells. Differential expression of N-cadherin within a sub-group of retinal cells (cone cells) causes them to form an overall shape that minimizes their surface contact with surrounding cells. The cells within this group, in both normal and experimentally manipulated conditions, pack together in the same way as soap bubbles do. The shaping of the cone cell group and packing of its components precisely imitate the physical tendency for surfaces to be minimized. Thus, simple patterned expression of N-cadherin results in a complex spatial pattern of cells owing to cellular surface mechanics.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Northwestern University; University of Tokyo
RP Hayashi, T (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM t-hayashi@northwestern.edu; r-carthew@northwestern.edu
NR 40
TC 280
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 647
EP 652
DI 10.1038/nature02952
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300030
PM 15470418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomberg, J
   Bodin, P
   Larson, K
   Dragert, H
AF Gomberg, J
   Bodin, P
   Larson, K
   Dragert, H
TI Earthquake nucleation by transient deformations caused by the M=7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID landers; seismicity; california; magnitude
AB The permanent and dynamic (transient) stress changes inferred to trigger earthquakes are usually orders of magnitude smaller than the stresses relaxed by the earthquakes themselves, implying that triggering occurs on critically stressed faults(1-4). Triggered seismicity rate increases may therefore be most likely to occur in areas where loading rates are highest and elevated pore pressures, perhaps facilitated by high-temperature fluids, reduce frictional stresses and promote failure(5-7). Here we show that the 2002 magnitude M=7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake triggered widespread seismicity rate increases throughout British Columbia and into the western United States. Dynamic triggering by seismic waves should be enhanced in directions where rupture directivity focuses radiated energy, and we verify this using seismic and new high-sample GPS recordings of the Denali mainshock. These observations are comparable in scale only to the triggering caused by the 1992 M=7.4 Landers, California, earthquake(1), and demonstrate that Landers triggering did not reflect some peculiarity of the region or the earthquake. However, the rate increases triggered by the Denali earthquake occurred in areas not obviously tectonically active, implying that even in areas of low ambient stressing rates, faults may still be critically stressed and that dynamic triggering may be ubiquitous and unpredictable.
C1 US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Memphis; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP Gomberg, J (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, 3876 Cent Ave,Suite 2, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM gomberg@usgs.gov
NR 20
TC 147
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature02335
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300037
PM 14961117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, HX
   Masmanidis, S
   Kawakami, RK
   Awschalom, DD
   Roukes, ML
AF Tang, HX
   Masmanidis, S
   Kawakami, RK
   Awschalom, DD
   Roukes, ML
TI Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wires; magnetoresistance; ferromagnets; scattering; resistance; films
AB Magnetic domains, and the boundaries that separate them ( domain walls, DWs), play a central role in the science of magnetism(1). Understanding and controlling domains is important for many technological applications in spintronics, and may lead to new devices(2). Although theoretical efforts have elucidated several mechanisms underlying the resistance of a single DW3-8, various experiments(9-15) report conflicting results, even for the overall sign of the DW resistance. The question of whether an individual DW gives rise to an increase or decrease of the resistance therefore remains open. Here we report an approach to DW studies in a class of ferromagnetic semiconductors ( as opposed to metals(16,17)) that offer promise for spintronics(18). These experiments involve microdevices patterned from monocrystalline (Ga, Mn) As epitaxial layers. The giant planar Hall effect that we previously observed(19) in this material enables direct, real-time observation of the propagation of an individual magnetic DW along multiprobe devices. We apply steady and pulsed magnetic fields, to trap and carefully position an individual DW within each separate device studied. This protocol reproducibly enables high-resolution magnetoresistance measurements across an individual wall. We consistently observe negative intrinsic DW resistance that scales with channel width. This appears to originate from sizeable quantum corrections to the magnetoresistance.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Roukes, ML (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM roukes@caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 68
Z9 76
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 52
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature02809
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500038
PM 15343329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paz-y-Miño, G
   Bond, AB
   Kamil, AC
   Balda, RP
AF Paz-y-Miño, G
   Bond, AB
   Kamil, AC
   Balda, RP
TI Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vocal recognition; information; evolution
AB Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them(1-4). An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence(5). Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings(6-10), the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Avian Cognit, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Psychol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Northern Arizona University
RP Bond, AB (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Avian Cognit, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
EM abond@unl.edu; akamil@unl.edu
NR 20
TC 273
Z9 311
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 778
EP 781
DI 10.1038/nature02723
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600041
PM 15306809
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huyen, Y
   Zgheib, O
   DiTullio, RA Jr
   Gorgoulis, VG
   Zacharatos, P
   Petty, TJ
   Sheston, EA
   Mellert, HS
   Stavridi, ES
   Halazonetis, TD
AF Huyen, Y
   Zgheib, O
   DiTullio, RA Jr
   Gorgoulis, VG
   Zacharatos, P
   Petty, TJ
   Sheston, EA
   Mellert, HS
   Stavridi, ES
   Halazonetis, TD
TI Methylated lysine 79 of histone H3 targets 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smn tudor domain; damage; protein; checkpoint; phosphorylation; gene; recognition; binding; motif; atm
AB The mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells sense DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in order to initiate checkpoint responses are poorly understood. 53BP1 is a conserved checkpoint protein with properties of a DNA DSB sensor(1-5). Here, we solved the structure of the domain of 53BP1 that recruits it to sites of DSBs. This domain consists of two tandem tudor folds with a deep pocket at their interface formed by residues conserved in the budding yeast Rad9 and fission yeast Rhp9/Crb2 orthologues. In vitro, the 53BP1 tandem tudor domain bound histone H3 methylated on Lys 79 using residues that form the walls of the pocket; these residues were also required for recruitment of 53BP1 to DSBs. Suppression of DOT1L, the enzyme that methylates Lys 79 of histone H3, also inhibited recruitment of 53BP1 to DSBs. Because methylation of histone H3 Lys 79 was unaltered in response to DNA damage, we propose that 53BP1 senses DSBs indirectly through changes in higher-order chromatin structure that expose the 53BP1 binding site.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Biomed Grad Studies Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Histol & Embryol, Athens 11527, Greece.
C3 The Wistar Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens
RP Halazonetis, TD (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM halazonetis@wistar.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 709
Z9 909
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 406
EP 411
DI 10.1038/nature03114
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400059
PM 15525939
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karrai, K
   Warburton, RJ
   Schulhauser, C
   Högele, A
   Urbaszek, B
   McGhee, EJ
   Govorov, AO
   Garcia, JM
   Gerardot, BD
   Petroff, PM
AF Karrai, K
   Warburton, RJ
   Schulhauser, C
   Högele, A
   Urbaszek, B
   McGhee, EJ
   Govorov, AO
   Garcia, JM
   Gerardot, BD
   Petroff, PM
TI Hybridization of electronic states in quantum dots through photon emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID device
AB The self-assembly of semiconductor quantum dots has opened up new opportunities in photonics. Quantum dots are usually described as 'artificial atoms', because electron and hole confinement gives rise to discrete energy levels. This picture can be justified from the shell structure observed as a quantum dot is filled either with excitons(1) (bound electron - hole pairs) or with electrons(2). The discrete energy levels have been most spectacularly exploited in single photon sources that use a single quantum dot as emitter(3-6). At low temperatures, the artificial atom picture is strengthened by the long coherence times of excitons in quantum dots(7-9), motivating the application of quantum dots in quantum optics and quantum information processing. In this context, excitons in quantum dots have already been manipulated coherently(10-12). We show here that quantum dots can also possess electronic states that go far beyond the artificial atom model. These states are a coherent hybridization of localized quantum dot states and extended continuum states: they have no analogue in atomic physics. The states are generated by the emission of a photon from a quantum dot. We show how a new version of the Anderson model that describes interactions between localized and extended states can account for the observed hybridization.
C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Munich, Ctr NanoSci, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
   Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Semicond Phys, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
   PTM, CSIC, CNM, Inst Microelect Madrid, Madrid 28760, Spain.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Heriot Watt University; University of Munich; University of Munich; University System of Ohio; Ohio University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid (IMM); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Microelectronica (CNM); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Warburton, RJ (corresponding author), Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Engn & Phys Sci, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM R.J.Warburton@hw.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/A11472/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 22
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 2
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 135
EP 138
DI 10.1038/nature02109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900030
PM 14712271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneider, H
   Schuettpelz, E
   Pryer, KM
   Cranfill, R
   Magallón, S
   Lupia, R
AF Schneider, H
   Schuettpelz, E
   Pryer, KM
   Cranfill, R
   Magallón, S
   Lupia, R
TI Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID divergence times; evolution; sequences; abundance; plants; light; rates; rbcl
AB The rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous period is often portrayed as coincident with a dramatic drop in the diversity and abundance of many seed-free vascular plant lineages, including ferns(1-5). This has led to the widespread belief that ferns, once a principal component of terrestrial ecosystems(6), succumbed to the ecological predominance of angiosperms and are mostly evolutionary holdovers from the late Palaeozoic/early Mesozoic era. The first appearance of many modern fern genera in the early Tertiary fossil record implies another evolutionary scenario; that is, that the majority of living ferns resulted from a more recent diversification(7-10). But a full understanding of trends in fern diversification and evolution using only palaeobotanical evidence is hindered by the poor taxonomic resolution of the fern fossil record in the Cretaceous(11). Here we report divergence time estimates for ferns and angiosperms based on molecular data, with constraints from a reassessment of the fossil record. We show that polypod ferns (>80% of living fern species) diversified in the Cretaceous, after angiosperms, suggesting perhaps an ecological opportunistic response to the diversification of angiosperms, as angiosperms came to dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Albert von Haller Inst Pflanzenwissensch, Abt Systemat Bot, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Univ Herbarium, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Dept Bot, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Oklahoma, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73072 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73072 USA.
C3 Duke University; University of Gottingen; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Pryer, KM (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM pryer@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 626
Z9 753
U1 3
U2 166
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 553
EP 557
DI 10.1038/nature02361
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100040
PM 15058303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amrani, N
   Ganesan, R
   Kervestin, S
   Mangus, DA
   Ghosh, S
   Jacobson, A
AF Amrani, N
   Ganesan, R
   Kervestin, S
   Mangus, DA
   Ghosh, S
   Jacobson, A
TI A faux 3′-UTR promotes aberrant termination and triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translation termination; poly(a)-binding protein; initiation; yeast; surveillance; recognition; efficiency; sequences; upstream; poly(a)
AB Nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay (NMD) is triggered by premature translation termination(1-3), but the features distinguishing premature from normal termination are unknown. One model for NMD suggests that decay-inducing factors bound to mRNAs during early processing events are routinely removed by elongating ribosomes but remain associated with mRNAs when termination is premature, triggering rapid turnover(4). Recent experiments(5-7) challenge this notion and suggest a model that posits that mRNA decay is activated by the intrinsically aberrant nature of premature termination(8,9). Here we use a primer extension inhibition ( toeprinting) assay(10) to delineate ribosome positioning and find that premature translation termination in yeast extracts is indeed aberrant. Ribosomes encountering premature UAA or UGA codons in the CAN1 mRNA fail to release and, instead, migrate to upstream AUGs. This anomaly depends on prior nonsense codon recognition and is eliminated in extracts derived from cells lacking the principal NMD factor, Upf1p, or by flanking the nonsense codon with a normal 3' - untranslated region (UTR). Tethered poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1p), used as a mimic of a normal 3'-UTR, recruits the termination factor Sup35p (eRF3) and stabilizes nonsense-containing mRNAs. These findings indicate that efficient termination and mRNA stability are dependent on a properly configured 3'-UTR.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Jacobson, A (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
EM allan.jacobson@umassmed.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM027757, R01 GM027757] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 410
Z9 534
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 112
EP 118
DI 10.1038/nature03060
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900051
PM 15525991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuper, J
   Llamas, A
   Hecht, HJ
   Mendel, RR
   Schwarz, G
AF Kuper, J
   Llamas, A
   Hecht, HJ
   Mendel, RR
   Schwarz, G
TI Structure of the molybdopterin-bound Cnx1G domain links molybdenum and copper metabolism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli moea; crystal-structure; sulfite oxidase; nitrate reductase; sulfur metabolism; molecular-basis; protein; cofactor; insights; enzymes
AB The molybdenum cofactor is part of the active site of all molybdenum-dependent enzymes(1), except nitrogenase. The molybdenum cofactor consists of molybdopterin, a phosphorylated pyranopterin(2), with an ene-dithiolate coordinating molybdenum. The same pyranopterin-based cofactor is involved in metal coordination of the homologous tungsten-containing enzymes found in archea(3). The molybdenum cofactor is synthesized by a highly conserved biosynthetic pathway(4). In plants, the multidomain protein Cnx1 catalyses the insertion of molybdenum into molybdopterin. The Cnx1 G domain (Cnx1G), whose crystal structure has been determined in its apo form, binds molybdopterin with high affinity and participates in the catalysis of molybdenum insertion. Here we present two high-resolution crystal structures of Cnx1G in complex with molybdopterin and with adenylated molybdopterin ( molybdopterin - AMP), a mechanistically important intermediate. Molybdopterin - AMP is the reaction product of Cnx1G and is subsequently processed in a magnesium-dependent reaction by the amino-terminal E domain of Cnx1 to yield active molybdenum cofactor. The unexpected identification of copper bound to the molybdopterin dithiolate sulphurs in both structures, coupled with the observed copper inhibition of Cnx1G activity, provides a molecular link between molybdenum and copper metabolism.
C1 Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Dept Plant Biol, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
   German Res Ctr Biotechnol, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
C3 Braunschweig University of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research
RP Schwarz, G (corresponding author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Dept Plant Biol, Spielmannstr 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
EM g.schwarz@tu-bs.de
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 193
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 803
EP 806
DI 10.1038/nature02681
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600047
PM 15306815
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jewitt, DC
   Luu, J
AF Jewitt, DC
   Luu, J
TI Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; spectroscopy; irradiation; satellites; spectrum; centaur
AB The Kuiper belt is a disk-like structure consisting of solid bodies orbiting the Sun beyond Neptune(1). It is the source of the short-period comets and the likely repository of the Solar System's most primitive materials(2). Surface temperatures in the belt are low (similar to50 K), suggesting that ices trapped at formation should have been preserved over the age of the Solar System. Unfortunately, most Kuiper belt objects are too faint for meaningful compositional study, even with the largest available telescopes. Water ice has been reported in a handful of objects(3-5), but most appear spectrally featureless(5,6). Here we report near-infrared observations of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar, which reveal the presence of crystalline water ice and ammonia hydrate. Crystallinity indicates that the ice has been heated to at least 110 K. Both ammonia hydrate and crystalline water ice should be destroyed by energetic particle irradiation on a timescale of about 10(7) yr. We conclude that Quaoar has been recently resurfaced, either by impact exposure of previously buried ( shielded) ices or by cryovolcanic outgassing, or by a combination of these processes.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Lincoln Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jewitt, DC (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM jewitt@hawaii.edu
NR 26
TC 206
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature03111
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200041
PM 15592406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, KS
   Guan, Y
   Wang, J
   Smith, GJD
   Xu, KM
   Duan, L
   Rahardjo, AP
   Puthavathana, P
   Buranathai, C
   Nguyen, TD
   Estoepangestie, ATS
   Chaisingh, A
   Auewarakul, P
   Long, HT
   Hanh, NTH
   Webby, RJ
   Poon, LLM
   Chen, H
   Shortridge, KF
   Yuen, KY
   Webster, RG
   Peiris, JSM
AF Li, KS
   Guan, Y
   Wang, J
   Smith, GJD
   Xu, KM
   Duan, L
   Rahardjo, AP
   Puthavathana, P
   Buranathai, C
   Nguyen, TD
   Estoepangestie, ATS
   Chaisingh, A
   Auewarakul, P
   Long, HT
   Hanh, NTH
   Webby, RJ
   Poon, LLM
   Chen, H
   Shortridge, KF
   Yuen, KY
   Webster, RG
   Peiris, JSM
TI Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID avian influenza; a virus; h9n2; evolution; poultry; china
AB A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5N1, caused disease outbreaks in poultry in China and seven other east Asian countries between late 2003 and early 2004; the same virus was fatal to humans in Thailand and Vietnam(1). Here we demonstrate a series of genetic reassortment events traceable to the precursor of the H5N1 viruses that caused the initial human outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 (refs 2-4) and subsequent avian outbreaks in 2001 and 2002 ( refs 5, 6). These events gave rise to a dominant H5N1 genotype (Z) in chickens and ducks that was responsible for the regional outbreak in 2003-04. Our findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China had a central role in the generation and maintenance of this virus, and that wild birds may have contributed to the increasingly wide spread of the virus in Asia. Our results suggest that H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential have become endemic in the region and are not easily eradicable. These developments pose a threat to public and veterinary health in the region and potentially the world, and suggest that long-term control measures are required.
C1 Shantou Univ, Coll Med, Joint Influenza Res Ctr, SUMC,HKU, Guangdong 515031, Peoples R China.
   Univ Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Airlangga, Fak Kedokteran Hewan, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
   Sriraj Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
   Natl Inst Anim Hlth, Dept Livestock Dev, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
   Minist Agr & Rural Dev, Natl Inst Vet Res, Dept Virol, Hanoi, Vietnam.
   Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Dept Virol, Hanoi, Vietnam.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Div Virol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 University of Hong Kong; Shantou University; University of Hong Kong; Airlangga University; National Institute of Hygiene & Epidemiology (NIHE); St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Guan, Y (corresponding author), Shantou Univ, Coll Med, Joint Influenza Res Ctr, SUMC,HKU, Guangdong 515031, Peoples R China.
EM yguan@hkucc.hku.hk
NR 26
TC 1040
Z9 1368
U1 3
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 209
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature02746
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600044
PM 15241415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bateson, P
   Barker, D
   Clutton-Brock, T
   Deb, D
   D'Udine, B
   Foley, RA
   Gluckman, P
   Godfrey, K
   Kirkwood, T
   Lahr, MM
   McNamara, J
   Metcalfe, NB
   Monaghan, P
   Spencer, HG
   Sultan, SE
AF Bateson, P
   Barker, D
   Clutton-Brock, T
   Deb, D
   D'Udine, B
   Foley, RA
   Gluckman, P
   Godfrey, K
   Kirkwood, T
   Lahr, MM
   McNamara, J
   Metcalfe, NB
   Monaghan, P
   Spencer, HG
   Sultan, SE
TI Developmental plasticity and human health
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catch-up growth; hypothesis; origins; disease; obesity; number; birth
AB Many plants and animals are capable of developing In a variety of ways, forming characteristics that are well adapted to the environments In which they are likely to live. In adverse circumstances, for example, small size and slow metabolism can facilitate survival, whereas larger size and more rapid metabolism have advantages for reproductive success when resources are more abundant Often these characteristics are induced In early life or are even set by cues to which their parents or grandparents were exposed. Individuals developmentally adapted to one environment may, however, he at risk when exposed to another when they are older, The biological evidence may be relevant to the understanding of human development and susceptibility to disease. As the nutritional state of many human mothers has improved around the world, the characteristics of their offspring-such as body size and metabolism-have also changed, Responsiveness to their mothers' condition before birth may generally prepare individuals so that they are best suited to the environment forecast by cues available in early life. Paradoxically, however, rapid improvements in nutrition and other environmental Conditions may have damaging effects on the health of those people whose parents and grandparents lived In impoverished conditions. A fuller understanding of patterns of human plasticity in response to early nutrition and other environmental factors will have implications for the administration of public health.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
   Univ Southampton, Southampton Gen Hosp, MRC, Environm Epidemiol Unit, Southampton SO16 6YD, Hants, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Ctr Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata 700123, India.
   Univ Udine, Dept Pisiol Vegetale, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
   Univ Cambridge, Leverhulme Ctr Human Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England.
   Univ Auckland, Liggins Inst, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Auckland, Natl Res Ctr Growth & Dev, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Newcastle, Sch Clin Med Sci Gerontol, Henry Wellcome Lab Biogerontol Res, Inst Ageing & Hlth, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 6BE, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
   Univ Glasgow, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Otago, Dept Zool, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Southampton; University of Cambridge; University of Udine; University of Cambridge; University of Auckland; University of Auckland; Newcastle University - UK; University of Bristol; University of Glasgow; University of Otago; Wesleyan University
RP Bateson, P (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Subdept Anim Behav, High St, Cambridge CB3 8AA, England.
EM ppgb@cam.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BEP17042] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BEP17042] Funding Source: Medline
NR 40
TC 1257
Z9 1466
U1 2
U2 209
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 419
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature02725
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400033
PM 15269759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, R
AF Dalton, R
TI When two tribes go to war
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pima-indians
NR 4
TC 60
Z9 70
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 500
EP 502
DI 10.1038/430500a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100014
PM 15282577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polley, DB
   Kvasnák, E
   Frostig, RD
AF Polley, DB
   Kvasnák, E
   Frostig, RD
TI Naturalistic experience transforms sensory maps in the adult cortex of caged animals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent synaptic plasticity; somatosensory cortex; barrel cortex; rat; organization; stimulation; mouse; si; environments; suppression
AB Much of what is known about the functional organization and plasticity of adult sensory cortex is derived from animals housed in standard laboratory cages(1,2). Here we report that the transfer of adult rats reared in standard laboratory cages to a naturalistic habitat modifies the functional and morphological organization of the facial whisker representation in the somatosensory 'barrel' cortex. Cortical whisker representations, visualized with repeated intrinsic signal optical imaging in the same animals, contracted by 46% after four to six weeks of exposure to the naturalistic habitat. Acute, multi-site extracellular recordings demonstrated suppressed evoked neuronal responses and smaller, sharper constituent receptive fields in the upper cortical layers (II/III), but not in the thalamic recipient layer (IV), of rats with naturalistic experience. Morphological plasticity of the layer IV barrel field was observed, but on a substantially smaller scale than the functional plasticity. Thus, transferring animals to an environment that promotes the expression of natural, innate behaviours induces a large-scale functional refinement of cortical sensory maps.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biomed Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Polley, DB (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM dpolley@phy.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 129
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 67
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature02469
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100045
PM 15129281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dewar, H
   Tanaka, K
   Nasmyth, K
   Tanaka, TU
AF Dewar, H
   Tanaka, K
   Nasmyth, K
   Tanaka, TU
TI Tension between two kinetochores suffices for their bi-orientation on the mitotic spindle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna topoisomerase-ii; budding yeast; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromosome segregation; aurora-b; microtubule attachment; precocious separation; protein-kinase; mitosis; incenp
AB The movement of sister chromatids to opposite spindle poles during anaphase depends on the prior capture of sister kinetochores by microtubules with opposing orientations (amphitelic attachment or bi-orientation)(1). In addition to proteins necessary for the kinetochore-microtubule attachment, bi-orientation requires the Ipl1 (Aurora B in animal cells) protein kinase(2-7) and tethering of sister chromatids by cohesin(8,9). Syntelic attachments, in which sister kinetochores attach to microtubules with the same orientation, must be either 'avoided' or 'corrected'. Avoidance might be facilitated by the juxtaposition of sister kinetochores such that they face in opposite directions; kinetochore geometry is therefore deemed important. Error correction, by contrast, is thought to stem from the stabilization of kinetochore-spindle pole connections by tension in microtubules, kinetochores, or the surrounding chromatin arising from amphitelic but not syntelic attachment(10,11). The tension model predicts that any type of connection between two kinetochores suffices for efficient bi-orientation. Here we show that the two kinetochores of engineered, unreplicated dicentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae bi-orient efficiently, implying that sister kinetochore geometry is dispensable for bi-orientation. We also show that Ipl1 facilitates bi-orientation by promoting the turnover of kinetochore-spindle pole connections in a tension-dependent manner.
C1 Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Dundee; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Tanaka, TU (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
EM t.tanaka@dundee.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 157
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 93
EP 97
DI 10.1038/nature02328
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800042
PM 14961024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, AS
   Jones, R
   Liao, L
   Samara-Rubio, D
   Rubin, D
   Cohen, O
   Nicolaescu, R
   Paniccia, M
AF Liu, AS
   Jones, R
   Liao, L
   Samara-Rubio, D
   Rubin, D
   Cohen, O
   Nicolaescu, R
   Paniccia, M
TI A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-guides; soi; interferometers; fabrication; wavelength; voltage
AB Silicon has long been the optimal material for electronics, but it is only relatively recently that it has been considered as a material option for photonics(1). One of the key limitations for using silicon as a photonic material has been the relatively low speed of silicon optical modulators compared to those fabricated from III-V semiconductor compounds(2-6) and/or electro-optic materials such as lithium niobate(7-9). To date, the fastest silicon-waveguide-based optical modulator that has been demonstrated experimentally has a modulation frequency of only similar to20 MHz (refs 10, 11), although it has been predicted theoretically that a similar to1-GHz modulation frequency might be achievable in some device structures(12,13). Here we describe an approach based on a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure embedded in a silicon waveguide that can produce high-speed optical phase modulation: we demonstrate an all-silicon optical modulator with a modulation bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz. As this technology is compatible with conventional complementary MOS (CMOS) processing, monolithic integration of the silicon modulator with advanced electronics on a single silicon substrate becomes possible.
C1 Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
   Intel Corp, IL-91031 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Intel Corporation; Intel USA; Intel Corporation; Intel Israel
RP Liu, AS (corresponding author), Intel Corp, 2200 Miss Coll Blvd,CHP3-109, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
EM ansheng.liu@intel.com
NR 25
TC 1374
Z9 1686
U1 10
U2 655
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 615
EP 618
DI 10.1038/nature02310
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300035
PM 14961115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hessler, AM
   Lowe, DR
   Jones, RL
   Bird, DK
AF Hessler, AM
   Lowe, DR
   Jones, RL
   Bird, DK
TI A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-africa; early earth; precambrian atmosphere; oxygen; oxidation; evolution; australia; paleosol; minerals; siderite
AB The quantification of greenhouse gases present in the Archaean atmosphere is critical for understanding the evolution of atmospheric oxygen, surface temperatures and the conditions for life on early Earth. For instance, it has been argued(1-4) that small changes in the balance between two potential greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, may have dictated the feedback cycle involving organic haze production and global cooling. Climate models have focused on carbon dioxide as the greenhouse gas responsible for maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures during a time of low solar luminosity(5,6). However, the analysis of 2.75-billion-year (Gyr)-old(7) palaeosols-soil samples preserved in the geologic record-have recently provided an upper constraint on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels well below that required in most climate models to prevent the Earth's surface from freezing. This finding prompted many to look towards methane as an additional greenhouse gas to satisfy climate models(1,4,8,9). Here we use model equilibrium reactions for weathering rinds on 3.2-Gyr-old river gravels to show that the presence of iron-rich carbonate relative to common clay minerals requires a minimum partial pressure of carbon dioxide several times higher than present-day values. Unless actual carbon dioxide levels were considerably greater than this, climate models(5,6,8) predict that additional greenhouse gases would still need to have a role in maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Hessler, AM (corresponding author), Grand Valley State Univ, Dept Geol, Allendale, MI 49401 USA.
EM hesslera@gvsu.edu
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 736
EP 738
DI 10.1038/nature02471
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800035
PM 15085128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfleiderer, C
   Reznik, D
   Pintschovius, L
   von Löhneysen, H
   Garst, M
   Rosch, A
AF Pfleiderer, C
   Reznik, D
   Pintschovius, L
   von Löhneysen, H
   Garst, M
   Rosch, A
TI Partial order in the non-Fermi-liquid phase of MnSi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition; scattering; stripes; nmr
AB Only a few metallic phases have been identified in pure crystalline materials. These include normal, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic metals, systems with spin and charge density wave order, and superconductors. Fermi-liquid theory provides a basis for the description of all of these phases. It has been suggested that non-Fermi-liquid phases of metals may exist in some heavy-fermion compounds(1,2) and oxide materials(3-6), but the discovery of a characteristic microscopic signature of such phases presents a major challenge. The transition-metal compound MnSi above a certain pressure (p(c)=14.6 kbar) provides what may be the cleanest example of an extended non-Fermi-liquid phase in a three-dimensional metal(7-9). The bulk properties of MnSi suggest that long-range magnetic order is suppressed at p(c) (refs 7-12). Here we report neutron diffraction measurements of MnSi, revealing that sizeable quasi-static magnetic moments survive far into the non-Fermi-liquid phase. These moments are organized in an unusual pattern with partial long-range order. Our observation supports the existence of novel metallic phases with partial ordering of the conduction electrons (reminiscent of liquid crystals), as proposed for the high-temperature superconductors(4-6) and heavy-fermion compounds(13).
C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Theorie Kondensierten Mat, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Festkorperphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   CEA Saclay, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Pfleiderer, C (corresponding author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
EM Christian.Pfleiderer@physik.uni-karlsruhe.de
NR 30
TC 324
Z9 343
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 227
EP 231
DI 10.1038/nature02232
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100038
PM 14724633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shoichet, BK
AF Shoichet, BK
TI Virtual screening of chemical libraries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structure-based design; inhibitors; discovery; site; computation; reductase; strategy; docking; model
AB Virtual screening uses computer-based methods to discover new ligands on the basis of biological structures. Although widely heralded in the 1970s and 1980s, the technique has since struggled to meet its initial promise, and drug discovery remains dominated by empirical screening. Recent successes in predicting new ligands and their receptor-bound structures, and better rates of ligand discovery compared to empirical screening, have re-ignited interest in virtual screening, which is now widely used in drug discovery, albeit on a more limited scale than empirical screening.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Shoichet, BK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM shoichet@cgl.ucsf.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059957] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 1133
Z9 1341
U1 4
U2 228
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 862
EP 865
DI 10.1038/nature03197
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500043
PM 15602552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, DJ
AF Thomas, DJ
TI Evidence for deep-water production in the North Pacific Ocean during the early Cenozoic warm interval
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID residence time; neodymium; nd; atlantic; sr
AB The deep-ocean circulation is responsible for a significant component of global heat transport. In the present mode of circulation, deep waters formin the North Atlantic and Southern oceans where surface water becomes sufficiently cold and dense to sink. Polar temperatures during the warmest climatic interval of the Cenozoic era (similar to65 to 40 million years (Myr) ago) were significantly warmer than today, and this may have been a consequence of enhanced oceanic heat transport(1). However, understanding the relationship between deep-ocean circulation and ancient climate is complicated by differences in oceanic gateways(2), which affect where deep waters form and how they circulate. Here I report records of neodymium isotopes from two cores in the Pacific Ocean that indicate a shift in deep-water production from the Southern Ocean to the North Pacific similar to65 Myr ago. The source of deep waters reverted back to the Southern Ocean 40 Myr ago. The relative timing of changes in the neodymium and oxygen isotope records indicates that changes in Cenozoic deep-water circulation patterns were the consequence, not the cause, of extreme Cenozoic warmth.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Thomas, DJ (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM dthomas@ocean.tamu.edu
NR 28
TC 110
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature02639
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800042
PM 15229597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beckley, C
AF Beckley, C
TI Biotech business Down Under
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP A5
EP +
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831HC
UT WOS:000222184500002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hock, H
   Hamblen, MJ
   Rooke, HM
   Schindler, JW
   Saleque, S
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
AF Hock, H
   Hamblen, MJ
   Rooke, HM
   Schindler, JW
   Saleque, S
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
TI Gfi-1 restricts proliferation and preserves functional integrity of haematopoietic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; transgenic mice; differentiation; expansion; capacity; bmi-1; myc
AB Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain blood production throughout life. HSCs are capable of extensive proliferative expansion, as a single HSC may reconstitute lethally irradiated hosts(1). In steady-state, HSCs remain largely quiescent and self-renew at a constant low rate, forestalling their exhaustion during adult life(2,3). Whereas nuclear regulatory factors promoting proliferative programmes of HSCs in vivo and ex vivo have been identified(4-6), transcription factors restricting their cycling have remained elusive. Here we report that the zinc-finger repressor Gfi-1 (growth factor independent 1), a cooperating oncogene in lymphoid cells(7,8), unexpectedly restricts proliferation of HSCs. After loss of Gfi-1, HSCs display elevated proliferation rates as assessed by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cell-cycle analysis. Gfi-1(-/-) HSCs are functionally compromised in competitive repopulation and serial transplantation assays, and are rapidly out-competed in the bone marrow of mouse chimaeras generated with Gfi-1(-/-) embryonic stem cells. Thus, Gfi-1 is essential to restrict HSC proliferation and to preserve HSC functional integrity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Orkin, SH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM stuart_orkin@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 23
TC 439
Z9 560
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 1002
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/nature02994
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600048
PM 15457180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirichok, Y
   Krapivinsky, G
   Clapham, DE
AF Kirichok, Y
   Krapivinsky, G
   Clapham, DE
TI The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a highly selective ion channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-liver mitochondria; ca2+; transport; membrane; translocation; microdomains; inhibition; apoptosis; cations; complex
AB During intracellular Ca2+ signalling mitochondria accumulate significant amounts of Ca2+ from the cytosol(1,2). Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake controls the rate of energy production(1,3,4), shapes the amplitude and spatio- temporal patterns of intracellular Ca2+ signals(1,5-8), and is instrumental to cell death(9,10). This Ca2+ uptake is undertaken by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter ( MCU) located in the organelle's inner membrane(11,12). The uniporter passes Ca2+ down the electrochemical gradient maintained across this membrane without direct coupling to ATP hydrolysis or transport of other ions(11). Carriers are characterized by turnover numbers that are typically 1,000- fold lower than ion channels, and until now it has been unclear whether the MCU is a carrier or a channel(13). By patch- clamping the inner mitochondrial membrane, we identified a previously unknown Ca2+ selective ion channel sensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Our data indicate that this unique channel binds Ca2+ with extremely high affinity ( dissociation constant less than or equal to 2 nM), enabling high Ca2+ selectivity despite relatively low cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. The channel is inwardly rectifying, making it especially effective for Ca2+ uptake into energized mitochondria. Thus, we conclude that the properties of the current mediated by this novel channel are those of the MCU.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cardiovasc Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Clapham, DE (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cardiovasc Res, 320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dclapham@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1141
Z9 1344
U1 0
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/nature02246
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200043
PM 14737170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garkavtsev, I
   Kozin, SV
   Chernova, O
   Xu, L
   Winkler, F
   Brown, E
   Barnett, GH
   Jain, RK
AF Garkavtsev, I
   Kozin, SV
   Chernova, O
   Xu, L
   Winkler, F
   Brown, E
   Barnett, GH
   Jain, RK
TI The candidate tumour suppressor protein ING4 regulates brain tumour growth and angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-8 expression; p53 expression; p33(ing1); fibroblasts; inhibitor; cancer; gene
AB Gliomas are the most common primary tumours of the central nervous system, with nearly 15,000 diagnosed annually in the United States and a lethality approaching 80% within the first year of glioblastoma diagnosis(1). The marked induction of angiogenesis in glioblastomas suggests that it is a necessary part of malignant progression(2); however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of brain tumour growth and angiogenesis remain unresolved. Here we report that a candidate tumour suppressor gene, ING4, is involved in regulating brain tumour growth and angiogenesis. Expression of ING4 is significantly reduced in gliomas as compared with normal human brain tissue, and the extent of reduction correlates with the progression from lower to higher grades of tumours. In mice, xenografts of human glioblastoma U87MG, which has decreased expression of ING4, grow significantly faster and have higher vascular volume fractions than control tumours. We show that ING4 physically interacts with p65 ( RelA) subunit of nuclear factor NF-kappaB, and that ING4 regulates brain tumour angiogenesis through transcriptional repression of NF-kappaB-responsive genes. These results indicate that ING4 has an important role in brain tumour pathogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Dept Radiat Oncol, Edwin L Steele Lab Tumour Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Brain Tumour Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Garkavtsev, I (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med,Dept Radiat Oncol, Edwin L Steele Lab Tumour Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM igorg@steele.mgh.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA080124] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 309
Z9 373
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 328
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature02329
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200046
PM 15029197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Norell, MA
AF Xu, X
   Norell, MA
TI A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; theropoda; skull
AB Discovering evidence of behaviour in fossilized vertebrates is rare. Even rarer is evidence of behaviour in non-avialan dinosaurs that directly relates to stereotypical behaviour seen in extant birds (avians) and not previously predicted in non-avialan dinosaurs(1,2). Here we report the discovery of a new troodontid taxon from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Numerous other three-dimensionally preserved vertebrate fossils have been recovered recently at this locality, including some specimens preserving behavioural information(3). The new troodontid preserves several features that have been implicated in avialan origins. Notably, the specimen is preserved in the stereotypical sleeping or resting posture found in extant Aves(4). Evidence of this behaviour outside of the crown group Aves further demonstrates that many bird features occurred early in dinosaurian evolution(5,6).
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xu@amnh.org; xingxu@vip.sina.com
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 838
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature02898
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500045
PM 15483610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, ZY
   Kong, WP
   Huang, Y
   Roberts, A
   Murphy, BR
   Subbarao, K
   Nabel, GJ
AF Yang, ZY
   Kong, WP
   Huang, Y
   Roberts, A
   Murphy, BR
   Subbarao, K
   Nabel, GJ
TI A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute respiratory syndrome; hong-kong; virus; identification; challenge; infection; proteins; genome; pigs
AB Public health measures have successfully identified and contained outbreaks of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV)(1-5), but concerns remain over the possibility of future recurrences. Finding a vaccine for this virus therefore remains a high priority. Here, we show that a DNA vaccine encoding the spike (S) glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV induces T cell and neutralizing antibody responses, as well as protective immunity, in a mouse model. Alternative forms of S were analysed by DNA immunization. These expression vectors induced robust immune responses mediated by CD4 and CD8 cells, as well as significant antibody titres, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, antibody responses in mice vaccinated with an expression vector encoding a form of S that includes its transmembrane domain elicited neutralizing antibodies. Viral replication was reduced by more than six orders of magnitude in the lungs of mice vaccinated with these S plasmid DNA expression vectors, and protection was mediated by a humoral but not a T-cell-dependent immune mechanism. Gene-based vaccination for the SARS-CoV elicits effective immune responses that generate protective immunity in an animal model.
C1 NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Infect Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Nabel, GJ (corresponding author), NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bldg 40,Room 4502,MSC-3005,40 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM gnabel@nih.gov
NR 23
TC 532
Z9 648
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 561
EP 564
DI 10.1038/nature02463
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100042
PM 15024391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grantham, BA
   Chan, F
   Nielsen, KJ
   Fox, DS
   Barth, JA
   Huyer, A
   Lubchenco, J
   Menge, BA
AF Grantham, BA
   Chan, F
   Nielsen, KJ
   Fox, DS
   Barth, JA
   Huyer, A
   Lubchenco, J
   Menge, BA
TI Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem and oceanographic changes in the northeast Pacific
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID california current; art.; oregon; ocean; chlorophyll; shelf
AB Seasonal development of dissolved-oxygen deficits (hypoxia) represents an acute system-level perturbation to ecological dynamics and fishery sustainability in coastal ecosystems around the globe(1-3). Whereas anthropogenic nutrient loading has increased the frequency and severity of hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas(3,4), the occurrence of hypoxia in open-coast upwelling systems reflects ocean conditions that control the delivery of oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich deep water onto continental shelves(1). Upwelling systems support a large proportion of the world's fisheries(5), therefore understanding the links between changes in ocean climate, upwelling-driven hypoxia and ecological perturbations is critical. Here we report on the unprecedented development of severe inner-shelf (<70 m) hypoxia and resultant mass die-offs of fish and invertebrates within the California Current System. In 2002, cross-shelf transects revealed the development of abnormally low dissolved-oxygen levels as a response to anomalously strong flow of subarctic water into the California Current System. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of inner-shelf ecosystems to variation in ocean conditions, and the potential impacts of climate change on marine communities.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Washington State Dept Ecol, Coastal & Estuarine Assessment Unit, Olympia, WA 98504 USA.
   Sonoma State Univ, Dept Biol, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA.
   Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Marine Resources Program, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Oregon State University; California State University System; Sonoma State University
RP Chan, F (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM chanft@science.oregonstate.edu
NR 27
TC 480
Z9 577
U1 2
U2 204
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 749
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature02605
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900036
PM 15201908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Court, FA
   Sherman, DL
   Pratt, T
   Garry, EM
   Ribchester, RR
   Cottrell, DF
   Fleetwood-Walker, SM
   Brophy, PJ
AF Court, FA
   Sherman, DL
   Pratt, T
   Garry, EM
   Ribchester, RR
   Cottrell, DF
   Fleetwood-Walker, SM
   Brophy, PJ
TI Restricted growth of Schwann cells lacking Cajal bands slows conduction in myelinated nerves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein messenger-rna; mice; oligodendrocytes; microtubules; expression; junction; periaxin; fibers
AB Nerve impulses are propagated at nodes of Ranvier in the myelinated nerves of vertebrates. Internodal distances have been proposed to affect the velocity of nerve impulse conduction(1); however, direct evidence is lacking, and the cellular mechanisms that might regulate the length of the myelinated segments are unknown. Ramon y Cajal described longitudinal and transverse bands of cytoplasm or trabeculae in internodal Schwann cells and suggested that they had a nutritive function(2). Here we show that internodal growth in wild-type nerves is precisely matched to nerve extension, but disruption of the cytoplasmic bands in Periaxin-null mice impairs Schwann cell elongation during nerve growth. By contrast, myelination proceeds normally. The capacity of wild-type and mutant Schwann cells to elongate is cell-autonomous, indicating that passive stretching can account for the lengthening of the internode during limb growth. As predicted on theoretical grounds, decreased internodal distances strikingly decrease conduction velocities and so affect motor function. We propose that microtubule-based transport in the longitudinal bands of Cajal permits internodal Schwann cells to lengthen in response to axonal growth, thus ensuring rapid nerve impulse transmission.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Neurosci Res Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Brophy, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Neurosci Res Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM peter.brophy@ed.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 176
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/nature02841
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000046
PM 15356632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayden, J
   Lund, A
   Vallverdú, LS
   Helliwell, M
AF Clayden, J
   Lund, A
   Vallverdú, LS
   Helliwell, M
TI Ultra-remote stereocontrol by conformational communication of information along a carbon chain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric induction; thermodynamic control; atropisomeric amides; dynamic resolution; keto esters; stereochemistry; (-)-ephedrine; oxazolidine; auxiliary; aldehydes
AB Many receptors(1) and allosteric proteins(2) function through binding of a molecule to induce a conformational change, which then influences a remote active site. In synthetic systems, comparable intramolecular information transfer can be effected by using the shape of one part of a molecule to control the stereoselectivity of reactions occurring some distance away(3). However, the need for direct communication with the reaction site usually limits such remote stereocontrol to distances of not more than about five bond lengths. Cyclic structures overcome this problem by allowing the controlling centre and the reaction site(4,5) to approach each other, but the information transfer spans only short absolute distances. Truly remote stereocontrol can, however, be achieved with rigid compounds containing amide groups: the conformation of the amides can be controlled by stereogenic centres(6-9) and responds to that of neighbouring amide groups(10-12) and in turn influences stereoselective reactions(13). This strategy has allowed remote stereocontrol spanning 8 (ref. 11) or 9 (ref. 12) bonds. Here we demonstrate stereocontrol over a reaction taking place more than 20 bond lengths from the controlling centre, corresponding to a linear distance of over 2.5 nm. This transmission of information, achieved by conformational changes relayed through the molecule, provides a chemical model of allostery and might serve as a molecular mechanism for communicating and processing information(14-16).
C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Chem, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Clayden, J (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Dept Chem, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM clayden@man.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S05144/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 195
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 966
EP 971
DI 10.1038/nature02933
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600039
PM 15496918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daumke, O
   Weyand, M
   Chakrabarti, PP
   Vetter, IR
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Daumke, O
   Weyand, M
   Chakrabarti, PP
   Vetter, IR
   Wittinghofer, A
TI The GTPase-activating protein Rap1GAP uses a catalytic asparagine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tuberous-sclerosis; mutational analysis; molecular-cloning; arginine-finger; tsc2 gene; gap; hydrolysis; binding; complex; domain
AB Rap1 is a Ras-like guanine-nucleotide-binding protein ( GNBP) that is involved in a variety of signal-transduction processes(1,2). It regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesion and might activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Like other Ras-like GNBPs, Rap1 is regulated by guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors ( GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins ( GAPs). These GAPs increase the slow intrinsic GTPase reaction of Ras-like GNBPs by many orders of magnitude and allow tight regulation of signalling. The activation mechanism involves stabilization of the catalytic glutamine of the GNBP and, in most cases, the insertion of a catalytic arginine of GAP into the active site(3). Rap1 is a close homologue of Ras but does not possess the catalytic glutamine essential for GTP hydrolysis in all other Ras-like and Galpha proteins. Furthermore, RapGAPs are not related to other GAPs and apparently do not use a catalytic arginine residue(4). Here we present the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Rap1-specific Rap1GAP at 2.9 Angstrom. By mutational analysis, fluorescence titration and stopped-flow kinetic assay, we demonstrate that Rap1GAP provides a catalytic asparagine to stimulate GTP hydrolysis. Implications for the disease tuberous sclerosis are discussed.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Otto Hahnstr 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 120
Z9 141
U1 1
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 197
EP 201
DI 10.1038/nature02505
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300045
PM 15141215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forsgren, E
   Amundsen, T
   Borg, ÅA
   Bjelvenmark, J
AF Forsgren, E
   Amundsen, T
   Borg, ÅA
   Bjelvenmark, J
TI Unusually dynamic sex roles in a fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potential reproductive rates; parental investment; mating system; mate choice; selection; competition; evolution; care; population; direction
AB Sex roles are typically thought of as being fixed for a given species. In most animals males compete for females, whereas the females are more reluctant to mate. Therefore sexual selection usually acts most strongly on males(1,2). This is explained by males having a higher potential reproductive rate than females, leading to more males being sexually active (a male-biased operational sex ratio)(3,4). However, what determines sex roles and the strength of sexual selection is a controversial and much debated question(3,5-10). In this large-scale field study, we show a striking temporal plasticity in the mating competition of a fish (two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens). Over the short breeding season fierce male-male competition and intensive courtship behaviour in males were replaced by female-female competition and actively courting females. Hence, sex role reversal occurred rapidly. This is the first time that a shift in sex roles has been shown in a vertebrate. The shift might be explained by a large decline in male abundance, strongly skewing the sex ratio towards females. Notably, the sex role reversal did not occur at an equal operational sex ratio, contrary to established sex role theory(3,4).
C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Marine Ecol, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, SE-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
C3 University of Gothenburg; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
RP Forsgren, E (corresponding author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Marine Ecol, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, SE-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.
EM elisabet.forsgren@bio.ntnu.no
NR 30
TC 241
Z9 263
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 551
EP 554
DI 10.1038/nature02562
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700037
PM 15175750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nummela, S
   Thewissen, JGM
   Bajpai, S
   Hussain, ST
   Kumar, K
AF Nummela, S
   Thewissen, JGM
   Bajpai, S
   Hussain, ST
   Kumar, K
TI Eocene evolution of whale hearing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cetacea; origin
AB The origin of whales ( order Cetacea) is one of the best-documented examples of macroevolutionary change in vertebrates(1-3). As the earliest whales became obligately marine, all of their organ systems adapted to the new environment. The fossil record indicates that this evolutionary transition took less than 15 million years, and that different organ systems followed different evolutionary trajectories. Here we document the evolutionary changes that took place in the sound transmission mechanism of the outer and middle ear in early whales. Sound transmission mechanisms change early on in whale evolution and pass through a stage ( in pakicetids) in which hearing in both air and water is unsophisticated. This intermediate stage is soon abandoned and is replaced ( in remingtonocetids and protocetids) by a sound transmission mechanism similar to that in modern toothed whales. The mechanism of these fossil whales lacks sophistication, and still retains some of the key elements that land mammals use to hear airborne sound.
C1 Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
   Indian Inst Technol, Dept Earth Sci, Roorkee 427667, Uttaranchel, India.
   Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
   Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
C3 University System of Ohio; Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED); Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Roorkee; Howard University; Department of Science & Technology (India); Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG)
RP Thewissen, JGM (corresponding author), Northeastern Ohio Univ Coll Med & Pharm, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA.
EM thewisse@neoucom.edu
NR 30
TC 82
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 776
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature02720
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600040
PM 15306808
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dujon, B
   Sherman, D
   Fischer, G
   Durrens, P
   Casaregola, S
   Lafontaine, I
   de Montigny, J
   Marck, C
   Neuvéglise, C
   Talla, E
   Goffard, N
   Frangeul, L
   Aigle, M
   Anthouard, V
   Babour, A
   Barbe, V
   Barnay, S
   Blanchin, S
   Beckerich, JM
   Beyne, E
   Bleykasten, C
   Boisramé, A
   Boyer, J
   Cattolico, L
   Confanioleri, F
   de Daruvar, A
   Despons, L
   Fabre, E
   Fairhead, C
   Ferry-Dumazet, H
   Groppi, A
   Hantraye, F
   Hennequin, C
   Jauniaux, N
   Joyet, P
   Kachouri, R
   Kerrest, A
   Koszul, R
   Lemaire, M
   Lesur, I
   Ma, L
   Muller, H
   Nicaud, JM
   Nikolski, M
   Oztas, S
   Ozier-Kalogeropoulos, O
   Pellenz, S
   Potier, S
   Richard, GF
   Straub, ML
   Suleau, A
   Swennen, D
   Tekaia, F
   Wésolowski-Louvel, M
   Westhof, E
   Wirth, B
   Zeniou-Meyer, M
   Zivanovic, I
   Bolotin-Fukuhara, M
   Thierry, A
   Bouchier, C
   Caudron, B
   Scarpelli, C
   Gaillardin, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Wincker, P
   Souciet, JL
AF Dujon, B
   Sherman, D
   Fischer, G
   Durrens, P
   Casaregola, S
   Lafontaine, I
   de Montigny, J
   Marck, C
   Neuvéglise, C
   Talla, E
   Goffard, N
   Frangeul, L
   Aigle, M
   Anthouard, V
   Babour, A
   Barbe, V
   Barnay, S
   Blanchin, S
   Beckerich, JM
   Beyne, E
   Bleykasten, C
   Boisramé, A
   Boyer, J
   Cattolico, L
   Confanioleri, F
   de Daruvar, A
   Despons, L
   Fabre, E
   Fairhead, C
   Ferry-Dumazet, H
   Groppi, A
   Hantraye, F
   Hennequin, C
   Jauniaux, N
   Joyet, P
   Kachouri, R
   Kerrest, A
   Koszul, R
   Lemaire, M
   Lesur, I
   Ma, L
   Muller, H
   Nicaud, JM
   Nikolski, M
   Oztas, S
   Ozier-Kalogeropoulos, O
   Pellenz, S
   Potier, S
   Richard, GF
   Straub, ML
   Suleau, A
   Swennen, D
   Tekaia, F
   Wésolowski-Louvel, M
   Westhof, E
   Wirth, B
   Zeniou-Meyer, M
   Zivanovic, I
   Bolotin-Fukuhara, M
   Thierry, A
   Bouchier, C
   Caudron, B
   Scarpelli, C
   Gaillardin, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Wincker, P
   Souciet, JL
TI Genome evolution in yeasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; molecular evolution; interaction network; gene order; sequence; duplication; arabidopsis; features; regions; rice
AB Identifying the mechanisms of eukaryotic genome evolution by comparative genomics is often complicated by the multiplicity of events that have taken place throughout the history of individual lineages, leaving only distorted and superimposed traces in the genome of each living organism. The hemiascomycete yeasts, with their compact genomes, similar lifestyle and distinct sexual and physiological properties, provide a unique opportunity to explore such mechanisms. We present here the complete, assembled genome sequences of four yeast species, selected to represent a broad evolutionary range within a single eukaryotic phylum, that after analysis proved to be molecularly as diverse as the entire phylum of chordates. A total of approximately 24,200 novel genes were identified, the translation products of which were classified together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins into about 4,700 families, forming the basis for interspecific comparisons. Analysis of chromosome maps and genome redundancies reveal that the different yeast lineages have evolved through a marked interplay between several distinct molecular mechanisms, including tandem gene repeat formation, segmental duplication, a massive genome duplication and extensive gene loss.
C1 Univ Strasbourg, Lab Dynam Evolut & Express Genomes Microorganisme, CNRS, FRE 2326, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UFR 927, Unite Genet Mol Levures, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, URA 2171, Unite Genet Mol Levures, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Pasteur Genopole Ile de France, Plate Forme Genom, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2171, Unite Genet Interact Macormol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Grp Logiciels & Banques Donnees, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   LaBRI, CNRS, UMR 5800, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, Ctr Bioinformat Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5095, Inst Biochim & Genet Cellulaires, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
   INAPG, INRA, UMR 216, Collect Levures Interet Biotechnol, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
   INAPG, INRA, UMR 216, Lab Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
   INAPG, CNRS, URA 1925, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Biochim & Genet Mol, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Genet Mol, CNRS, UMR 8621, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CNRS, UPR 9002, IBMC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5122, Lab Genet Levures, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Information Sciences & Technologies (INS2I); Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Universite de Bordeaux; INRAE; Universite Paris Saclay; INRAE; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon - INSA Lyon; Universite Lyon 1
RP Dujon, B (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg, Lab Dynam Evolut & Express Genomes Microorganisme, CNRS, FRE 2326, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
EM bdujon@pasteur.fr; souciet@gem.u-strasbg.fr
NR 34
TC 1319
Z9 4578
U1 5
U2 356
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 35
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature02579
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800036
PM 15229592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dyall, SD
   Yan, WH
   Delgadillo-Correa, MG
   Lunceford, A
   Loo, JA
   Clarke, CF
   Johnson, PJ
AF Dyall, SD
   Yan, WH
   Delgadillo-Correa, MG
   Lunceford, A
   Loo, JA
   Clarke, CF
   Johnson, PJ
TI Non-mitochondrial complex I proteins in a hydrogenosomal oxidoreductase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nadh-quinone oxidoreductase; trichomonas-vaginalis; ferredoxin oxidoreductase; paracoccus-denitrificans; anaerobic eukaryotes; nuclear genm; mitochondria; evolution; origin; genes
AB Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular microaerophilic eukaryote that lacks mitochondria yet contains an alternative organelle, the hydrogenosome, involved in pyruvate metabolism. Pathways between the two organelles differ substantially: in hydrogenosomes, pyruvate oxidation is catalysed by pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), with electrons donated to an [ Fe]hydrogenase which produces hydrogen. ATP is generated exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation in hydrogenosomes, as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria(1). PFOR and hydrogenase are found in eubacteria and amitochondriate eukaryotes, but not in typical mitochondria(2-4). Analyses of mitochondrial genomes indicate that mitochondria have a single endosymbiotic origin from an alpha-proteobacterial-type progenitor(5). The absence of a genome in trichomonad hydrogenosomes(6) precludes such comparisons, leaving the endosymbiotic history of this organelle unclear(7). Although phylogenetic reconstructions of a few proteins indicate that trichomonad hydrogenosomes share a common origin with mitochondria(8-11), others do not(2-4,7). Here we describe a novel NADH dehydrogenase module of respiratory complex I that is coupled to the central hydrogenosomal fermentative pathway to form a hydrogenosomal oxidoreductase complex that seems to function independently of quinones. Phylogenetic analyses of hydrogenosomal complex I-like proteins Ndh51 and Ndh24 reveal that neither has a common origin with mitochondrial homologues. These studies argue against a vertical origin of trichomonad hydrogenosomes from the proto-mitochondrial endosymbiont.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NASA, Astrobiol Inst, Ctr Astrobiol, IGPP, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Johnson, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Mol Genet, 1602 Mol Sci Bldg,609 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM johnsonp@ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 69
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1103
EP 1107
DI 10.1038/nature02990
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800042
PM 15510149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Del Bene, F
   Tessmar-Raible, K
   Wittbrodt, J
AF Del Bene, F
   Tessmar-Raible, K
   Wittbrodt, J
TI Direct interaction of geminin and Six3 in eye development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; homeobox gene; xenopus-laevis; repression; homolog; overexpression; inhibition; expression; zebrafish; binding
AB Organogenesis in vertebrates requires the tight control of cell proliferation and differentiation. The homeobox-containing transcription factor Six3 plays a pivotal role(1,2) in the proliferation of retinal precursor cells. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the DNA replication-inhibitor geminin as a partner of Six3. Geminin inhibits cell-cycle progression(3) by sequestering Cdt1 (refs 4, 5), the key component for the assembly of the pre-replication complex(6). Here, we show that Six3 efficiently competes with Cdt1 directly to bind to geminin, which reveals how Six3 can promote cell proliferation without transcription. In common with Six3 inactivation(2,7), overexpression of the geminin gene (Gem; also known as Gmn) in medaka (Oryzias latipes) induces specific forebrain and eye defects that are rescued by Six3. Conversely, loss of Gem (in common with gain of Six3 (ref. 1)) promotes retinal precursor-cell proliferation and results in expanded optic vesicles, markedly potentiating Six3 gain-of-function phenotypes. Our data indicate that the transcription factor Six3 and the replication-initiation inhibitor geminin act antagonistically to control the balance between proliferation and differentiation during early vertebrate eye development.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Wittbrodt, J (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM Jochen.Wittbrodt@EMBL.de
NR 25
TC 207
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 745
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature02292
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000046
PM 14973488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collis, B
AF Collis, B
TI Farmers to pharmas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP A10
EP +
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831HC
UT WOS:000222184500003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gweon, GH
   Sasagawa, T
   Zhou, SY
   Graf, J
   Takagi, H
   Lee, DH
   Lanzara, A
AF Gweon, GH
   Sasagawa, T
   Zhou, SY
   Graf, J
   Takagi, H
   Lee, DH
   Lanzara, A
TI An unusual isotope effect in a high-transition-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c; line-shape; dispersion; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; photoemission; la2-xsrxcuo4; vibrations; state
AB In conventional superconductors, the electron pairing that allows superconductivity is caused by exchange of virtual phonons, which are quanta of lattice vibration. For high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors, it is far from clear that phonons are involved in the pairing at all. For example, the negligible change in T-c of optimally doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi2212; ref. 1) upon oxygen isotope substitution (O-16 --> O-18 leads to T-c decreasing from 92 to 91 K) has often been taken to mean that phonons play an insignificant role in this material. Here we provide a detailed comparison of the electron dynamics of Bi2212 samples containing different oxygen isotopes, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our data show definite and strong isotope effects. Surprisingly, the effects mainly appear in broad high-energy humps, commonly referred to as 'incoherent peaks'. As a function of temperature and electron momentum, the magnitude of the isotope effect closely correlates with the superconducting gap-that is, the pair binding energy. We suggest that these results can be explained in a dynamic spin-Peierls picture(2), where the singlet pairing of electrons and the electron-lattice coupling mutually enhance each other.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Chiba 2778561, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; RIKEN
RP Lanzara, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM alanzara@lbl.gov
NR 33
TC 278
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/nature02731
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600038
PM 15241409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mihalcescu, I
   Hsing, WH
   Leibler, S
AF Mihalcescu, I
   Hsing, WH
   Leibler, S
TI Resilient circadian oscillator revealed in individual cyanobacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; cell-division; rhythms; clocks; noise; time
AB Circadian oscillators, which provide internal daily periodicity, are found in a variety of living organisms, including mammals, insects, plants, fungi and cyanobacteria(1). Remarkably, these biochemical oscillators are resilient to external and internal modifications, such as temperature and cell division cycles. They have to be 'fluctuation ( noise) resistant'(2) because relative fluctuations in the number of messenger RNA and protein molecules forming the intracellular oscillators are likely to be large. In multicellular organisms, the strong temporal stability of circadian clocks, despite molecular fluctuations, can easily be explained by intercellular interactions(3-5). Here we study circadian rhythms and their stability in unicellular cyanobacteria Synechoccocus elongatus. Low-light-level microscopy has allowed us to measure gene expression under circadian control in single bacteria, showing that the circadian clock is indeed a property of individual cells. Our measurements show that the oscillators have a strong temporal stability with a correlation time of several months. In contrast to many circadian clocks in multicellular organisms, this stability seems to be ensured by the intracellular biochemical network, because the interactions between oscillators seem to be negligible.
C1 Univ Grenoble 1, Spectrometrie Phys Lab, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Living Matter, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies Phys & Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Princeton University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University
RP Mihalcescu, I (corresponding author), Univ Grenoble 1, Spectrometrie Phys Lab, BP87, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
EM imihalce@spectro.ujf-grenoble.fr
NR 19
TC 198
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/nature02533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800047
PM 15229601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiaverini, J
   Leibfried, D
   Schaetz, T
   Barrett, MD
   Blakestad, RB
   Britton, J
   Itano, WM
   Jost, JD
   Knill, E
   Langer, C
   Ozeri, R
   Wineland, DJ
AF Chiaverini, J
   Leibfried, D
   Schaetz, T
   Barrett, MD
   Blakestad, RB
   Britton, J
   Itano, WM
   Jost, JD
   Knill, E
   Langer, C
   Ozeri, R
   Wineland, DJ
TI Realization of quantum error correction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID teleportation; ions
AB Scalable quantum computation(1) and communication require error control to protect quantum information against unavoidable noise. Quantum error correction(2,3) protects information stored in two-level quantum systems (qubits) by rectifying errors with operations conditioned on the measurement outcomes. Error-correction protocols have been implemented in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments(4-6), but the inherent limitations of this technique(7) prevent its application to quantum information processing. Here we experimentally demonstrate quantum error correction using three beryllium atomic-ion qubits confined to a linear, multi-zone trap. An encoded one-qubit state is protected against spin-flip errors by means of a three-qubit quantum error-correcting code. A primary ion qubit is prepared in an initial state, which is then encoded into an entangled state of three physical qubits (the primary and two ancilla qubits). Errors are induced simultaneously in all qubits at various rates. The encoded state is decoded back to the primary ion one-qubit state, making error information available on the ancilla ions, which are separated from the primary ion and measured. Finally, the primary qubit state is corrected on the basis of the ancillae measurement outcome. We verify error correction by comparing the corrected final state to the uncorrected state and to the initial state. In principle, the approach enables a quantum state to be maintained by means of repeated error correction, an important step towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation using trapped ions.
C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Chiaverini, J (corresponding author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM john.chiaverini@boulder.nist.gov
NR 20
TC 420
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 602
EP 605
DI 10.1038/nature03074
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200040
PM 15577904
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krusin-Elbaum, L
   Newns, DM
   Zeng, H
   Derycke, V
   Sun, JZ
   Sandstrom, R
AF Krusin-Elbaum, L
   Newns, DM
   Zeng, H
   Derycke, V
   Sun, JZ
   Sandstrom, R
TI Room-temperature ferromagnetic nanotubes controlled by electron or hole doping
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vanadium-oxide; magnetic-property; spin
AB Nanotubes and nanowires with both elemental(,)(1)(2) (carbon or silicon) and multi-element(3-5) compositions (such as compound semiconductors or oxides), and exhibiting electronic properties ranging from metallic to semiconducting, are being extensively investigated for use in device structures designed to control electron charge(6-8). However, another important degree of freedom-electron spin, the control of which underlies the operation of 'spintronic' devices(9)-has been much less explored. This is probably due to the relative paucity of nanometre-scale ferromagnetic building blocks(10) (in which electron spins are naturally aligned) from which spin-polarized electrons can be injected. Here we describe nanotubes of vanadium oxide (VOx), formed by controllable self-assembly(11), that are ferromagnetic at room temperature. The as-formed nanotubes are transformed from spin-frustrated semiconductors to ferromagnets by doping with either electrons or holes, potentially offering a route to spin control(12) in nanotube-based heterostructures(13).
C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Krusin-Elbaum, L (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Div Res, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
EM krusin@us.ibm.com
NR 30
TC 214
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 672
EP 676
DI 10.1038/nature02970
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300036
PM 15470424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deloukas, P
   Earthrowl, ME
   Grafham, DV
   Rubenfield, M
   French, L
   Steward, CA
   Sims, SK
   Jones, MC
   Searle, S
   Scott, C
   Howe, K
   Hunt, SE
   Andrews, TD
   Gilbert, JGR
   Swarbreck, D
   Ashurst, JL
   Taylor, A
   Battles, J
   Bird, CP
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ashwell, RIS
   Ambrose, KD
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Bates, K
   Beasley, H
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Cahill, P
   Camire, D
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Corby, N
   Coulson, A
   Dhami, P
   Dutta, I
   Dunn, M
   Faulkner, L
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, JA
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Grocock, R
   Gustafson, E
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Hart, E
   Heath, PD
   Ho, TP
   Hopkins, B
   Horne, J
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Hynds, C
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Kana, A
   Kay, M
   Kimberley, AM
   Kershaw, JK
   Kokkinaki, M
   Laird, GK
   Lawlor, S
   Lee, HM
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Laird, G
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, J
   Lovell, J
   McLaren, S
   McLay, KE
   McMurray, A
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   Milne, S
   Nickerson, T
   Nguyen, M
   Oveton-Larty, E
   Palmer, SA
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Pelan, S
   Phillimore, B
   Porter, K
   Rice, CM
   Rogosin, A
   Ross, MT
   Sarafidou, T
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Standring, L
   Sycamore, N
   Tester, J
   Thorpe, A
   Torcasso, W
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Tsolas, J
   Wall, M
   Walsh, J
   Wang, H
   Weinstock, K
   West, AP
   Willey, DL
   Whitehead, SL
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Young, L
   Chen, Y
   Lovering, RC
   Moschonas, NK
   Siebert, R
   Fechtel, K
   Bentley, D
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Doucette-Stamm, L
   Beck, S
   Smith, DR
   Rogers, J
AF Deloukas, P
   Earthrowl, ME
   Grafham, DV
   Rubenfield, M
   French, L
   Steward, CA
   Sims, SK
   Jones, MC
   Searle, S
   Scott, C
   Howe, K
   Hunt, SE
   Andrews, TD
   Gilbert, JGR
   Swarbreck, D
   Ashurst, JL
   Taylor, A
   Battles, J
   Bird, CP
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ashwell, RIS
   Ambrose, KD
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Banerjee, R
   Bates, K
   Beasley, H
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, JY
   Burford, DC
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Cahill, P
   Camire, D
   Carter, NP
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Corby, N
   Coulson, A
   Dhami, P
   Dutta, I
   Dunn, M
   Faulkner, L
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, JA
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Grocock, R
   Gustafson, E
   Hammond, S
   Harley, JL
   Hart, E
   Heath, PD
   Ho, TP
   Hopkins, B
   Horne, J
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, E
   Hynds, C
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Kana, A
   Kay, M
   Kimberley, AM
   Kershaw, JK
   Kokkinaki, M
   Laird, GK
   Lawlor, S
   Lee, HM
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Laird, G
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, J
   Lovell, J
   McLaren, S
   McLay, KE
   McMurray, A
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   Milne, S
   Nickerson, T
   Nguyen, M
   Oveton-Larty, E
   Palmer, SA
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Pelan, S
   Phillimore, B
   Porter, K
   Rice, CM
   Rogosin, A
   Ross, MT
   Sarafidou, T
   Sehra, HK
   Shownkeen, R
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Standring, L
   Sycamore, N
   Tester, J
   Thorpe, A
   Torcasso, W
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Tsolas, J
   Wall, M
   Walsh, J
   Wang, H
   Weinstock, K
   West, AP
   Willey, DL
   Whitehead, SL
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Young, L
   Chen, Y
   Lovering, RC
   Moschonas, NK
   Siebert, R
   Fechtel, K
   Bentley, D
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Doucette-Stamm, L
   Beck, S
   Smith, DR
   Rogers, J
TI The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome sequence; pericentromeric satellites; transcriptional profile; segmental duplications; gene; map; pten; mutations; boundary; number
AB The finished sequence of human chromosome 10 comprises a total of 131,666,441 base pairs. It represents 99.4% of the euchromatic DNA and includes one megabase of heterochromatic sequence within the pericentromeric region of the short and long arm of the chromosome. Sequence annotation revealed 1,357 genes, of which 816 are protein coding, and 430 are pseudogenes. We observed widespread occurrence of overlapping coding genes ( either strand) and identified 67 antisense transcripts. Our analysis suggests that both inter- and intrachromosomal segmental duplications have impacted on the gene count on chromosome 10. Multispecies comparative analysis indicated that we can readily annotate the protein-coding genes with current resources. We estimate that over 95% of all coding exons were identified in this study. Assessment of single base changes between the human chromosome 10 and chimpanzee sequence revealed nonsense mutations in only 21 coding genes with respect to the human sequence.
C1 Genome Therapeut Corp, Waltham, MA 02453 USA.
   Agencourt Biosci Corp, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
   Univ Crete, Dept Biol, Iraklion 71409, Crete, Greece.
   Fdn Res & Technol Hellas, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Iraklion 71409, Crete, Greece.
   UCL, Dept Biol, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Univ Hosp Schleswig Holstein, Inst Human Genet, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Crete; Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH); University of London; University College London; University of Kiel; Schleswig Holstein University Hospital
EM panos@sanger.ac.uk
NR 41
TC 57
Z9 761
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 375
EP 381
DI 10.1038/nature02462
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600030
PM 15164054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolbe, JJ
   Glor, RE
   Schettino, LRG
   Lara, AC
   Larson, A
   Losos, JB
AF Kolbe, JJ
   Glor, RE
   Schettino, LRG
   Lara, AC
   Larson, A
   Losos, JB
TI Genetic variation increases during biological invasion by a Cuban lizard
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population biology; united-states; anolis-sagrei; evolution; phenetics; florida
AB A genetic paradox(1,2) exists in invasion biology: how do introduced populations, whose genetic variation has probably been depleted by population bottlenecks, persist and adapt to new conditions? Lessons from conservation genetics show that reduced genetic variation due to genetic drift and founder effects limits the ability of a population to adapt, and small population size increases the risk of extinction(1,3,4). Nonetheless, many introduced species experiencing these same conditions during initial introductions persist, expand their ranges, evolve rapidly and become invasive. To address this issue, we studied the brown anole, a worldwide invasive lizard. Genetic analyses indicate that at least eight introductions have occurred in Florida from across this lizard's native range, blending genetic variation from different geographic source populations and producing populations that contain substantially more, not less, genetic variation than native populations. Moreover, recently introduced brown anole populations around the world originate from Florida, and some have maintained these elevated levels of genetic variation. Here we show that one key to invasion success may be the occurrence of multiple introductions that transform among-population variation in native ranges to within-population variation in introduced areas. Furthermore, these genetically variable populations may be particularly potent sources for introductions elsewhere. The growing problem of invasive species introductions brings considerable economic and biological costs(5,6). If these costs are to be mitigated, a greater understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of biological invasions is needed(7).
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   CITMA, Inst Ecol & Sistemat, Havana 10800, Cuba.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Kolbe, JJ (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Campus Box 1137, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM kolbe@biology.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 873
Z9 1042
U1 6
U2 383
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/nature02807
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000042
PM 15356629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kastner, JH
   Richmond, M
   Grosso, N
   Weintraub, DA
   Simon, T
   Frank, A
   Hamaguchi, K
   Ozawa, H
   Henden, A
AF Kastner, JH
   Richmond, M
   Grosso, N
   Weintraub, DA
   Simon, T
   Frank, A
   Hamaguchi, K
   Ozawa, H
   Henden, A
TI An X-ray outburst from the rapidly accreting young star that illuminates McNeil's nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stellar objects; orion nebula; emission; protostars; discovery; rotation; cluster; system; scale; jets
AB Young, low-mass stars are luminous X-ray sources(1) whose powerful X-ray flares(2-6) may exert a profound influence over the process of planet formation(7). The origin of the X-ray emission is uncertain. Although many (or perhaps most) recently formed, low-mass stars emit X-rays as a consequence of solar-like coronal activity(1,8,9), it has also been suggested that X-ray emission may be a direct result of mass accretion onto the forming star(10-12). Here we report X-ray imaging spectroscopy observations which reveal a factor similar to50 increase in the X-ray flux from a young star that is at present undergoing a spectacular optical/infrared outburst(13) (this star illuminates McNeil's nebula(14)). The outburst seems to be due to the sudden onset of a phase of rapid accretion(13,15,16). The coincidence of a surge in X-ray brightness with the optical/infrared eruption demonstrates that strongly enhanced high-energy emission from young stars can occur as a consequence of high accretion rates. We suggest that such accretion-enhanced X-ray emission from erupting young stars may be short-lived, because intense star-disk magnetospheric interactions are quenched rapidly by the subsequent flood of new material onto the star.
C1 Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Astrophys Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   USN Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86002 USA.
C3 Rochester Institute of Technology; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Vanderbilt University; University of Hawaii System; University of Rochester; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy
RP Kastner, JH (corresponding author), Rochester Inst Technol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
EM jhk@cis.rit.edu
NR 30
TC 52
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 429
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature02747
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400035
PM 15269761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaneda, M
   Okano, M
   Hata, K
   Sado, T
   Tsujimoto, N
   Li, E
   Sasaki, H
AF Kaneda, M
   Okano, M
   Hata, K
   Sado, T
   Tsujimoto, N
   Li, E
   Sasaki, H
TI Essential role for de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in paternal and maternal imprinting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete hydatidiform moles; oocyte growth; methylation; gene; mouse; establishment; locus; mice
AB Imprinted genes are epigenetically marked during gametogenesis so that they are exclusively expressed from either the paternal or the maternal allele in offspring(1). Imprinting prevents parthenogenesis in mammals and is often disrupted in congenital malformation syndromes, tumours and cloned animals(1). Although de novo DNA methyltransferases of the Dnmt3 family are implicated in maternal imprinting(2), the lethality of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b knockout mice(3) has precluded further studies. We here report the disruption of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in germ cells, with their preservation in somatic cells, by conditional knockout technology(4). Offspring from Dnmt3a conditional mutant females die in utero and lack methylation and allele-specific expression at all maternally imprinted loci examined. Dnmt3a conditional mutant males show impaired spermatogenesis and lack methylation at two of three paternally imprinted loci examined in spermatogonia. By contrast, Dnmt3b conditional mutants and their offspring show no apparent phenotype. The phenotype of Dnmt3a conditional mutants is indistinguishable from that of Dnmt3L knockout mice2,5, except for the discrepancy in methylation at one locus. These results indicate that both Dnmt3a and Dnmt3L are required for methylation of most imprinted loci in germ cells, but also suggest the involvement of other factors.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med,Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies Sokendai, Sch Adv Sci, Dept Biosyst Sci, Hayama 2400193, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Res Org Informat & Syst, Dept Integrat Genet, Div Human Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies Sokendai, Sch Life Sci, Dept Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   RIKEN, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Mammalian Epigenet Studies, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; RIKEN
RP Sasaki, H (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med,Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
EM hisasaki@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 24
TC 1073
Z9 1318
U1 2
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/nature02633
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000047
PM 15215868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, M
   Krogan, NJ
   Vasiljeva, L
   Rando, OJ
   Nedea, E
   Greenblatt, JF
   Buratowski, S
AF Kim, M
   Krogan, NJ
   Vasiljeva, L
   Rando, OJ
   Nedea, E
   Greenblatt, JF
   Buratowski, S
TI The yeast Rat1 exonuclease promotes transcription termination by RNA polymerase II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nucleolar rnas; kinase ctdk-i; messenger-rna; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; domain; genome; exoribonuclease; identification; component; complexes
AB The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA polymerase II (RNApII) largest subunit consists of multiple heptapeptide repeats with the consensus sequence YSPTSPS. Different CTD phosphorylation patterns act as recognition sites for the binding of various messenger RNA processing factors, thereby coupling transcription and mRNA processing(1). Polyadenylation factors are co-transcriptionally recruited by phosphorylation of CTD serine 2 (ref. 2) and these factors are also required for transcription termination(3,4). RNApII transcribes past the poly(A) site, the RNA is cleaved by the polyadenylation machinery, and the RNA downstream of the cleavage site is degraded. Here we show that Rtt103 and the Rat1/Rai1 5' --> 3' exonuclease are localized at 3' ends of protein coding genes. In rat1-1 or rai1Delta cells, RNA 3' to polyadenylation sites is greatly stabilized and termination defects are seen at many genes. These findings support a model in which poly(A) site cleavage and subsequent degradation of the 3'-downstream RNA by Rat1 trigger transcription termination(5,6).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Harvard Univ, Bauer Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Toronto; Harvard University
RP Buratowski, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM steveb@hms.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 436
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 517
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature03041
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100050
PM 15565157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU delBarco-Trillo, J
   Ferkin, MH
AF delBarco-Trillo, J
   Ferkin, MH
TI Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copulatory-behavior; meadow voles; ejaculate; scent; games
AB Sperm competition occurs when a female copulates with two or more males and the sperm of those males compete within the female's reproductive tract to fertilize her eggs(1,2). The frequent occurrence of sperm competition has forced males of many species to develop different strategies to overcome the sperm of competing males(1,3). A prevalent strategy is for males to increase their sperm investment ( total number of sperm allocated by a male to a particular female) after detecting a risk of sperm competition(1,3,4). It has been shown that the proportion of sperm that one male contributes to the sperm pool of a female is correlated with the proportion of offspring sired by that male(5,6). Therefore, by increasing his sperm investment a male may bias a potential spermcompetition in his favour(5,7,8). Here we show that male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, increase their sperm investment when they mate in the presence of another male's odours. Such an increase in sperm investment does not occur by augmenting the frequency of ejaculations, but by increasing the amount of sperm in a similar number of ejaculations.
C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 University of Memphis
RP delBarco-Trillo, J (corresponding author), Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM jtrillo@memphis.edu
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 446
EP 449
DI 10.1038/nature02845
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500039
PM 15386011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stach, S
   Benard, J
   Giurfa, M
AF Stach, S
   Benard, J
   Giurfa, M
TI Local-feature assembling in visual pattern recognition and generalization in honeybees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equal orthogonal bars; apis-mellifera; spectral property; vision; discrimination; orientation; perception; bees; medulla; insect
AB Generalization is a cognitive ability that allows similar stimuli along a given dimension to be treated as equivalents(1-3). Insects exhibit high levels of visual generalization(4-6). Honeybees trained to recognize complex visual stimuli on the basis of a single feature generalize their choice to novel stimuli sharing that common feature with the trained stimuli(7). The demonstration of this kind of performance has been limited to the use of a single visual feature, and the possibility that bees link different features in learning a visual pattern has been denied(8,9). Here we show that honeybees trained with a series of complex patterns sharing a common layout comprising four edge orientations remember these orientations simultaneously in their appropriate positions, and generalize their response to novel stimuli that preserve the trained layout. Honeybees also generalize their response to patterns with fewer correct orientations, depending on their match with the trained layout. Stimulation of the achromatic L-photoreceptor input is necessary for this task. The mini-brain of the honeybee can thus extract regularities in its environment and establish correspondences among correlated features. It can thus generate a large set of object descriptions from a finite set of elements.
C1 Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, Res Ctr Anim Cognit, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Free University of Berlin
RP Giurfa, M (corresponding author), Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, Res Ctr Anim Cognit, 118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse 4, France.
EM giurfa@cict.fr
NR 28
TC 111
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/nature02594
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900038
PM 15201910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Table of suppliers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 232
EP 233
DI 10.1038/428232a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meinhart, A
   Cramer, P
AF Meinhart, A
   Cramer, P
TI Recognition of RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain by 3′-RNA-processing factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural basis; processing factors; diffraction data; largest subunit; transcription; ctd; phosphorylation; interacts; proteins; signal
AB During transcription, RNA polymerase (Pol) II synthesizes eukaryotic messenger RNA. Transcription is coupled to RNA processing by the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II, which consists of up to 52 repeats of the sequence Tyr1-Ser 2-Pro 3-Thr 4-Ser 5-Pro 6-Ser 7 (refs 1, 2). After phosphorylation, the CTD binds tightly to a conserved CTD-interacting domain ( CID) present in the proteins Pcf11 and Nrd1, which are essential and evolutionarily conserved factors for polyadenylation-dependent and -independent 3'-RNA processing, respectively. Here we describe the structure of a Ser 2-phosphorylated CTD peptide bound to the CID domain of Pcf11. The CTD motif Ser 2-Pro 3-Thr 4-Ser 5 forms a beta-turn that binds to a conserved groove in the CID domain. The Ser 2 phosphate group does not make direct contact with the CID domain, but may be recognized indirectly because it stabilizes the beta-turn with an additional hydrogen bond. Iteration of the peptide structure results in a compact beta-spiral model of the CTD. The model suggests that, during the mRNA transcription-processing cycle, compact spiral regions in the CTD are unravelled and regenerated in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, Gene Ctr, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Cramer, P (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, Gene Ctr, Marchioninistr 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM cramer@lmb.uni-muenchen.de
NR 30
TC 250
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 223
EP 226
DI 10.1038/nature02679
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600047
PM 15241417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bayindir, M
   Sorin, F
   Abouraddy, AF
   Viens, J
   Hart, SD
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Fink, Y
AF Bayindir, M
   Sorin, F
   Abouraddy, AF
   Viens, J
   Hart, SD
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Fink, Y
TI Metal-insulator-semiconductor optoelectronic fibres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multilayer
AB The combination of conductors, semiconductors and insulators with well-defined geometries and at prescribed length scales, while forming intimate interfaces, is essential in most functional electronic and optoelectronic devices. These are typically produced using a variety of elaborate wafer-based processes, which allow for small features, but are restricted to planar geometries and limited coverage area(1-3). In contrast, the technique of fibre drawing from a preformed reel or tube is simpler and yields extended lengths of highly uniform fibres with well-controlled geometries and good optical transport characteristics(4). So far, this technique has been restricted to particular materials(5-7) and larger features(8-12). Here we report on the design, fabrication and characterization of fibres made of conducting, semiconducting and insulating materials in intimate contact and in a variety of geometries. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to construct a tunable fibre photodetector comprising an amorphous semiconductor core contacted by metallic microwires, and surrounded by a cylindrical-shell resonant optical cavity. Such a fibre is sensitive to illumination along its entire length ( tens of meters), thus forming a photodetecting element of dimensionality one. We also construct a grid of such fibres that can identify the location of an illumination point. The advantage of this type of photodetector array is that it needs a number of elements of only order N, in contrast to the conventional order N-2 for detector arrays made of photodetecting elements of dimensionality zero.
C1 MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Fink, Y (corresponding author), MIT, Elect Res Lab, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mehmet@mit.edu; yoel@mit.edu
NR 17
TC 201
Z9 250
U1 4
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/nature02937
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500042
PM 15483607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lengronne, A
   Katou, Y
   Mori, S
   Yokobayashi, S
   Kelly, GP
   Itoh, T
   Watanabe, Y
   Shirahige, K
   Uhlmann, F
AF Lengronne, A
   Katou, Y
   Mori, S
   Yokobayashi, S
   Kelly, GP
   Itoh, T
   Watanabe, Y
   Shirahige, K
   Uhlmann, F
TI Cohesin relocation from sites of chromosomal loading to places of convergent transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid cohesion; yeast cohesin; atp hydrolysis; proteins; centromeres; identification; association; requirement; separation; complex
AB Sister chromatids, the products of eukaryotic DNA replication, are held together by the chromosomal cohesin complex after their synthesis. This allows the spindle in mitosis to recognize pairs of replication products for segregation into opposite directions(1-6). Cohesin forms large protein rings that may bind DNA strands by encircling them(7), but the characterization of cohesin binding to chromosomes in vivo has remained vague. We have performed high resolution analysis of cohesin association along budding yeast chromosomes III - VI. Cohesin localizes almost exclusively between genes that are transcribed in converging directions. We find that active transcription positions cohesin at these sites, not the underlying DNA sequence. Cohesin is initially loaded onto chromosomes at separate places, marked by the Scc2/Scc4 cohesin loading complex(8), from where it appears to slide to its more permanent locations. But even after sister chromatid cohesion is established, changes in transcription lead to repositioning of cohesin. Thus the sites of cohesin binding and therefore probably sister chromatid cohesion, a key architectural feature of mitotic chromosomes, display surprising flexibility. Cohesin localization to places of convergent transcription is conserved in fission yeast, suggesting that it is a common feature of eukaryotic chromosomes.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Chromosome Segregat Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Computat Genome Anal Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Riken Genom Sci Ctr, Human Genome Res Grp, Genome Informat Team, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Div Gene Res, Ctr Biol Resources & Informat, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Grad Sch Integrated Sci, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Tokai Univ, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Res Inst Inc, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008141, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 Cancer Research UK; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Earlham Institute; Cancer Research UK; RIKEN; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama City University; Tokai University; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Research Institute; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Uhlmann, F (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Chromosome Segregat Lab, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs,44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM frank.uhlmann@cancer.org.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A3592] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 573
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature02742
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100051
PM 15229615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bakolitsa, C
   Cohen, DM
   Bankston, LA
   Bobkov, AA
   Cadwell, GW
   Jennings, L
   Critchley, DR
   Craig, SW
   Liddington, RC
AF Bakolitsa, C
   Cohen, DM
   Bankston, LA
   Bobkov, AA
   Cadwell, GW
   Jennings, L
   Critchley, DR
   Craig, SW
   Liddington, RC
TI Structural basis for vinculin activation at sites of cell adhesion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-catenin; intramolecular association; crystal-structure; talin-binding; tail domains; actin; proteins; vasp; head
AB Vinculin is a highly conserved intracellular protein with a crucial role in the maintenance and regulation of cell adhesion and migration(1-3). In the cytosol, vinculin adopts a default autoinhibited conformation(4,5). On recruitment to cell - cell and cell - matrix adherens-type junctions, vinculin becomes activated and mediates various protein - protein interactions that regulate the links between F-actin and the cadherin and integrin families of cell-adhesion molecules. Here we describe the crystal structure of the full-length vinculin molecule ( 1,066 amino acids), which shows a five-domain autoinhibited conformation in which the carboxyterminal tail domain is held pincer-like by the vinculin head, and ligand binding is regulated both sterically and allosterically. We show that conformational changes in the head, tail and proline-rich domains are linked structurally and thermodynamically, and propose a combinatorial pathway to activation that ensures that vinculin is activated only at sites of cell adhesion when two or more of its binding partners are brought into apposition.
C1 Burnham Inst, Program Cell Adhes, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Biochem, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Johns Hopkins University; University of Leicester
RP Liddington, RC (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, Program Cell Adhes, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM rlidding@burnham.org
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 380
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 583
EP 586
DI 10.1038/nature02610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100053
PM 15195105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Um, SH
   Frigerio, F
   Watanabe, M
   Picard, F
   Joaquin, M
   Sticker, M
   Fumagalli, S
   Allegrini, PR
   Kozma, SC
   Auwerx, J
   Thomas, G
AF Um, SH
   Frigerio, F
   Watanabe, M
   Picard, F
   Joaquin, M
   Sticker, M
   Fumagalli, S
   Allegrini, PR
   Kozma, SC
   Auwerx, J
   Thomas, G
TI Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; receptor substrate-1; amino-acid; cell size; resistance; phosphorylation; kinase; genes; activation; glucose
AB Elucidating the signalling mechanisms by which obesity leads to impaired insulin action is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diabetes(1). Recently, mice deficient for S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1), an effector of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that acts to integrate nutrient and insulin signals(2), were shown to be hypoinsulinaemic, glucose intolerant and have reduced beta-cell mass(3). However, S6K1-deficient mice maintain normal glucose levels during fasting, suggesting hypersensitivity to insulin(3), raising the question of their metabolic fate as a function of age and diet. Here, we report that S6K1-deficient mice are protected against obesity owing to enhanced beta-oxidation. However on a high fat diet, levels of glucose and free fatty acids still rise in S6K1-deficient mice, resulting in insulin receptor desensitization. Nevertheless, S6K1-deficient mice remain sensitive to insulin owing to the apparent loss of a negative feedback loop from S6K1 to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), which blunts S307 and S636/S639 phosphorylation; sites involved in insulin resistance(4,5). Moreover, wild-type mice on a high fat diet as well as K/K A(y) and ob/ob (also known as Lep/Lep) mice-two genetic models of obesity-have markedly elevated S6K1 activity and, unlike S6K1-deficient mice, increased phosphorylation of IRS1 S307 and S636/S639. Thus under conditions of nutrient satiation S6K1 negatively regulates insulin signalling.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   ULP, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Genopole Strasbourg, Inst Clin Souris, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Novartis
RP Thomas, G (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
EM gthomas@fmi.ch
NR 30
TC 1414
Z9 1673
U1 1
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 200
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature02866
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000048
PM 15306821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miley, GK
   Overzier, RA
   Tsvetanov, ZI
   Bouwens, RJ
   Benítez, N
   Blakeslee, JP
   Ford, HC
   Illingworth, GD
   Postman, M
   Rosati, P
   Clampin, M
   Hartig, GF
   Zirm, AW
   Röttgering, HJA
   Venemans, BP
   Ardila, DR
   Bartko, F
   Broadhurst, TJ
   Brown, RA
   Burrows, CJ
   Cheng, ES
   Cross, NJG
   De Breuck, C
   Feldman, PD
   Franx, M
   Golimowski, DA
   Gronwall, C
   Infante, L
   Martel, AR
   Menanteau, F
   Meurer, GR
   Sirianni, M
   Kimble, RA
   Krist, JE
   Sparks, WB
   Tran, HD
   White, RL
   Zheng, W
AF Miley, GK
   Overzier, RA
   Tsvetanov, ZI
   Bouwens, RJ
   Benítez, N
   Blakeslee, JP
   Ford, HC
   Illingworth, GD
   Postman, M
   Rosati, P
   Clampin, M
   Hartig, GF
   Zirm, AW
   Röttgering, HJA
   Venemans, BP
   Ardila, DR
   Bartko, F
   Broadhurst, TJ
   Brown, RA
   Burrows, CJ
   Cheng, ES
   Cross, NJG
   De Breuck, C
   Feldman, PD
   Franx, M
   Golimowski, DA
   Gronwall, C
   Infante, L
   Martel, AR
   Menanteau, F
   Meurer, GR
   Sirianni, M
   Kimble, RA
   Krist, JE
   Sparks, WB
   Tran, HD
   White, RL
   Zheng, W
TI A large population of 'Lyman-break' galaxies in a protocluster at redshift z ≈ 4.1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectrum radio-sources; proto-cluster; evolution; z-similar-to-3
AB The most massive galaxies and the richest clusters are believed to have emerged from regions with the largest enhancements of mass density(1-4) relative to the surrounding space. Distant radio galaxies may pinpoint the locations of the ancestors of rich clusters, because they are massive systems associated with 'over-densities' of galaxies that are bright in the Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen(5-7). A powerful technique for detecting high-redshift galaxies is to search for the characteristic 'Lyman break' feature in the galaxy colour, at wavelengths just shortwards of Lyalpha, which is due to absorption of radiation from the galaxy by the intervening intergalactic medium. Here we report multicolour imaging of the most distant candidate(7-9) protocluster, TNJ1338-1942 at a redshift zapproximate to4.1. We find a large number of objects with the characteristic colours of galaxies at that redshift, and we show that this excess is concentrated around the targeted dominant radio galaxy. Our data therefore indicate that TNJ1338-1942 is indeed the most distant cluster progenitor of a rich local cluster, and that galaxy clusters began forming when the Universe was only ten per cent of its present age.
C1 Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Bartko Sci & Technol, Mead, CO 80542 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Santiago 22, Chile.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Johns Hopkins University; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Space Telescope Science Institute; European Southern Observatory; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
RP Miley, GK (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM miley@strw.leidenuniv.nl
NR 27
TC 118
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature02125
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000028
PM 14702079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walther, P
   Pan, JW
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Ursin, R
   Gasparoni, S
   Zeilinger, A
AF Walther, P
   Pan, JW
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Ursin, R
   Gasparoni, S
   Zeilinger, A
TI De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferometer; interference; entanglement; 2-photon; limit; conversion; pairs
AB Superposition is one of the most distinctive features of quantum theory and has been demonstrated in numerous single-particle interference experiments(1-4). Quantum entanglement(5), the coherent superposition of states in multi-particle systems, yields more complex phenomena(6,7). One important type of multi-particle experiment uses path-entangled number states, which exhibit pure higher-order interference and the potential for applications in metrology and imaging(8); these include quantum interferometry and spectroscopy with phase sensitivity at the Heisenberg limit(9-12), or quantum lithography beyond the classical diffraction limit(13). It has been generally understood(14) that in optical implementations of such schemes, lower-order interference effects always decrease the overall performance at higher particle numbers. Such experiments have therefore been limited to two photons(15-18). Here we overcome this limitation, demonstrating a four-photon interferometer based on linear optics. We observe interference fringes with a periodicity of one-quarter of the single-photon wavelength, confirming the presence of a four-particle mode-entangled state. We anticipate that this scheme should be extendable to arbitrary photon numbers, holding promise for realizable applications with entanglement-enhanced performance.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Zeilinger, A (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM zeilinger-office@quantum.at
NR 33
TC 463
Z9 500
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 158
EP 161
DI 10.1038/nature02552
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300034
PM 15141205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, MJ
   Storz, G
   Tjandra, N
AF Wood, MJ
   Storz, G
   Tjandra, N
TI Structural basis for redox regulation of Yap1 transcription factor localization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; nuclear-localization; oxidative stress; receptor; domain; nmr; macromolecules; activation; mechanism; transport
AB The ability of organisms to alter their gene expression patterns in response to environmental changes is essential for viability. A central regulator of the response to oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the Yap1 transcription factor. Upon activation by increased levels of reactive oxygen species, Yap1 rapidly redistributes to the nucleus where it regulates the expression of up to 70 genes(1-3). Here we identify a redox-regulated domain of Yap1 and determine its high-resolution solution structure. In the active oxidized form, a nuclear export signal (NES) in the carboxy-terminal cysteine-rich domain is masked by disulphide-bond-mediated interactions with a conserved amino-terminal alpha-helix. Point mutations that weaken the hydrophobic interactions between the N-terminal alpha-helix and the C-terminal NES-containing domain abolished redox-regulated changes in subcellular localization of Yap1. Upon reduction of the disulphide bonds, Yap1 undergoes a change to an unstructured conformation that exposes the NES and allows redistribution to the cytoplasm. These results reveal the structural basis of redox-dependent Yap1 localization and provide a previously unknown mechanism of transcription factor regulation by reversible intramolecular disulphide bond formation.
C1 NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHLBI, Biophys Chem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Storz, G (corresponding author), NICHHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM storzg@mail.nih.gov; nico@helix.nih.gov
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001608] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [ZIAHL001048] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature02790
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800048
PM 15318225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thoma, R
   Schulz-Gasch, T
   D'Arcy, B
   Benz, J
   Aebi, J
   Dehmlow, H
   Hennig, M
   Stihle, M
   Ruf, A
AF Thoma, R
   Schulz-Gasch, T
   D'Arcy, B
   Benz, J
   Aebi, J
   Dehmlow, H
   Hennig, M
   Stihle, M
   Ruf, A
TI Insight into steroid scaffold formation from the structure of human oxidosqualene cyclase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lanosterol synthase; squalene cyclase; crystal-structure; 2,3-oxidosqualene; cation; refinement; inhibitors
AB In higher organisms the formation of the steroid scaffold is catalysed exclusively by the membrane-bound oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC; lanosterol synthase). In a highly selective cyclization reaction OSC forms lanosterol with seven chiral centres starting from the linear substrate 2,3-oxidosqualene. Valuable data on the mechanism of the complex cyclization cascade have been collected during the past 50 years using suicide inhibitors, mutagenesis studies and homology modelling. Nevertheless it is still not fully understood how the enzyme catalyses the reaction(1,2). Because of the decisive role of OSC in cholesterol biosynthesis it represents a target for the discovery of novel anticholesteraemic drugs that could complement the widely used statins(3). Here we present two crystal structures of the human membrane protein OSC: the target protein with an inhibitor that showed cholesterol lowering in vivo opens the way for the structure-based design of new OSC inhibitors. The complex with the reaction product lanosterol gives a clear picture of the way in which the enzyme achieves product specificity in this highly exothermic cyclization reaction.
C1 Hoffmann La Roche Ag, Pharma Res Discovery Chem, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Roche Holding
RP Ruf, A (corresponding author), Hoffmann La Roche Ag, Pharma Res Discovery Chem, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
EM armin.ruf@roche.com
NR 30
TC 301
Z9 346
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 118
EP 122
DI 10.1038/nature02993
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900052
PM 15525992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Breidenbach, MA
   Brunger, AT
AF Breidenbach, MA
   Brunger, AT
TI Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID block neurotransmitter release; light-chain; crystal-structure; angstrom resolution; snare motif; tetanus; complex; cleavage; synaptobrevin; proteolysis
AB Clostridal neurotoxins (CNTs) are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic diseases botulism and tetanus(1,2). CNTs impair neuronal exocytosis through specific proteolysis of essential proteins called SNAREs(3). SNARE assembly into a low-energy ternary complex is believed to catalyse membrane fusion, precipitating neurotransmitter release; this process is attenuated in response to SNARE proteolysis(4-7). Site-specific SNARE hydrolysis is catalysed by the CNT light chains, a unique group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases(3). The means by which a CNT properly identifies and cleaves its target SNARE has been a subject of much speculation; it is thought to use one or more regions of enzyme substrate interaction remote from the active site (exosites)(8-10). Here we report the first structure of a CNT endopeptidase in complex with its target SNARE at a resolution of 2.1 Angstrom: botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) protease bound to human SNAP-25. The structure, together with enzyme kinetic data, reveals an array of exosites that determine substrate specificity. Substrate orientation is similar to that of the general zinc-dependent metalloprotease thermolysin(11). We observe significant structural changes near the toxin's catalytic pocket upon substrate binding, probably serving to render the protease competent for catalysis. The novel structures of the substrate-recognition exosites could be used for designing inhibitors specific to BoNT/A.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
RP Brunger, AT (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM brunger@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 275
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 925
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature03123
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500059
PM 15592454
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jedicke, R
   Nesvorny, D
   Whiteley, R
   Ivezic, Z
   Juric, M
AF Jedicke, R
   Nesvorny, D
   Whiteley, R
   Ivezic, Z
   Juric, M
TI An age-colour relationship for main-belt S-complex asteroids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-earth asteroids; ordinary chondrite meteorites; family
AB Asteroid collisions in the main belt eject fragments that may eventually land on Earth as meteorites(1-3). It has therefore been a long-standing puzzle in planetary science that laboratory spectra of the most populous class of meteorite (ordinary chondrites, OC) do not match the remotely observed surface spectra of their presumed (S-complex) asteroidal parent bodies. One of the proposed solutions to this perplexing observation is that 'space weathering' modifies the exposed planetary surfaces over time through a variety of processes (such as solar and cosmic ray bombardment, micro-meteorite bombardment, and so on). Space weathering has been observed on lunar samples(4), in Earth-based laboratory experiments(5,6), and there is good evidence from spacecraft data that the process is active on asteroid surfaces(7,8). Here, we present a measurement of the rate of space weathering on S-complex main-belt asteroids using a relationship between the ages of asteroid families and their colours(9). Extrapolating this age-colour relationship to very young ages yields a good match to the colour of freshly cut OC meteorite samples, lending strong support to a genetic relationship between them and the S-complex asteroids.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   USAF, Space & Missile Syst Ctr, Los Angeles AFB, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; Princeton University
RP Jedicke, R (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM jedicke@ifa.hawaii.edu
NR 27
TC 62
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 275
EP 277
DI 10.1038/nature02578
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900036
PM 15152246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santelli, E
   Bankston, LA
   Leppla, SH
   Liddington, RC
AF Santelli, E
   Bankston, LA
   Leppla, SH
   Liddington, RC
TI Crystal structure of a complex between anthrax toxin and its host cell receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capillary morphogenesis protein-2; protective antigen; a-domain; i-domain; binding; identification; mutations; pathway; reveal
AB Anthrax toxin consists of the proteins protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF) and oedema factor (EF)(1). The first step of toxin entry into host cells is the recognition by PA of a receptor on the surface of the target cell. Subsequent cleavage of receptor-bound PA enables EF and LF to bind and form a heptameric PA(63) prepore, which triggers endocytosis. Upon acidification of the endosome, PA(63) forms a pore that inserts into the membrane and translocates EF and LF into the cytosol(2). Two closely related host cell receptors, TEM8 and CMG2, have been identified. Both bind to PA with high affinity and are capable of mediating toxicity(3,4). Here, we report the crystal structure of the PA-CMG2 complex at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals an extensive receptor-pathogen interaction surface mimicking the nonpathogenic recognition of the extracellular matrix by integrins(5). The binding surface is closely conserved in the two receptors and across species, but is quite different in the integrin domains, explaining the specificity of the interaction. CMG2 engages two domains of PA, and modelling of the receptor-bound PA(63) heptamer(6-8) suggests that the receptor acts as a pH-sensitive brace to ensure accurate and timely membrane insertion. The structure provides new leads for the discovery of anthrax antitoxins, and should aid the design of cancer therapeutics(9).
C1 Burnham Inst, Program Cell Adhes, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   NIAID, Microbial Pathogenesis Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Liddington, RC (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, Program Cell Adhes, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM rlidding@burnham.org
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000929] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 905
EP 908
DI 10.1038/nature02763
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800045
PM 15243628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zwart, SFP
   Baumgardt, H
   Hut, P
   Makino, J
   McMillan, SLW
AF Zwart, SFP
   Baumgardt, H
   Hut, P
   Makino, J
   McMillan, SLW
TI Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray source; luminosity function; m82; discovery; evolution; ecology; growth; masses; core
AB A luminous X-ray source is associated with MGG 11-a cluster of young stars similar to200 pc from the centre of the starburst galaxy M 82 (refs 1, 2). The properties of this source are best explained(3,4) by invoking a black hole with a mass of at least 350 solar masses (350M.), which is intermediate between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. A nearby but somewhat more massive cluster ( MGG 9) shows no evidence of such an intermediate-mass black hole(1,3), raising the issue of just what physical characteristics of the clusters can account for this difference. Here we report numerical simulations of the evolution and motion of stars within the clusters, where stars are allowed to merge with each other. We find that for MGG 11 dynamical friction leads to the massive stars sinking rapidly to the centre of the cluster, where they participate in a runaway collision. This produces a star of 800-3,000 M., which ultimately collapses to a black hole of intermediate mass. No such runaway occurs in the cluster MGG 9, because the larger cluster radius leads to a mass segregation timescale a factor of five longer than for MGG 11.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Inst Comp Sci, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   RIKEN, Inst Adv Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 351019, Japan.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Drexel Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; RIKEN; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of Tokyo; Drexel University
RP Zwart, SFP (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM spz@science.uva.nl
NR 30
TC 608
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 724
EP 726
DI 10.1038/nature02448
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800031
PM 15085124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jenet, FA
   Ransom, SM
AF Jenet, FA
   Ransom, SM
TI The geometry of the double-pulsar system J0737-3039 from systematic intensity variations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precession; b1913+16
AB Two pulsars (PSR J0737 - 3039A(1) and B-2) were recently discovered in highly relativistic orbits around one another. The system contains a rapidly rotating pulsar with a spin period of 22.7 ms and a slow companion with a spin period of 2.77 s, referred to here as 'A' and 'B', respectively. A unique property of the system is that the pulsed radio flux from B increases systematically by almost two orders of magnitude during two short portions of its orbit(2). Here we report a geometrical model of the system that simultaneously explains the intensity variations of B and provides constraints on the spin axis orientation and emission geometry of A. Our model assumes that B's pulsed radio flux increases when illuminated by emission from A. We predict that A's pulse profile will evolve considerably over the next several years owing to geodetic precession until it disappears entirely in 15 - 20 years.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Phys, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); McGill University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jenet, FA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM merlyn@alum.mit.edu
NR 14
TC 28
Z9 30
U1 1
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 919
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature02509
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000033
PM 15118719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greenwood, B
AF Greenwood, B
TI Between hope and a hard place
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malaria; mortality
C1 London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Malaria Ctr, London, England.
C3 University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
RP Greenwood, B (corresponding author), London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Malaria Ctr, London, England.
NR 5
TC 20
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 926
EP 927
DI 10.1038/430926a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800053
PM 15318230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohde, DLT
   Olson, S
   Chang, JT
AF Rohde, DLT
   Olson, S
   Chang, JT
TI Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population; genealogy
AB If a common ancestor of all living humans is defined as an individual who is a genealogical ancestor of all present-day people, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a randomly mating population would have lived in the very recent past(1-3). However, the random mating model ignores essential aspects of population substructure, such as the tendency of individuals to choose mates from the same social group, and the relative isolation of geographically separated groups. Here we show that recent common ancestors also emerge from two models incorporating substantial population substructure. One model, designed for simplicity and theoretical insight, yields explicit mathematical results through a probabilistic analysis. A more elaborate second model, designed to capture historical population dynamics in a more realistic way, is analysed computationally through Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses suggest that the genealogies of all living humans overlap in remarkable ways in the recent past. In particular, the MRCA of all present-day humans lived just a few thousand years ago in these models. Moreover, among all individuals living more than just a few thousand years earlier than the MRCA, each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Stat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Yale University
RP Rohde, DLT (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM dr@tedlab.mit.edu
NR 24
TC 101
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 562
EP 566
DI 10.1038/nature02842
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700045
PM 15457259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, T
   Wellmer, F
   Yu, H
   Das, P
   Ito, N
   Alves-Ferreira, M
   Riechmann, JL
   Meyerowitz, EM
AF Ito, T
   Wellmer, F
   Yu, H
   Das, P
   Ito, N
   Alves-Ferreira, M
   Riechmann, JL
   Meyerowitz, EM
TI The homeotic protein AGAMOUS controls microsporogenesis by regulation of SPOROCYTELESS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mads-box genes; floral organ identity; arabidopsis-thaliana; flower development; ovule development; pattern-formation; expression; transcription; sporogenesis; versatile
AB The Arabidopsis homeotic gene AGAMOUS (AG) is necessary for the specification of reproductive organs ( stamens and carpels) during the early steps of flower development(1-3). AG encodes a transcription factor of the MADS-box family that is expressed in stamen and carpel primordia. At later stages of development, AG is expressed in distinct regions of the reproductive organs(2-5). This suggests that AG might function during the maturation of stamens and carpels, as well as in their early development. However, the developmental processes that AG might control during organogenesis and the genes that are regulated by this factor are largely unknown. Here we show that microsporogenesis, the process leading to pollen formation, is induced by AG through activation of the SPOROCYTELESS gene (SPL, also known as NOZZLE, NZZ), a regulator of sporogenesis(6,7). Furthermore, we demonstrate that SPL can induce microsporogenesis in the absence of AG function, suggesting that AG controls a specific process during organogenesis by activating another regulator that performs a subset of its functions.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol 156 29, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Fac Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, BR-21941590 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National University of Singapore; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP Meyerowitz, EM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol 156 29, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM meyerow@its.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 321
U1 7
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 356
EP 360
DI 10.1038/nature02733
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200042
PM 15254538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhurov, V
   Terzin, T
   Grbic, M
AF Zhurov, V
   Terzin, T
   Grbic, M
TI Early blastomere determines embryo proliferation and caste fate in a polyembryonic wasp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence alignment; evolution; specification; insects; expression; pattern
AB Polyembryonic development is a unique mode of metazoan development in which a single zygote generates multiple embryos by clonal proliferation(1). The polyembryonic parasitic insect Copidosoma floridanum shows one of the most extreme cases of polyembryony, producing up to 2,000 embryos from a single egg. In addition, this wasp exhibits an unusual polyphenism, producing two morphologically distinct larval castes, termed precocious and reproductive, that develop clonally from the same zygote(2). This form of development seems incompatible with a model of insect development in which maternal prepatterning of the egg specifies embryonic axial polarity(3). Here we show that maternal pre-patterning in the form of germ plasm creates cellular asymmetry at the four-cell stage embryo of Copidosoma that is perpetuated throughout development. Laser ablations of cells show that the cell inheriting the germ plasm regulates both the fate and proliferation of the reproductive caste. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism of caste specification, mediated by the regulatory capacity of a single cell. This study shows that the evolution of mammalian-like regulative development of an insect embryo relies on a novel cellular context that might ultimately enhance developmental plasticity.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Grbic, M (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biol, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
EM mgrbic@uwo.ca
NR 30
TC 43
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 764
EP 769
DI 10.1038/nature03171
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200051
PM 15592416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, CJ
   Huang, FL
   Deng, H
   Schaffrath, C
   Spencer, JB
   O'Hagan, D
   Naismith, JH
AF Dong, CJ
   Huang, FL
   Deng, H
   Schaffrath, C
   Spencer, JB
   O'Hagan, D
   Naismith, JH
TI Crystal structure and mechanism of a bacterial fluorinating enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biosynthesis; molecules; database; program
AB Fluorine is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth's crust, but fluoride concentrations in surface water are low and fluorinated metabolites are extremely rare(1,2). The fluoride ion is a potent nucleophile in its desolvated state, but is tightly hydrated in water and effectively inert. Low availability and a lack of chemical reactivity have largely excluded fluoride from biochemistry: in particular, fluorine's high redox potential precludes the haloperoxidase-type mechanism(3,4) used in the metabolic incorporation of chloride and bromide ions. But fluorinated chemicals are growing in industrial importance, with applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials products(5-7). Reactive fluorination reagents requiring specialist process technologies are needed in industry and, although biological catalysts for these processes are highly sought after, only one enzyme that can convert fluoride to organic fluorine has been described(8). Streptomyces cattleya can form carbon-fluorine bonds(9) and must therefore have evolved an enzyme able to overcome the chemical challenges of using aqueous fluoride. Here we report the sequence and three-dimensional structure of the first native fluorination enzyme, 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine synthase, from this organism. Both substrate and products have been observed bound to the enzyme, enabling us to propose a nucleophilic substitution mechanism for this biological fluorination reaction.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Ctr Biomol Sci, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of Cambridge
RP Naismith, JH (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Biomol Sci, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
EM naismith@st-andrews.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/04579] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/04579] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 281
Z9 340
U1 4
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 561
EP 565
DI 10.1038/nature02280
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800046
PM 14765200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Booker, JR
   Favetto, A
   Pomposiello, MC
AF Booker, JR
   Favetto, A
   Pomposiello, MC
TI Low electrical resistivity associated with plunging of the Nazca flat slab beneath Argentina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; conductivity; melts; arc
AB Beneath much of the Andes, oceanic lithosphere descends eastward into the mantle at an angle of about 30degrees (ref. 1). A partially molten region is thought to form in a wedge between this descending slab and the overlying continental lithosphere as volatiles given off by the slab lower the melting temperature of mantle material(2). This wedge is the ultimate source for magma erupted at the active volcanoes that characterize the Andean margin. But between 28degrees and 33degrees S the subducted Nazca plate appears to be anomalously buoyant(3,4), as it levels out at about 100 km depth and extends nearly horizontally under the continent(1,5,6). Above this 'flat slab', volcanic activity in the main Andean Cordillera terminated about 9 million years ago as the flattening slab presumably squeezed out the mantle wedge(5,6). But it is unknown where slab volatiles go once this happens, and why the flat slab finally rolls over to descend steeply into the mantle 600 km further eastward. Here we present results from a magnetotelluric profile in central Argentina, from which we infer enhanced electrical conductivity along the eastern side of the plunging slab, indicative of the presence of partial melt. This conductivity structure may imply that partial melting occurs to at least 250 km and perhaps to more than 400 km depth, or that melt is supplied from the 410 km discontinuity, consistent with the transition-zone 'water-filter' model of Bercovici and Karato(7).
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Inst Geocronol & Geol Isotop, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Booker, JR (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM booker@ess.washington.edu
NR 28
TC 121
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 399
EP 403
DI 10.1038/nature02565
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600035
PM 15164059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanaguri, T
   Lupien, C
   Kohsaka, Y
   Lee, DH
   Azuma, M
   Takano, M
   Takagi, H
   Davis, JC
AF Hanaguri, T
   Lupien, C
   Kohsaka, Y
   Lee, DH
   Azuma, M
   Takano, M
   Takagi, H
   Davis, JC
TI A 'checkerboard' electronic crystal state in lightly hole-doped Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2</sub >
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-particle states; pseudogap; magnetism; phases; model
AB The phase diagram of hole-doped copper oxides shows four different electronic phases existing at zero temperature. Familiar among these are the Mott insulator, high-transition-temperature superconductor and metallic phases. A fourth phase, of unknown identity, occurs at light doping along the zero-temperature bound of the 'pseudogap' regime(1). This regime is rich in peculiar electronic phenomena(1), prompting numerous proposals that it contains some form of hidden electronic order. Here we present low-temperature electronic structure imaging studies of a lightly hole-doped copper oxide: Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2. Tunnelling spectroscopy (at energies \E\ > 100 meV) reveals electron extraction probabilities greatly exceeding those for injection, as anticipated for a doped Mott insulator. However, for \E\ < 100 meV, the spectrum exhibits a V-shaped energy gap centred on E = 0. States within this gap undergo intense spatial modulations, with the spatial correlations of a four CuO2-unit-cell square 'checkerboard', independent of energy. Intricate atomic-scale electronic structure variations also exist within the checkerboard. These data are consistent with an unanticipated crystalline electronic state, possibly the hidden electronic order, existing in the zero-temperature pseudogap regime of Ca2-xNaxCuO2Cl2.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, LASSP, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Magnet Mat Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778651, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Chem Res Inst, Uji, Kyoto 6010011, Japan.
C3 Cornell University; RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Kyoto University
RP Takagi, H (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, LASSP, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM hanaguri@riken.jp; jcdavis@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 624
Z9 682
U1 3
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1001
EP 1005
DI 10.1038/nature02861
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900036
PM 15329714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckley, SA
   Clark, KA
   Evershed, RP
AF Buckley, SA
   Clark, KA
   Evershed, RP
TI Complex organic chemical balms of Pharaonic animal mummies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egyptian mummy; bitumen; beeswax
AB Millions of votive mummies of mammals, birds and reptiles were produced throughout ancient Egypt, with their popularity increasing during the reign of Amenhotep III (1400 BC) and thereafter. The scale of production has been taken to indicate that relatively little care and expense was involved in their preparation compared with human mummies(1-3). The accepted view is that animals were merely wrapped in coarse linen bandages and/or dipped in 'resin' before death(2-4). However, as with human mummification there was a range of qualities of treatments, and visual inspection of animal mummies suggests that the procedures used were often as complex as those used in humans (for example, evisceration and elaborate bandaging). Moreover, the ancient Egyptians treated animals with great respect, regarding them both as domestic pets and representatives of the gods; for example, the cat symbolized the goddess Bastet; the hawk, Horus; the ibis, Thoth, and so on. We report here the results of chemical investigations of tissues and wrappings from Pharaonic cat, hawk and ibis mummies using gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(5,6). The analyses reveal the presence of highly complex mixtures of n-alkyl and cyclic biomarker components characteristic of fats, oils, beeswax, sugar gum, petroleum bitumen, and coniferous, Pistacia and possibly cedar resins. The mixture of balms is of comparable complexity to those used to mummify humans from the same period(6-8).
C1 Sch Chem, Bristol Biogeochem Res Ctr, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Evershed, RP (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Archaeol, Kings Manor, York YO1 7EP, N Yorkshire, England.
EM r.p.evershed@bristol.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 82
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 294
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature02849
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000037
PM 15372029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuura, I
   Denissova, NG
   Wang, GN
   He, DM
   Long, JY
   Liu, F
AF Matsuura, I
   Denissova, NG
   Wang, GN
   He, DM
   Long, JY
   Liu, F
TI Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate the antiproliferative function of Smads
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-beta; tgf-beta; c-myc; retinoblastoma protein; targeted disruption; cdk inhibitors; cancer; repression; p15(ink4b); sp1
AB Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) potently inhibits cell cycle progression at the G1 phase(1,2). Smad3 has a key function in mediating the TGF-beta growth-inhibitory response. Here we show that Smad3 is a major physiological substrate of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK2. Except for the retinoblastoma protein family(3,4), Smad3 is the only CDK4 substrate demonstrated so far. We have mapped CDK4 and CDK2 phosphorylation sites to Thr 8, Thr 178 and Ser 212 in Smad3. Mutation of the CDK phosphorylation sites increases Smad3 transcriptional activity, leading to higher expression of the CDK inhibitor p15. Mutation of the CDK phosphorylation sites of Smad3 also increases its ability to downregulate the expression of c-myc. Using Smad3(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts and other epithelial cell lines, we further show that Smad3 inhibits cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase and that mutation of the CDK phosphorylation sites in Smad3 increases this ability. Taken together, these findings indicate that CDK phosphorylation of Smad3 inhibits its transcriptional activity and antiproliferative function. Because cancer cells often contain high levels of CDK activity(5,6), diminishing Smad3 activity by CDK phosphorylation may contribute to tumorigenesis and TGF-beta resistance in cancers.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Susan Lehman Cullman Lab Canc Res, Dept Biol Chem, Ernest Mario Sch Pharm, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Canc Inst New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
RP Liu, F (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM fangliu@cabm.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 430
Z9 539
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 226
EP 231
DI 10.1038/nature02650
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600048
PM 15241418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiong, Y
   Steitz, TA
AF Xiong, Y
   Steitz, TA
TI Mechanism of transfer RNA maturation by CCA-adding enzyme without using an oligonucleotide template
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-polymerase-beta; nucleotidyltransferase superfamily; polymerization; complexes; atp
AB Transfer RNA nucleotidyltransferases (CCA-adding enzymes) are responsible for the maturation or repair of the functional 30 end of tRNAs by means of the addition of the essential nucleotides CCA. However, it is unclear how tRNA nucleotidyltransferases polymerize CCA onto the 30 terminus of immature tRNAs without using a nucleic acid template. Here we describe the crystal structure of the Archaeoglobus fulgidus tRNA nucleotidyltransferase in complex with tRNA. We also present ternary complexes of this enzyme with both RNA duplex mimics of the tRNA acceptor stem that terminate with the nucleotides C74 or C75, as well as the appropriate incoming nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. A single nucleotide-binding pocket exists whose specificity for both CTP and ATP is determined by the protein side chain of Arg 224 and backbone phosphates of the tRNA, which are non-complementary to and thus exclude UTP and GTP. Discrimination between CTP or ATP at a given addition step and at termination arises from changes in the size and shape of the nucleotide binding site that is progressively altered by the elongating 30 end of the tRNA.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Steitz, TA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM eatherton@csb.yale.edu
NR 26
TC 107
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 640
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature02711
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400035
PM 15295590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kodambaka, S
   Khare, SV
   Swiech, W
   Ohmori, K
   Petrov, I
   Greene, JE
AF Kodambaka, S
   Khare, SV
   Swiech, W
   Ohmori, K
   Petrov, I
   Greene, JE
TI Dislocation-driven surface dynamics on solids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscope; growth
AB Dislocations(1) are line defects that bound plastically deformed regions in crystalline solids. Dislocations terminating on the surface of materials can strongly influence nanostructural and interfacial stability, mechanical properties, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and other surface processes. While most theoretical and experimental studies have focused on dislocation motion in bulk solids under applied stress(2,3) and step formation due to dislocations at surfaces during crystal growth(4-7), very little is known about the effects of dislocations on surface dynamics and morphological evolution. Here we investigate the near-equilibrium dynamics of surface-terminated dislocations using low-energy electron microscopy(8). We observe, in real time, the thermally driven nucleation and shape-preserving growth of spiral steps rotating at constant temperature-dependent angular velocities around cores of dislocations terminating on the (111) surface of TiN in the absence of applied external stress or net mass change. We attribute this phenomenon to point-defect migration from the bulk to the surface along dislocation lines. Our results demonstrate that dislocation-mediated surface roughening can occur even in the absence of deposition or evaporation, and provide fundamental insights into mechanisms controlling nanostructural stability.
C1 Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Kodambaka, S (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Frederick Seitz Mat Res Lab, 104 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM kodambak@uiuc.edu
NR 22
TC 37
Z9 42
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/nature02495
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100039
PM 15129275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blinov, BB
   Moehring, DL
   Duan, LM
   Monroe, C
AF Blinov, BB
   Moehring, DL
   Duan, LM
   Monroe, C
TI Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum communication; generation
AB An outstanding goal in quantum information science is the faithful mapping of quantum information between a stable quantum memory and a reliable quantum communication channel(1). This would allow, for example, quantum communication over remote distances(2), quantum teleportation(3) of matter and distributed quantum computing over a 'quantum internet'. Because quantum states cannot in general be copied, quantum information can only be distributed in these and other applications by entangling the quantum memory with the communication channel. Here we report quantum entanglement between an ideal quantum memory-represented by a single trapped Cd-111(+) ion-and an ideal quantum communication channel, provided by a single photon that is emitted spontaneously from the ion. Appropriate coincidence measurements between the quantum states of the photon polarization and the trapped ion memory are used to verify their entanglement directly. Our direct observation of entanglement between stationary and 'flying' qubits(4) is accomplished without using cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques(5-7) or prepared non-classical light sources(3). We envision that this source of entanglement used for a variety of quantum communication protocols(2,8) and for seeding large-scale entangled states of trapped ion qubits for scalable quantum computing(9).
C1 FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Blinov, BB (corresponding author), FOCUS Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM bblinov@umich.edu
NR 30
TC 557
Z9 652
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 153
EP 157
DI 10.1038/nature02377
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600041
PM 15014494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carbotte, SM
   Small, C
   Donnelly, K
AF Carbotte, SM
   Small, C
   Donnelly, K
TI The influence of ridge migration on the magmatic segmentation of mid-ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; juan-de-fuca; melt region; gravity-anomaly; crustal thickness; mantle flow; degrees n; beneath; accretion
AB The Earth's mid-ocean ridges display systematic changes in depth and shape, which subdivide the ridges into discrete spreading segments bounded by transform faults and smaller non-transform offsets of the axis(1-3). These morphological changes have been attributed to spatial variations in the supply of magma from the mantle, although the origin of the variations is poorly understood(1,4,5). Here we show that magmatic segmentation of ridges with fast and intermediate spreading rates is directly related to the migration velocity of the spreading axis over the mantle. For over 9,500km of mid-ocean ridge examined, leading ridge segments in the 'hotspot' reference frame coincide with the shallow magmatically robust segments across 86 per cent of all transform faults and 73 per cent of all second-order discontinuities. We attribute this relationship to asymmetric mantle upwelling and melt production due to ridge migration, with focusing of melt towards ridge segments across discontinuities. The model is consistent with variations in crustal structure across discontinuities of the East Pacific Rise, and may explain variations in depth of melting and the distribution of enriched lavas.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Carbotte, SM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Geol Observ, 61 Rte 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM carbotte@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 52
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 743
EP 746
DI 10.1038/nature02652
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900034
PM 15201906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dobson, CM
AF Dobson, CM
TI Chemical space and biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drug discovery; diversity; evolution; design
AB Chemical space - which encompasses all possible small organic molecules, including those present in biological systems - is vast. So vast, in fact, that so far only a tiny fraction of it has been explored. Nevertheless, these explorations have greatly enhanced our understanding of biology, and have led to the development of many of today's drugs. The discovery of new bioactive molecules, facilitated by a deeper understanding of the nature of the regions of chemical space that are relevant to biology, will advance our knowledge of biological processes and lead to new strategies to treat disease.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Dobson, CM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM cmd44@cam.ac.uk
NR 44
TC 812
Z9 966
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 824
EP 828
DI 10.1038/nature03192
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500038
PM 15602547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, T
   Takagi, J
   Coller, BS
   Wang, JH
   Springer, TA
AF Xiao, T
   Takagi, J
   Coller, BS
   Wang, JH
   Springer, TA
TI Structural basis for allostery in integrins and binding to fibrinogen-mimetic therapeutics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycoprotein-iib-iiia; inside-out activation; ligand-binding; crystal-structure; a-domain; extracellular segment; signal-transduction; beta(3) subunit; hybrid domain; gpiib-iiia
AB Integrins are important adhesion receptors in all Metazoa that transmit conformational change bidirectionally across the membrane. Integrin alpha and beta subunits form a head and two long legs in the ectodomain and span the membrane. Here, we define with crystal structures the atomic basis for allosteric regulation of the conformation and affinity for ligand of the integrin ectodomain, and how fibrinogen- mimetic therapeutics bind to platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). Allostery in the beta(3)I domain alters three metal binding sites, associated loops and alpha1- and alpha7-helices. Piston-like displacement of the alpha7-helix causes a 62degrees reorientation between the beta(3)I and hybrid domains. Transmission through the rigidly connected plexin/semaphorin/integrin ( PSI) domain in the upper beta(3) leg causes a 70 Angstrom separation between the knees of the alpha and beta legs. Allostery in the head thus disrupts interaction between the legs in a previously described low-affinity bent integrin conformation, and leg extension positions the high-affinity head far above the cell surface.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Blood & Vasc Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Rockefeller University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Springer, TA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM springer@cbr.med.harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P01 HL048675] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 695
Z9 806
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 59
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature02976
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900038
PM 15378069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, Q
   Johanson, CM
   Warren, SG
   Seidel, DJ
AF Fu, Q
   Johanson, CM
   Warren, SG
   Seidel, DJ
TI Contribution of stratospheric cooling to satellite-inferred tropospheric temperature trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface
AB From 1979 to 2001, temperatures observed globally by the mid-tropospheric channel of the satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU channel 2), as well as the inferred temperatures in the lower troposphere, show only small warming trends of less than 0.1 K per decade (refs 1 - 3). Surface temperatures based on in situ observations however, exhibit a larger warming of similar to0.17 K per decade ( refs 4, 5), and global climate models forced by combined anthropogenic and natural factors project an increase in tropospheric temperatures that is somewhat larger than the surface temperature increase(6-8). Here we show that trends in MSU channel 2 temperatures are weak because the instrument partly records stratospheric temperatures whose large cooling trend(9) offsets the contributions of tropospheric warming. We quantify the stratospheric contribution to MSU channel 2 temperatures using MSU channel 4, which records only stratospheric temperatures. The resulting trend of reconstructed tropospheric temperatures from satellite data is physically consistent with the observed surface temperature trend. For the tropics, the tropospheric warming is similar to1.6 times the surface warming, as expected for a moist adiabatic lapse rate.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Fu, Q (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM qfu@atmos.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 170
Z9 195
U1 2
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 55
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature02524
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100041
PM 15129277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sazonov, SY
   Lutovinov, AA
   Sunyaev, RA
AF Sazonov, SY
   Lutovinov, AA
   Sunyaev, RA
TI An apparently normal γ-ray burst with an unusually low luminosity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 25 april 1998; unusual supernova; jet model; grb-031203; redshifts; spectra
AB Much of the progress in understanding gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has come from studies of distant events (redshift z approximate to 1). In the brightest GRBs, the gamma-rays are so highly collimated that the events can be seen across the Universe. It has long been suspected that the nearest and most common events have been missed because they are not as collimated or they are under-energetic ( or both)(1). Here we report soft gamma-ray observations of GRB 031203, the nearest event to date (z = 0.106; ref. 2). It had a duration of 40 s and peak energy of > 190 keV, and therefore appears to be a typical long-duration GRB. The isotropic gamma-ray energy of less than or equal to 10(50) erg, however, is about three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the cosmological population. This event - as well as the other nearby but somewhat controversial GRB 980425 - is a clear outlier from the isotropic-energy/peak-energy relation(3,4) and luminosity/spectral-lag relations(5,6) that describe the majority of GRBs. Radio calorimetry shows that both of these events are under-energetic explosions(7). We conclude that there does indeed exist a large population of under-energetic events.
C1 Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Max Planck Society
RP Sazonov, SY (corresponding author), Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Profsoyuznaya 84-32, Moscow 117997, Russia.
EM sazonov@mpa-garching.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 136
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 646
EP 648
DI 10.1038/nature02748
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400036
PM 15295591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vetsch, M
   Puorger, C
   Spirig, T
   Grauschopf, U
   Weber-Ban, EU
   Glockshuber, R
AF Vetsch, M
   Puorger, C
   Spirig, T
   Grauschopf, U
   Weber-Ban, EU
   Glockshuber, R
TI Pilus chaperones represent a new type of protein-folding catalyst
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drives fiber formation; escherichia-coli; outer-membrane; biogenesis; fimc; papd; mechanism; subunits; bacteria; pathway
AB Adhesive type 1 pili from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains have a crucial role during infection by mediating the attachment to and potentially the invasion of host tissue. These filamentous, highly oligomeric protein complexes are assembled by the 'chaperone-usher' pathway(1), in which the individual pilus subunits fold in the bacterial periplasm and form stoichiometric complexes with a periplasmic chaperone molecule that is essential for pilus assembly(2-4). The chaperone subsequently delivers the subunits to an assembly platform (usher) in the outer membrane, which mediates subunit assembly and translocation to the cell surface(5-8). Here we show that the periplasmic type 1 pilus chaperone FimC binds non-native pilus subunits and accelerates folding of the subunit FimG by 100-fold. Moreover, we find that the FimC FimG complex is formed quantitatively and very rapidly when folding of FimG is initiated in the presence of both FimC and the assembly-competent subunit FimF, even though the FimC-FimG complex is thermodynamically less stable than the FimF-FimG complex. FimC thus represents a previously unknown type of protein-folding catalyst, and simultaneously acts as a kinetic trap preventing spontaneous subunit assembly in the periplasm.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Glockshuber, R (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM rudi@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 28
TC 99
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature02891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000046
PM 15372038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abazov, VM
   Abbott, B
   Abdesselam, A
   Abolins, M
   Abramov, V
   Acharya, BS
   Adams, DL
   Adams, M
   Ahmed, SN
   Alexeev, GD
   Alton, A
   Alves, GA
   Arnoud, Y
   Avila, C
   Babintsev, VV
   Babukhadia, L
   Bacon, TC
   Baden, A
   Baffioni, S
   Baldin, B
   Balm, PW
   Banerjee, S
   Barberis, E
   Baringer, P
   Barreto, J
   Bartlett, JF
   Bassler, U
   Bauer, D
   Bean, A
   Beaudette, F
   Begel, M
   Belyaev, A
   Beri, SB
   Bernardi, G
   Bertram, I
   Besson, A
   Beuselinck, R
   Bezzubov, VA
   Bhat, PC
   Bhatnagar, V
   Bhattacharjee, M
   Blazey, G
   Blekman, F
   Blessing, S
   Boehnlein, A
   Bojko, NI
   Bolton, TA
   Borcherding, F
   Bos, K
   Bose, T
   Brandt, A
   Briskin, G
   Brock, R
   Brooijmans, G
   Bross, A
   Buchholz, D
   Buehler, M
   Buescher, V
   Burtovoi, VS
   Butler, JM
   Canelli, F
   Carvalho, W
   Casey, D
   Castilla-Valdez, H
   Chakraborty, D
   Chan, KM
   Chekulaev, SV
   Cho, DK
   Choi, S
   Chopra, S
   Claes, D
   Clark, AR
   Connolly, B
   Cooper, WE
   Coppage, D
   Crépé-Renaudin, S
   Cummings, MAC
   Cutts, D
   da Motta, H
   Davis, GA
   De, K
   de Jong, SJ
   Demarteau, M
   Demina, R
   Demine, P
   Denisov, D
   Denisov, SP
   Desai, S
   Diehl, HT
   Diesburg, M
   Doulas, S
   Dudko, LV
   Duflot, L
   Dugad, SR
   Duperrin, A
   Dyshkant, A
   Edmunds, D
   Ellison, J
   Eltzroth, JT
   Elvira, VD
   Engelmann, R
   Eno, S
   Eppley, G
   Ermolov, P
   Eroshin, OV
   Estrada, J
   Evans, H
   Evdokimov, VN
   Ferbel, T
   Filthaut, F
   Fisk, HE
   Fortner, M
   Fox, H
   Fu, S
   Fuess, S
   Gallas, E
   Galyaev, AN
   Gao, M
   Gavrilov, V
   Genik, RJ II
   Genser, K
   Gerber, CE
   Gershtein, Y
   Ginther, G
   Gómez, B
   Goncharov, PI
   Gounder, K
   Goussiou, A
   Grannis, PD
   Greenlee, H
   Greenwood, ZD
   Grinstein, S
   Groer, L
   Grünendahl, S
   Grünewald, MW
   Gurzhiev, SN
   Gutierrez, G
   Gutierrez, P
   Hadley, NJ
   Haggerty, H
   Hagopian, S
   Hagopian, V
   Hall, RE
   Han, C
   Hansen, S
   Hauptman, JM
   Hebert, C
   Hedin, D
   Heinmiller, JM
   Heinson, AP
   Heintz, U
   Hildreth, MD
   Hirosky, R
   Hobbs, JD
   Hoeneisen, B
   Huang, J
   Huang, Y
   Iashvili, I
   Illingworth, R
   Ito, AS
   Jaffré, M
   Jain, S
   Jesik, R
   Johns, K
   Johnson, M
   Jonckheere, A
   Jöstlein, H
   Juste, A
   Kahl, W
   Kahn, S
   Kajfasz, E
   Kalinin, AM
   Karmanov, D
   Karmgard, D
   Kehoe, R
   Kesisoglou, S
   Khanov, A
   Kharchilava, A
   Klima, B
   Kohli, JM
   Kostritskiy, AV
   Kotcher, J
   Kothari, B
   Kozelov, AV
   Kozlovsky, EA
   Krane, J
   Krishnaswamy, MR
   Krivkova, P
   Krzywdzinski, S
   Kubantsev, M
   Kuleshov, S
   Kulik, Y
   Kunori, S
   Kupco, A
   Kuznetsov, VE
   Landsberg, G
   Lee, WM
   Leflat, A
   Lehner, F
   Leonidopoulos, C
   Li, J
   Li, QZ
   Lima, JGR
   Lincoln, D
   Linn, SL
   Linnemann, J
   Lipton, R
   Lucotte, A
   Lueking, L
   Lundstedt, C
   Luo, C
   Maciel, AKA
   Madaras, RJ
   Malyshev, VL
   Manankov, V
   Mao, HS
   Marshall, T
   Martin, MI
   Mattingly, SEK
   Mayorov, AA
   McCarthy, R
   McMahon, T
   Melanson, HL
   Melnitchouk, A
   Merkin, A
   Merritt, KW
   Miao, C
   Miettinen, H
   Mihalcea, D
   Mokhov, N
   Mondal, NK
   Montgomery, HE
   Moore, RW
   Mutaf, YD
   Nagy, E
   Narain, M
   Narasimham, VS
   Naumann, NA
   Neal, HA
   Negret, JP
   Nelson, S
   Nomerotski, A
   Nunnemann, T
   O'Neil, D
   Oguri, V
   Oshima, N
   Padley, P
   Papageorgiou, K
   Parashar, N
   Partridge, R
   Parua, N
   Patwa, A
   Peters, O
   Pétroff, P
   Piegaia, R
   Pope, BG
   Prosper, HB
   Protopopescu, S
   Przybycien, MB
   Qian, J
   Rajagopalan, S
   Rapidis, PA
   Reay, NW
   Reucroft, S
   Ridel, M
   Rijssenbeek, M
   Rizatdinova, F
   Rockwell, T
   Royon, C
   Rubinov, P
   Ruchti, R
   Sabirov, BM
   Sajot, G
   Santoro, A
   Sawyer, L
   Schamberger, RD
   Schellman, H
   Schwartzman, A
   Shabalina, E
   Shivpuri, RK
   Shpakov, D
   Shupe, M
   Sidwell, RA
   Simak, V
   Sirotenko, V
   Slattery, P
   Smith, RP
   Snow, GR
   Snow, J
   Snyder, S
   Solomon, J
   Song, Y
   Sorín, V
   Sosebee, M
   Sotnikova, N
   Soustruznik, K
   Souza, M
   Stanton, NR
   Steinbrück, G
   Stoker, D
   Stolin, V
   Stone, A
   Stoyanova, DA
   Strang, MA
   Strauss, M
   Strovink, M
   Stutte, L
   Sznajder, A
   Talby, M
   Taylor, W
   Tentindo-Repond, S
   Trippe, TG
   Turcot, AS
   Tuts, PM
   Van Kooten, R
   Vaniev, V
   Varelas, N
   Villeneuve-Seguier, F
   Volkov, AA
   Vorobiev, AP
   Wahl, HD
   Wang, ZM
   Warchol, J
   Watts, G
   Wayne, M
   Weerts, H
   White, A
   Whiteson, D
   Wijngaarden, DA
   Willis, S
   Wimpenny, SJ
   Womersley, J
   Wood, DR
   Xu, Q
   Yamada, R
   Yasuda, T
   Yatsunenko, YA
   Yip, K
   Yu, J
   Zanabria, M
   Zhang, X
   Zhou, B
   Zhou, Z
   Zielinski, M
   Zieminska, D
   Zieminski, A
   Zutshi, V
   Zverev, EG
   Zylberstejn, A
AF Abazov, VM
   Abbott, B
   Abdesselam, A
   Abolins, M
   Abramov, V
   Acharya, BS
   Adams, DL
   Adams, M
   Ahmed, SN
   Alexeev, GD
   Alton, A
   Alves, GA
   Arnoud, Y
   Avila, C
   Babintsev, VV
   Babukhadia, L
   Bacon, TC
   Baden, A
   Baffioni, S
   Baldin, B
   Balm, PW
   Banerjee, S
   Barberis, E
   Baringer, P
   Barreto, J
   Bartlett, JF
   Bassler, U
   Bauer, D
   Bean, A
   Beaudette, F
   Begel, M
   Belyaev, A
   Beri, SB
   Bernardi, G
   Bertram, I
   Besson, A
   Beuselinck, R
   Bezzubov, VA
   Bhat, PC
   Bhatnagar, V
   Bhattacharjee, M
   Blazey, G
   Blekman, F
   Blessing, S
   Boehnlein, A
   Bojko, NI
   Bolton, TA
   Borcherding, F
   Bos, K
   Bose, T
   Brandt, A
   Briskin, G
   Brock, R
   Brooijmans, G
   Bross, A
   Buchholz, D
   Buehler, M
   Buescher, V
   Burtovoi, VS
   Butler, JM
   Canelli, F
   Carvalho, W
   Casey, D
   Castilla-Valdez, H
   Chakraborty, D
   Chan, KM
   Chekulaev, SV
   Cho, DK
   Choi, S
   Chopra, S
   Claes, D
   Clark, AR
   Connolly, B
   Cooper, WE
   Coppage, D
   Crépé-Renaudin, S
   Cummings, MAC
   Cutts, D
   da Motta, H
   Davis, GA
   De, K
   de Jong, SJ
   Demarteau, M
   Demina, R
   Demine, P
   Denisov, D
   Denisov, SP
   Desai, S
   Diehl, HT
   Diesburg, M
   Doulas, S
   Dudko, LV
   Duflot, L
   Dugad, SR
   Duperrin, A
   Dyshkant, A
   Edmunds, D
   Ellison, J
   Eltzroth, JT
   Elvira, VD
   Engelmann, R
   Eno, S
   Eppley, G
   Ermolov, P
   Eroshin, OV
   Estrada, J
   Evans, H
   Evdokimov, VN
   Ferbel, T
   Filthaut, F
   Fisk, HE
   Fortner, M
   Fox, H
   Fu, S
   Fuess, S
   Gallas, E
   Galyaev, AN
   Gao, M
   Gavrilov, V
   Genik, RJ II
   Genser, K
   Gerber, CE
   Gershtein, Y
   Ginther, G
   Gómez, B
   Goncharov, PI
   Gounder, K
   Goussiou, A
   Grannis, PD
   Greenlee, H
   Greenwood, ZD
   Grinstein, S
   Groer, L
   Grünendahl, S
   Grünewald, MW
   Gurzhiev, SN
   Gutierrez, G
   Gutierrez, P
   Hadley, NJ
   Haggerty, H
   Hagopian, S
   Hagopian, V
   Hall, RE
   Han, C
   Hansen, S
   Hauptman, JM
   Hebert, C
   Hedin, D
   Heinmiller, JM
   Heinson, AP
   Heintz, U
   Hildreth, MD
   Hirosky, R
   Hobbs, JD
   Hoeneisen, B
   Huang, J
   Huang, Y
   Iashvili, I
   Illingworth, R
   Ito, AS
   Jaffré, M
   Jain, S
   Jesik, R
   Johns, K
   Johnson, M
   Jonckheere, A
   Jöstlein, H
   Juste, A
   Kahl, W
   Kahn, S
   Kajfasz, E
   Kalinin, AM
   Karmanov, D
   Karmgard, D
   Kehoe, R
   Kesisoglou, S
   Khanov, A
   Kharchilava, A
   Klima, B
   Kohli, JM
   Kostritskiy, AV
   Kotcher, J
   Kothari, B
   Kozelov, AV
   Kozlovsky, EA
   Krane, J
   Krishnaswamy, MR
   Krivkova, P
   Krzywdzinski, S
   Kubantsev, M
   Kuleshov, S
   Kulik, Y
   Kunori, S
   Kupco, A
   Kuznetsov, VE
   Landsberg, G
   Lee, WM
   Leflat, A
   Lehner, F
   Leonidopoulos, C
   Li, J
   Li, QZ
   Lima, JGR
   Lincoln, D
   Linn, SL
   Linnemann, J
   Lipton, R
   Lucotte, A
   Lueking, L
   Lundstedt, C
   Luo, C
   Maciel, AKA
   Madaras, RJ
   Malyshev, VL
   Manankov, V
   Mao, HS
   Marshall, T
   Martin, MI
   Mattingly, SEK
   Mayorov, AA
   McCarthy, R
   McMahon, T
   Melanson, HL
   Melnitchouk, A
   Merkin, A
   Merritt, KW
   Miao, C
   Miettinen, H
   Mihalcea, D
   Mokhov, N
   Mondal, NK
   Montgomery, HE
   Moore, RW
   Mutaf, YD
   Nagy, E
   Narain, M
   Narasimham, VS
   Naumann, NA
   Neal, HA
   Negret, JP
   Nelson, S
   Nomerotski, A
   Nunnemann, T
   O'Neil, D
   Oguri, V
   Oshima, N
   Padley, P
   Papageorgiou, K
   Parashar, N
   Partridge, R
   Parua, N
   Patwa, A
   Peters, O
   Pétroff, P
   Piegaia, R
   Pope, BG
   Prosper, HB
   Protopopescu, S
   Przybycien, MB
   Qian, J
   Rajagopalan, S
   Rapidis, PA
   Reay, NW
   Reucroft, S
   Ridel, M
   Rijssenbeek, M
   Rizatdinova, F
   Rockwell, T
   Royon, C
   Rubinov, P
   Ruchti, R
   Sabirov, BM
   Sajot, G
   Santoro, A
   Sawyer, L
   Schamberger, RD
   Schellman, H
   Schwartzman, A
   Shabalina, E
   Shivpuri, RK
   Shpakov, D
   Shupe, M
   Sidwell, RA
   Simak, V
   Sirotenko, V
   Slattery, P
   Smith, RP
   Snow, GR
   Snow, J
   Snyder, S
   Solomon, J
   Song, Y
   Sorín, V
   Sosebee, M
   Sotnikova, N
   Soustruznik, K
   Souza, M
   Stanton, NR
   Steinbrück, G
   Stoker, D
   Stolin, V
   Stone, A
   Stoyanova, DA
   Strang, MA
   Strauss, M
   Strovink, M
   Stutte, L
   Sznajder, A
   Talby, M
   Taylor, W
   Tentindo-Repond, S
   Trippe, TG
   Turcot, AS
   Tuts, PM
   Van Kooten, R
   Vaniev, V
   Varelas, N
   Villeneuve-Seguier, F
   Volkov, AA
   Vorobiev, AP
   Wahl, HD
   Wang, ZM
   Warchol, J
   Watts, G
   Wayne, M
   Weerts, H
   White, A
   Whiteson, D
   Wijngaarden, DA
   Willis, S
   Wimpenny, SJ
   Womersley, J
   Wood, DR
   Xu, Q
   Yamada, R
   Yasuda, T
   Yatsunenko, YA
   Yip, K
   Yu, J
   Zanabria, M
   Zhang, X
   Zhou, B
   Zhou, Z
   Zielinski, M
   Zieminska, D
   Zieminski, A
   Zutshi, V
   Zverev, EG
   Zylberstejn, A
TI A precision measurement of the mass of the top quark
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pair production; detector; event
AB The standard model of particle physics contains parameters such as particle masses - whose origins are still unknown and which cannot be predicted, but whose values are constrained through their interactions. In particular, the masses of the top quark (M-t) and W boson (M-W)(1) constrain the mass of the long-hypothesized, but thus far not observed, Higgs boson. A precise measurement of Mt can therefore indicate where to look for the Higgs, and indeed whether the hypothesis of a standard model Higgs is consistent with experimental data. As top quarks are produced in pairs and decay in only about 10(-24) s into various final states, reconstructing their masses from their decay products is very challenging. Here we report a technique that extracts more information from each top-quark event and yields a greatly improved precision (of +/- 5.3 GeV/c(2)) when compared to previous measurements(2). When our new result is combined with our published measurement in a complementary decay mode(3) and with the only other measurements available(2), the new world average for M-t becomes(4) 178.0 +/- 4.3 GeV/c(2). As a result, the most likely Higgs mass increases from the experimentally excluded(5) value(6) of 96 to 117GeV/c(2), which is beyond current experimental sensitivity. The upper limit on the Higgs mass at the 95% confidence level is raised from 219 to 251 GeV/c(2).
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res, Dubna 141980, Russia.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Lab Accelerateur Lineaire, CNRS, IN2P3, F-91898 Orsay, France.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Inst High Energy Phys, Protvino 142284, Russia.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Sch Nat Sci, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Univ Nijmegen, NIKHEF, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, LAFEX, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Phys Subatom & Cosmol, CNRS, IN2P3, F-38026 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Los Andes, Dept Fis, HEP Grp, Bogota, Colombia.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Phys, London SW7 2BW, England.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Mediterranee, CPPM, CNRS, IN2P3, F-13288 Marseille, France.
   Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA.
   FOM, Inst NIKHEF, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, NIKHEF, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Northeastern Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, LPNHE, CNRS, IN2P3, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 07, LPNHE, CNRS, IN2P3, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Phys 4350, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Panjab Univ, Dept Phys, Chandigarh 160014, India.
   Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England.
   No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Estado Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, BR-20559900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   CINVESTAV, Dept Fis, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Phys, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Particules, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Moscow 119899, Russia.
   Rice Univ, Bonner Nucl Lab, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Inst Theoret & Expt Phys, Moscow 117259, Russia.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Louisiana Tech Univ, Dept Phys, Ruston, LA 71272 USA.
   Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Fis, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Fac Sci, Dept Expt Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland.
   Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Phys, Fresno, CA 93740 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys, High Energy Phys Grp, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22901 USA.
   Univ San Francisco Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Phys, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Ctr Particle Phys, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, CZ-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Ctr Particle Phys, CZ-18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China.
   Langston Univ, Dept Math, Langston, OK 73050 USA.
   Univ Delhi, Dept Phys & Astrophys, Delhi 110007, India.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite Paris Saclay; Michigan State University; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Institute of High Energy Physics - IHEP; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Radboud University Nijmegen; FOM National Institute for Subatomic Physics; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Universidad de los Andes (Colombia); State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Imperial College London; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; FOM National Institute for Subatomic Physics; University of Amsterdam; Northeastern University; University of Kansas; Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Sorbonne Universite; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Panjab University; Lancaster University; Northern Illinois University; Kansas State University; Columbia University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Arlington; Brown University; Northwestern University; University of Freiburg; Boston University; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; CINVESTAV - Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Rice University; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical & Experimental Physics; University of Notre Dame; University of Louisiana System; Louisiana Technical University; University of Buenos Aires; University College Dublin; California State University System; California State University Fresno; Iowa State University; University of Virginia; Universidad San Francisco de Quito; University of Arizona; Charles University Prague; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS; Langston University; University of Delhi; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Estrada, J (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
EM estrada@fnal.gov
NR 26
TC 243
Z9 266
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 638
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature02589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600034
PM 15190311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engel, MS
   Grimaldi, DA
AF Engel, MS
   Grimaldi, DA
TI New light shed on the oldest insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID land animals; phylogeny; rhynie
AB Insects are the most diverse lineage of all life in numbers of species, and ecologically they dominate terrestrial ecosystems. However, how and when this immense radiation of animals originated is unclear. Only a few fossils provide insight into the earliest stages of insect evolution, and among them are specimens in chert from Rhynie, Scotland's Old Red Sandstone (Pragian; about 396-407 million years ago(1)), which is only slightly younger than formations harbouring the earliest terrestrial faunas. The most well-known animal from Rhynie is the springtail Rhyniella praecursor (Entognatha; Collembola), long considered to be the oldest hexapod(2,3). For true insects (Ectognatha), the oldest records are two apparent wingless insects from later in the Devonian period of North America(4,5). Here we show, however, that a fragmentary fossil from Rhynie, Rhyniognatha hirsti, is not only the earliest true insect but may be relatively derived within basal Ectognatha. In fact, Rhyniognatha has derived characters shared with winged insects, suggesting that the origin of wings may have been earlier than previously believed. Regardless, Rhyniognatha indicates that insects originated in the Silurian period and were members of some of the earliest terrestrial faunas.
C1 Univ Kansas, Museum Nat Hist, Div Entomol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 University of Kansas; University of Kansas; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Engel, MS (corresponding author), Univ Kansas, Museum Nat Hist, Div Entomol, Snow Hall,1460 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
EM msengel@ku.edu
NR 30
TC 228
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/nature02291
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300039
PM 14961119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XQ
   Kind, R
   Yuan, XH
   Wölbern, I
   Hanka, W
AF Li, XQ
   Kind, R
   Yuan, XH
   Wölbern, I
   Hanka, W
TI Rejuvenation of the lithosphere by the Hawaiian plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID velocity; origin; swell
AB The volcanism responsible for creating the chain of the Hawaiian islands and seamounts is believed to mark the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a mantle plume(1,2). In this picture hot material rises from great depth within a fixed narrow conduit to the surface, penetrating the moving lithosphere(3). Although a number of models describe possible plume - lithosphere interactions(4), seismic imaging techniques have not had sufficient resolution to distinguish between them. Here we apply the S-wave 'receiver function' technique to data of three permanent seismic broadband stations on the Hawaiian islands, to map the thickness of the underlying lithosphere. We find that under Big Island the lithosphere is 100 - 110 km thick, as expected for an oceanic plate 90 - 100 million years old that is not modified by a plume. But the lithosphere thins gradually along the island chain to about 50 - 60 km below Kauai. The width of the thinning is about 300 km. In this zone, well within the larger-scale topographic swell, we infer that the rejuvenation model(5) ( where the plume thins the lithosphere) is operative; however, the larger-scale topographic swell is probably supported dynamically.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Free University of Berlin
RP Kind, R (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM kind@gfz-potsdam.de
NR 18
TC 214
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 827
EP 829
DI 10.1038/nature02349
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500036
PM 14985758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dobbins, IG
   Schnyer, DM
   Verfaellie, M
   Schacter, DL
AF Dobbins, IG
   Schnyer, DM
   Verfaellie, M
   Schacter, DL
TI Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior prefrontal cortex; fusiform cortex; implicit memory; functional mri; mechanisms; specificity; retrieval; brain; tasks
AB Recent observation of objects speeds up their subsequent identification and classification(1,2). This common form of learning, known as repetition priming, can operate in the absence of explicit memory for earlier experiences(3,4), and functional neuroimaging has shown that object classification improved in this way is accompanied by 'neural priming' ( reduced neural activity) in prefrontal, fusiform and other cortical regions(5-10). These observations have led to suggestions that cortical representations of items undergo 'tuning', whereby neurons encoding irrelevant information respond less as a given object is observed repeatedly(10), thereby facilitating future availability of pertinent object knowledge. Here we provide experimental support for an alternative hypothesis, in which reduced cortical activity occurs because subjects rapidly learn their previous responses(11). After a primed object classification ( such as 'bigger than a shoebox'), cue reversal ('smaller than a shoebox') greatly slowed performance and completely eliminated neural priming in fusiform cortex, which suggests that these cortical item representations were no more available for primed objects than they were for new objects. In contrast, prefrontal cortex activity tracked behavioural priming and predicted the degree to which cue reversal would slow down object classification - highlighting the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive control.
C1 Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Boston VA Healthcare Syst, Memory Disorders Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   MGH MIT HMS, Athinoua A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Duke University; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Boston Healthcare System; Harvard University
RP Dobbins, IG (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM ian.dobbins@duke.edu
NR 25
TC 257
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/nature02400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200043
PM 14990968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baughn, AD
   Malamy, MH
AF Baughn, AD
   Malamy, MH
TI The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID respiration; oxidation; reduction; evolution; protein
AB Strict anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of greater than 5 muM dissolved oxygen(1). Despite this growth inhibition, many strict anaerobes of the Bacteroides class of eubacteria can survive in oxygenated environments until the partial pressure of O-2 (P-O2) is sufficiently reduced. For example, the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis colonize subgingival plaques of mammals, whereas several other Bacteroides species colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals. It has been suggested that pre-colonization of these sites by facultative anaerobes is essential for reduction of the P-O2 and subsequent colonization by strict anaerobes(2). However, this model is inconsistent with the observation that Bacteroides fragilis can colonize the colon in the absence of facultative anaerobes(3). Thus, this strict anaerobe may have a role in reduction of the environmental P-O2. Although some strictly anaerobic bacteria can consume oxygen through an integral membrane electron transport system(4), the physiological role of this system has not been established in these organisms. Here we demonstrate that B. fragilis encodes a cytochrome bd oxidase that is essential for O-2 consumption and is required, under some conditions, for the stimulation of growth in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of O-2. Furthermore, our data suggest that this property is conserved in many other organisms that have been described as strict anaerobes.
C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Tufts University
RP Malamy, MH (corresponding author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
EM michael.malamy@tufts.edu
NR 22
TC 231
Z9 275
U1 3
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/nature02285
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500043
PM 14749831
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, N
AF Jones, N
TI Athens Olympics special: To the edge ... and over
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 602
EP 602
DI 10.1038/430602a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moran, MA
   Buchan, A
   González, JM
   Heidelberg, JF
   Whitman, WB
   Kiene, RP
   Henriksen, JR
   King, GM
   Belas, R
   Fuqua, C
   Brinkac, L
   Lewis, M
   Johri, S
   Weaver, B
   Pai, G
   Eisen, JA
   Rahe, E
   Sheldon, WM
   Ye, WY
   Miller, TR
   Carlton, J
   Rasko, DA
   Paulsen, IT
   Ren, QH
   Daugherty, SC
   Deboy, RT
   Dodson, RJ
   Durkin, AS
   Madupu, R
   Nelson, WC
   Sullivan, SA
   Rosovitz, MJ
   Haft, DH
   Selengut, J
   Ward, N
AF Moran, MA
   Buchan, A
   González, JM
   Heidelberg, JF
   Whitman, WB
   Kiene, RP
   Henriksen, JR
   King, GM
   Belas, R
   Fuqua, C
   Brinkac, L
   Lewis, M
   Johri, S
   Weaver, B
   Pai, G
   Eisen, JA
   Rahe, E
   Sheldon, WM
   Ye, WY
   Miller, TR
   Carlton, J
   Rasko, DA
   Paulsen, IT
   Ren, QH
   Daugherty, SC
   Deboy, RT
   Dodson, RJ
   Durkin, AS
   Madupu, R
   Nelson, WC
   Sullivan, SA
   Rosovitz, MJ
   Haft, DH
   Selengut, J
   Ward, N
TI Genome sequence of Silicibacter pomeroyi reveals adaptations to the marine environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; bacteria; dimethylsulfoniopropionate; sulfur; bacterioplankton; culture; oceans; bloom; snow
AB Since the recognition of prokaryotes as essential components of the oceanic food web(1), bacterioplankton have been acknowledged as catalysts of most major biogeochemical processes in the sea. Studying heterotrophic bacterioplankton has been challenging, however, as most major clades have never been cultured(2) or have only been grown to low densities in sea water(3,4). Here we describe the genome sequence of Silicibacter pomeroyi, a member of the marine Roseobacter clade ( Fig. 1), the relatives of which comprise similar to10 - 20% of coastal and oceanic mixed-layer bacterioplankton(2,5,6,7). This first genome sequence from any major heterotrophic clade consists of a chromosome ( 4,109,442 base pairs) and megaplasmid ( 491,611 base pairs). Genome analysis indicates that this organism relies upon a lithoheterotrophic strategy that uses inorganic compounds ( carbon monoxide and sulphide) to supplement heterotrophy. Silicibacter pomeroyi also has genes advantageous for associations with plankton and suspended particles, including genes for uptake of algal-derived compounds, use of metabolites from reducing microzones, rapid growth and cell-density-dependent regulation. This bacterium has a physiology distinct from that of marine oligotrophs, adding a new strategy to the recognized repertoire for coping with a nutrient-poor ocean.
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ La Laguna, Dept Microbiol & Biol Celular, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
   Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA.
   Univ Maine, Darling Marine Ctr, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Walpole, ME 04573 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Ctr Marine Biotechnol, Inst Biotechnol, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Yale University; Universidad de la Laguna; J. Craig Venter Institute; University of South Alabama; Dauphin Island Sea Lab; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
RP Moran, MA (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM mmoran@uga.edu
NR 29
TC 377
Z9 833
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 910
EP 913
DI 10.1038/nature03170
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500055
PM 15602564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prescher, JA
   Dube, DH
   Bertozzi, CR
AF Prescher, JA
   Dube, DH
   Bertozzi, CR
TI Chemical remodelling of cell surfaces in living animals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sialic-acid; staudinger ligation; glycosylation; biosynthesis; identification; glycoproteins; expression; chemistry; proteins; molecule
AB Cell surfaces are endowed with biological functionality designed to mediate extracellular communication. The cell-surface repertoire can be expanded to include abiotic functionality through the biosynthetic introduction of unnatural sugars into cellular glycans, a process termed metabolic oligosaccharide engineering(1,2). This technique has been exploited in fundamental studies of glycan-dependent cell-cell and virus-cell interactions(3-5) and also provides an avenue for the chemical remodelling of living cells(6-8). Unique chemical functional groups can be delivered to cell-surface glycans by metabolism of the corresponding unnatural precursor sugars. These functional groups can then undergo covalent reaction with exogenous agents bearing complementary functionality. The exquisite chemical selectivity required of this process is supplied by the Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines, a reaction that has been performed on cultured cells without detriment to their physiology(7,9). Here we demonstrate that the Staudinger ligation can be executed in living animals, enabling the chemical modification of cells within their native environment. The ability to tag cell-surface glycans in vivo may enable therapeutic targeting and noninvasive imaging of changes in glycosylation during disease progression.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Bertozzi, CR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM crb@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 683
Z9 892
U1 4
U2 322
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 873
EP 877
DI 10.1038/nature02791
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800037
PM 15318217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serebrov, V
   Pyle, AM
AF Serebrov, V
   Pyle, AM
TI Periodic cycles of RNA unwinding and pausing by hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID step-size; nonstructural proteins; crystal-structure; recbcd helicase; dna helicase; nph-ii; translocation; mechanism; enzyme; modulation
AB The NS3 helicase is essential for cytoplasmic RNA replication by the hepatitis C virus(1-4), and it is a representative member of helicase superfamily 2 (SF2). NS3 is an important model system for understanding unwinding activities of DExH/D proteins(5-7), and it has been the subject of extensive structural and mutational analyses(8-11). Despite intense interest in NS3, the molecular and kinetic mechanisms for RNA unwinding by this helicase have remained obscure. We have developed a combinatorial, time-resolved approach for monitoring the microscopic behaviour of a helicase at each nucleotide of a duplex substrate. By applying this analysis to NS3, we have independently established the 'physical' and 'kinetic' step size for unwinding of RNA (18 base pairs, in each case), which we relate to the stoichiometry of the functional, translocating species. Having obtained microscopic unwinding rate constants at each position along the duplex, we demonstrate that NS3 unwinds RNA through a highly coordinated cycle of fast ripping and local pausing that occurs with regular spacing along the duplex substrate, much like the stepping behaviour of cytoskeletal motor proteins(12).
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Pyle, AM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM anna.pyle@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 476
EP 480
DI 10.1038/nature02704
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400049
PM 15269774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanai, N
   Tramontin, AD
   Quiñones-Hinojosa, A
   Barbaro, NM
   Gupta, N
   Kunwar, S
   Lawton, MT
   McDermott, MW
   Parsa, AT
   Verdugo, JMG
   Berger, MS
   Alvarez-Buylla, A
AF Sanai, N
   Tramontin, AD
   Quiñones-Hinojosa, A
   Barbaro, NM
   Gupta, N
   Kunwar, S
   Lawton, MT
   McDermott, MW
   Parsa, AT
   Verdugo, JMG
   Berger, MS
   Alvarez-Buylla, A
TI Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subventricular zone; progenitor cells; olfactory-bulb; mammalian brain; neurogenesis; forebrain; generation; neurons; differentiation; identification
AB The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a principal source of adult neural stem cells in the rodent brain, generating thousands of olfactory bulb neurons every day(1). If the adult human brain contains a comparable germinal region, this could have considerable implications for future neuroregenerative therapy. Stem cells have been isolated from the human brain(2-7), but the identity, organization and function of adult neural stem cells in the human SVZ are unknown. Here we describe a ribbon of SVZ astrocytes lining the lateral ventricles of the adult human brain that proliferate in vivo and behave as multipotent progenitor cells in vitro. This astrocytic ribbon has not been observed in other vertebrates studied. Unexpectedly, we find no evidence of chains of migrating neuroblasts in the SVZ or in the pathway to the olfactory bulb. Our work identifies SVZ astrocytes as neural stem cells in a niche of unique organization in the adult human brain.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Brain Tumor Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dev Stem Cell Biol Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Valencia, Inst Cavanilles, E-46100 Valencia, Spain.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Valencia
RP Sanai, N (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM nsanai@itsa.ucsf.edu; abuylla@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 1068
Z9 1247
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 740
EP 744
DI 10.1038/nature02301
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000045
PM 14973487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Zhang, ZF
   Liu, JN
AF Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Han, J
   Zhang, ZF
   Liu, JN
TI Ancestral echinoderms from the Chengjiang deposits of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deuterostome evolution; origin; solute; fossil; hemichordate; expression; phylogeny; sequence; tunicate; anatomy
AB Deuterostomes are a remarkably diverse super-phylum, including not only the chordates ( to which we belong) but groups as disparate as the echinoderms and the hemichordates. The phylogeny of deuterostomes is now achieving some degree of stability, especially on account of new molecular data, but this leaves as conjectural the appearance of extinct intermediate forms that would throw light on the sequence of evolutionary events leading to the extant groups. Such data can be supplied from the fossil record, notably those deposits with exceptional soft-part preservation. Excavations near Kunming in southwestern China have revealed a variety of remarkable early deuterostomes, including the vetulicolians and yunnanozoans. Here we describe a new group, the vetulocystids. They appear to have similarities not only to the vetulicolians but also to the homalozoans, a bizarre group of primitive echinoderms whose phylogenetic position has been highly controversial.
C1 China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 China University of Geosciences; Northwest University Xi'an; Northwest University Xi'an; University of Cambridge
RP Shu, DG (corresponding author), China Univ Geosci, Sch Earth Sci & Resources, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
EM elidgshu@nwu.edu.cn
NR 45
TC 85
Z9 106
U1 9
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 422
EP 428
DI 10.1038/nature02648
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400034
PM 15269760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koch, GW
   Sillett, SC
   Jennings, GM
   Davis, SD
AF Koch, GW
   Sillett, SC
   Jennings, GM
   Davis, SD
TI The limits to tree height
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shade tolerance; conductance; california; physiology; drought; xylem; co2
AB Trees grow tall where resources are abundant, stresses are minor, and competition for light places a premium on height growth(1,2). The height to which trees can grow and the biophysical determinants of maximum height are poorly understood. Some models predict heights of up to 120 m in the absence of mechanical damage(3,4), but there are historical accounts of taller trees(5). Current hypotheses of height limitation focus on increasing water transport constraints in taller trees and the resulting reductions in leaf photosynthesis(6). We studied redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), including the tallest known tree on Earth (112.7 m), in wet temperate forests of northern California. Our regression analyses of height gradients in leaf functional characteristics estimate a maximum tree height of 122-130 m barring mechanical damage, similar to the tallest recorded trees of the past. As trees grow taller, increasing leaf water stress due to gravity and path length resistance may ultimately limit leaf expansion and photosynthesis for further height growth, even with ample soil moisture.
C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Env Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   Humboldt State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Arcata, CA 95521 USA.
   Pepperdine Univ, Div Nat Sci, Malibu, CA 90263 USA.
C3 Northern Arizona University; Northern Arizona University; California State University System; California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt; Pepperdine University
RP Koch, GW (corresponding author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
EM george.koch@nau.edu
NR 29
TC 915
Z9 1096
U1 16
U2 622
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 851
EP 854
DI 10.1038/nature02417
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300039
PM 15103376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reconditi, M
   Linari, M
   Lucii, L
   Stewart, A
   Sun, YB
   Boesecke, P
   Narayanan, T
   Fischetti, RF
   Irving, T
   Piazzesi, G
   Irving, M
   Lombardi, V
AF Reconditi, M
   Linari, M
   Lucii, L
   Stewart, A
   Sun, YB
   Boesecke, P
   Narayanan, T
   Fischetti, RF
   Irving, T
   Piazzesi, G
   Irving, M
   Lombardi, V
TI The myosin motor in muscle generates a smaller and slower working stroke at higher load
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force generation; single; contraction; filaments; heads; actin; extensibility; reflections; transients; dependence
AB Muscle contraction is driven by the motor protein myosin II, which binds transiently to an actin filament, generates a unitary filament displacement or 'working stroke', then detaches and repeats the cycle. The stroke size has been measured previously using isolated myosin II molecules at low load, with rather variable results(1-4), but not at the higher loads that the motor works against during muscle contraction. Here we used a novel X-ray-interference technique(5,6) to measure the working stroke of myosin II at constant load(7) in an intact muscle cell, preserving the native structure and function of the motor. We show that the stroke is smaller and slower at higher load. The stroke size at low load is likely to be set by a structural limit(8,9); at higher loads, the motor detaches from actin before reaching this limit. The load dependence of the myosin II stroke is the primary molecular determinant of the mechanical performance and efficiency of skeletal muscle.
C1 Univ Florence, DBAG, Lab Fisiol, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02545 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Randall Div Cell & Mol Biophys, London SE1 1UL, England.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   BioCAT Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Florence; Brandeis University; University of London; King's College London; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Lombardi, V (corresponding author), Univ Florence, DBAG, Lab Fisiol, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
EM vincenzo.lombardi@unifi.it
FU Telethon [945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 167
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/nature02380
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100046
PM 15058307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ke, AL
   Zhou, KH
   Ding, F
   Cate, JHD
   Doudna, JA
AF Ke, AL
   Zhou, KH
   Ding, F
   Cate, JHD
   Doudna, JA
TI A conformational switch controls hepatitis delta virus ribozyme catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genomic hdv ribozyme; crystal-structure; self-cleavage; metal-ions; cytosine; step; rna
AB Ribozymes enhance chemical reaction rates using many of the same catalytic strategies as protein enzymes. In the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme, site-specific self-cleavage of the viral RNA phosphodiester backbone(1-3) requires both divalent cations and a cytidine nucleotide(4-6). General acid - base catalysis(7-12), substrate destabilization(1,13) and global and local conformational changes(14,15) have all been proposed to contribute to the ribozyme catalytic mechanism. Here we report ten crystal structures of the HDV ribozyme in its pre-cleaved state, showing that cytidine is positioned to activate the 2'-OH nucleophile in the precursor structure. This observation supports its proposed role as a general base in the reaction mechanism. Comparison of crystal structures of the ribozyme in the pre- and post-cleavage states reveals a significant conformational change in the RNA after cleavage and that a catalytically critical divalent metal ion from the active site is ejected. The HDV ribozyme has remarkable chemical similarity to protein ribonucleases and to zymogens for which conformational dynamics are integral to biological activity. This finding implies that RNA structural rearrangements control the reactivity of ribozymes and ribonucleoprotein enzymes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Doudna, JA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94705 USA.
EM doudna@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 201
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature02522
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300046
PM 15141216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hur, N
   Park, S
   Sharma, PA
   Ahn, JS
   Guha, S
   Cheong, SW
AF Hur, N
   Park, S
   Sharma, PA
   Ahn, JS
   Guha, S
   Cheong, SW
TI Electric polarization reversal and memory in a multiferroic material induced by magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; crystals; tbmn2o5; bifeo3
AB Ferroelectric and magnetic materials are a time-honoured subject of study and have led to some of the most important technological advances to date. Magnetism and ferroelectricity are involved with local spins and off-centre structural distortions, respectively. These two seemingly unrelated phenomena can coexist in certain unusual materials, termed multiferroics(1-11). Despite the possible coexistence of ferroelectricity and magnetism, a pronounced interplay between these properties has rarely been observed(6,12). This has prevented the realization of multiferroic devices offering such functionality(13). Here, we report a striking interplay between ferroelectricity and magnetism in the multiferroic TbMn2O5, demonstrated by a highly reproducible electric polarization reversal and permanent polarization imprint that are both actuated by an applied magnetic field. Our results point to new device applications such as magnetically recorded ferroelectric memory.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Hur, N (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM namjung@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 28
TC 2098
Z9 2253
U1 6
U2 875
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature02572
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600033
PM 15164057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poulton, SW
   Fralick, PW
   Canfield, DE
AF Poulton, SW
   Fralick, PW
   Canfield, DE
TI The transition to a sulphidic ocean ∼1.84 billion years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gunflint formation; pyrite formation; iron; evolution; anoxia; model; chemistry; sulfate; ontario; isotope
AB The Proterozoic aeon (2.5 to 0.54 billion years (Gyr) ago) marks the time between the largely anoxic world of the Archean (>2.5Gyr ago)(1) and the dominantly oxic world of the Phanerozoic (<0.54 Gyr ago). The course of ocean chemistry through the Proterozoic has traditionally been explained by progressive oxygenation of the deep ocean in response to an increase in atmospheric oxygen around 2.3 Gyr ago. This postulated rise in the oxygen content of the ocean is in turn thought to have led to the oxidation of dissolved iron, Fe(II), thus ending the deposition of banded iron formations (BIF) around 1.8 Gyr ago(1,2). An alternative interpretation suggests that the increasing atmospheric oxygen levels enhanced sulphide weathering on land and the flux of sulphate to the oceans. This increased rates of sulphate reduction, resulting in Fe(II) removal in the form of pyrite as the oceans became sulphidic(3). Here we investigate sediments from the similar to 1.8-Gyr-old Animikie group, Canada, which were deposited during the final stages of the main global period of BIF deposition. This allows us to evaluate the two competing hypotheses for the termination of BIF deposition. We use iron-sulphur-carbon (Fe-S-C) systematics to demonstrate continued ocean anoxia after the final global deposition of BIF and show that a transition to sulphidic bottom waters was ultimately responsible for the termination of BIF deposition. Sulphidic conditions may have persisted until a second major rise in oxygen between 0.8 to 0.58 Gyr ago(4,5), possibly reducing global rates of primary production and arresting the pace of algal evolution(6).
C1 Univ So Denmark, Inst Biol, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
   Lakehead Univ, Dept Geol, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
C3 University of Southern Denmark; Lakehead University
RP Poulton, SW (corresponding author), Univ So Denmark, Inst Biol, Danish Ctr Earth Syst Sci, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
EM s.poulton@biology.sdu.dk
NR 30
TC 377
Z9 435
U1 3
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature02912
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000041
PM 15356628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nomura, K
   Ohta, H
   Takagi, A
   Kamiya, T
   Hirano, M
   Hosono, H
AF Nomura, K
   Ohta, H
   Takagi, A
   Kamiya, T
   Hirano, M
   Hosono, H
TI Room-temperature fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide semiconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Transparent electronic devices formed on flexible substrates are expected to meet emerging technological demands where silicon-based electronics cannot provide a solution. Examples of active flexible applications include paper displays and wearable computers(1). So far, mainly flexible devices based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)(2-5) and organic semiconductors(2,6-10) have been investigated. However, the performance of these devices has been insufficient for use as transistors in practical computers and current-driven organic light-emitting diode displays. Fabricating high-performance devices is challenging, owing to a trade-off between processing temperature and device performance. Here, we propose to solve this problem by using a novel semiconducting material-namely, a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor from the In-Ga-Zn-O system (a-IGZO)-for the active channel in transparent thin-film transistors (TTFTs). The a-IGZO is deposited on polyethylene terephthalate at room temperature and exhibits Hall effect mobilities exceeding 10 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), which is an order of magnitude larger than for hydrogenated amorphous silicon. TTFTs fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate sheets exhibit saturation mobilities of 6-9 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), and device characteristics are stable during repetitive bending of the TTFT sheet.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, ERATO, SORST, JST,Frontier Collaborat Res Ctr,Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Hosono, H (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, ERATO, SORST, JST,Frontier Collaborat Res Ctr,Midori Ku, Mail Box S2-13,4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
EM hosono@msl.titech.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 6690
Z9 10235
U1 89
U2 3785
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 488
EP 492
DI 10.1038/nature03090
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100042
PM 15565150
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaniman, DT
   Bish, DL
   Chipera, SJ
   Fialips, CI
   Carey, JW
   Feldman, WC
AF Vaniman, DT
   Bish, DL
   Chipera, SJ
   Fialips, CI
   Carey, JW
   Feldman, WC
TI Magnesium sulphate salts and the history of water on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID minerals; rocks
AB Recent reports of similar to30 wt% of sulphate within saline sediments onMars(1,2)-probably occurring in hydrated form(3)-suggest a role for sulphates in accounting for equatorial H2O observed in a global survey by the Odyssey spacecraft(4). Among salt hydrates likely to be present(3), those of the MgSO4.nH(2)O series have many hydration states. Here we report the exposure of several of these phases to varied temperature, pressure and humidity to constrain their possible H2O contents under martian surface conditions. We found that crystalline structure and H2O content are dependent on temperature-pressure history, that an amorphous hydrated phase with slow dehydration kinetics forms at <1% relative humidity, and that equilibrium calculations may not reflect the true H2O-bearing potential of martian soils. Mg sulphate salts can retain sufficient H2O to explain a portion of the Odyssey observations(5). Because phases in the MgSO4 center dot nH(2)O system are sensitive to temperature and humidity, they can reveal much about the history of water on Mars. However, their ease of transformation implies that salt hydrates collected on Mars will not be returned to Earth unmodified, and that accurate in situ analysis is imperative.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Vaniman, DT (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM vaniman@lanl.gov
NR 23
TC 284
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 663
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature02973
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300033
PM 15470421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arrasate, M
   Mitra, S
   Schweitzer, ES
   Segal, MR
   Finkbeiner, S
AF Arrasate, M
   Mitra, S
   Schweitzer, ES
   Segal, MR
   Finkbeiner, S
TI Inclusion body formation reduces levels of mutant huntingtin and the risk of neuronal death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; intranuclear inclusions; polyglutamine expansions; neurological phenotype; in-vitro; aggregation; disease; nuclear; repeat; fragments
AB Huntington's disease is caused by an abnormal polyglutamine expansion within the protein huntingtin and is characterized by microscopic inclusion bodies of aggregated huntingtin and by the death of selected types of neuron. Whether inclusion bodies are pathogenic, incidental or a beneficial coping response is controversial. To resolve this issue we have developed an automated microscope that returns to precisely the same neuron after arbitrary intervals, even after cells have been removed from the microscope stage. Here we show, by survival analysis, that neurons die in a time-independent fashion but one that is dependent on mutant huntingtin dose and polyglutamine expansion; many neurons die without forming an inclusion body. Rather, the amount of diffuse intracellular huntingtin predicts whether and when inclusion body formation or death will occur. Surprisingly, inclusion body formation predicts improved survival and leads to decreased levels of mutant huntingtin elsewhere in a neuron. Thus, inclusion body formation can function as a coping response to toxic mutant huntingtin.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Neurol Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Biomed Sci, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Med Sci Training Program, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Brain Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol & Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Finkbeiner, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Neurol Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
EM sfinkbeiner@gladstone.ucsf.edu
NR 50
TC 1595
Z9 1921
U1 3
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 805
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature02998
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500037
PM 15483602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Purton, M
AF Purton, M
TI Dress for DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 125
EP 125
DI 10.1038/428125b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, RJ
   Lewis, OT
   Godfray, HCJ
AF Morris, RJ
   Lewis, OT
   Godfray, HCJ
TI Experimental evidence for apparent competition in a tropical forest food web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enemy-free-space; prey; consequences; community
AB The herbivorous insects of tropical forests constitute some of the most diverse communities of living organisms(1). For this reason it has been difficult to discover the degree to which these communities are structured, and by what processes. Interspecific competition for resources does occur, but its contemporary importance is limited because most pairs of potentially competing insects feed on different host plants(2). An alternative way in which species can interact is through shared natural enemies, a process called apparent competition(3). Despite extensive theoretical discussion there are few field demonstrations of apparent competition, and none in hyper-diverse tropical communities. Here, we experimentally removed two species of herbivore from a community of leaf-mining insects in a tropical forest. We predicted that other species that share natural enemies with the two removed species would experience lower parasitism and have higher population densities in treatment compared with control sites. In both cases ( on removal of a dipteran and a coleopteran leaf-miner species) we found significantly lower parasitism, and in one case ( removal of the dipteran) we found significantly higher abundance a year after the manipulation. Our results suggest that apparent competition may be important in structuring tropical insect communities.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Oxford
RP Morris, RJ (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Silwood Pk Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
EM r.j.morris@imperial.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 233
Z9 268
U1 1
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 310
EP 313
DI 10.1038/nature02394
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200041
PM 15029194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jordt, SE
   Bautista, DM
   Chuang, HH
   McKemy, DD
   Zygmunt, PM
   Högestätt, ED
   Meng, ID
   Julius, D
AF Jordt, SE
   Bautista, DM
   Chuang, HH
   McKemy, DD
   Zygmunt, PM
   Högestätt, ED
   Meng, ID
   Julius, D
TI Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurogenic plasma extravasation; capsaicin receptor; vanilloid receptor; pain pathway; substance-p; anandamide; thermosensation; inflammation; stimuli; neurons
AB Wasabi, horseradish and mustard owe their pungency to isothiocyanate compounds. Topical application of mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate) to the skin activates underlying sensory nerve endings, thereby producing pain, inflammation and robust hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli(1,2). Despite their widespread use in both the kitchen and the laboratory, the molecular mechanism through which isothiocyanates mediate their effects remains unknown. Here we show that mustard oil depolarizes a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are also activated by capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chilli peppers, and by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana. Both allyl isothiocyanate and THC mediate their excitatory effects by activating ANKTM1, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family recently implicated in the detection of noxious cold(3,4). These findings identify a cellular and molecular target for the pungent action of mustard oils and support an emerging role for TRP channels as ionotropic cannabinoid receptors(5-8).
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Lund Hosp, Inst Lab Med, Dept Clin Pharmacol, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Lund University; Skane University Hospital
RP Julius, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM julius@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 1574
Z9 1837
U1 4
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 260
EP 265
DI 10.1038/nature02282
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100047
PM 14712238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, PL
   Stahley, MR
   Kosek, AB
   Wang, JM
   Strobel, SA
AF Adams, PL
   Stahley, MR
   Kosek, AB
   Wang, JM
   Strobel, SA
TI Crystal structure of a self-splicing group I intron with both exons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-ion interaction; tetrahymena ribozyme; active-site; rna; binding; guanosine; identification; mechanism; catalysis; cleavage
AB The discovery of the RNA self-splicing group I intron provided the first demonstration that not all enzymes are proteins. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure (3.1-Angstrom resolution) of a complete group I bacterial intron in complex with both the 50'-and the 3'-exons. This complex corresponds to the splicing intermediate before the exon ligation step. It reveals how the intron uses structurally unprecedented RNA motifs to select the 5'-and 3'-splice sites. The 5'-exon's 3'-OH is positioned for inline nucleophilic attack on the conformationally constrained scissile phosphate at the intron-3'-exon junction. Six phosphates from three disparate RNA strands converge to coordinate two metal ions that are asymmetrically positioned on opposing sides of the reactive phosphate. This structure represents the first splicing complex to include a complete intron, both exons and an organized active site occupied with metal ions.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Wang, JM (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM wang@csb.yale.edu; strobel@csb.yale.edu
NR 50
TC 368
Z9 487
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 45
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature02642
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800037
PM 15175762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cacciuto, A
   Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
AF Cacciuto, A
   Auer, S
   Frenkel, D
TI Onset of heterogeneous crystal nucleation in colloidal suspensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mixtures
AB The addition of small 'seed' particles to a supersaturated solution can greatly increase the rate at which crystals nucleate. This process is understood, at least qualitatively, when the seed has the same structure as the crystal that it spawns(1,2). However, the microscopic mechanism of seeding by a 'foreign' substance is not well understood. Here we report numerical simulations of colloidal crystallization seeded by foreign objects. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to study how smooth spherical seeds of various sizes affect crystallization in a suspension of hard colloidal particles. We compute the free-energy barrier associated with crystal nucleation(3,4). A low barrier implies that nucleation is easy. We find that to be effective crystallization promoters, the seed particles need to exceed a well-defined minimum size. Just above this size, seed particles act as crystallization 'catalysts' as newly formed crystallites detach from the seed. In contrast, larger seed particles remain covered by the crystallites that they spawn. This phenomenon should be experimentally observable and can have important consequences for the control of the resulting crystal size distribution.
C1 FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 AMOLF
RP Cacciuto, A (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM cacciuto@amolf.nl
NR 12
TC 373
Z9 421
U1 3
U2 187
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 404
EP 406
DI 10.1038/nature02397
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300036
PM 15042084
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casali, A
   Struhl, G
AF Casali, A
   Struhl, G
TI Reading the Hedgehog morphogen gradient by measuring the ratio of bound to unbound Patched protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cubitus interruptus; drosophila embryos; membrane-protein; sonic hedgehog; gene encodes; polarity; receptor; pattern; signal; forms
AB Morphogens are 'form-generating' substances that spread from localized sites of production and specify distinct cellular outcomes at different concentrations. A cell's perception of morphogen concentration is thought to be determined by the number of active receptors, with inactive receptors making little if any contribution(1). Patched (Ptc)(2-5), the receptor for the morphogen Hedgehog (Hh)(6-12), is active in the absence of ligand and blocks the expression of target genes by inhibiting Smoothened (Smo), an essential transducer of the Hh signal(3,13-16). Hh binding to Ptc abrogates the ability of Ptc to inhibit Smo, thereby unleashing Smo activity and inducing target gene expression(2,3,12-16). Here, we show that a cell's measure of ambient Hh concentration is not determined solely by the number of active (unliganded) Ptc molecules. Instead, we find that Hh-bound Ptc can titrate the inhibitory action of unbound Ptc. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect is sufficient to allow normal reading of the Hh gradient in the presence of a form of Ptc that cannot bind the ligand(12) but retains its ability to inhibit Smo. These results support a model in which the ratio of bound to unbound Ptc molecules determines the cellular response to Hh.
C1 Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Struhl, G (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM gs20@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 76
EP 80
DI 10.1038/nature02835
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500044
PM 15300262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alonso, PD
   Milner, AC
   Ketcham, RA
   Cookson, MJ
   Rowe, TB
AF Alonso, PD
   Milner, AC
   Ketcham, RA
   Cookson, MJ
   Rowe, TB
TI The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; origin; size
AB Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird (avialan) from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs ( the clade including all theropods more bird- like than Allosaurus)(1), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers(2). However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability(3) but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. We investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. Here we show the reconstruction of the braincase from which we derived endocasts of the brain and inner ear. These suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. We conclude that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability(4).
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Paleontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Texas, High Resolut Xray CT Facil, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 Natural History Museum London; Complutense University of Madrid; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Hertfordshire
RP Milner, AC (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
EM A.Milner@nhm.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 158
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 666
EP 669
DI 10.1038/nature02706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400042
PM 15295597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolfrum, C
   Asilmaz, E
   Luca, E
   Friedman, JM
   Stoffel, M
AF Wolfrum, C
   Asilmaz, E
   Luca, E
   Friedman, JM
   Stoffel, M
TI Foxa2 regulates lipid metabolism and ketogenesis in the liver during fasting and in diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-resistance; hepatic gluconeogenesis; coactivator pgc-1; gene-expression; mice; sensitivity; acid; hepatocytes; inhibition; mechanism
AB The regulation of fat and glucose metabolism in the liver is controlled primarily by insulin and glucagon. Changes in the circulating concentrations of these hormones signal fed or starvation states and elicit counter-regulatory responses that maintain normoglycaemia. Here we show that in normal mice, plasma insulin inhibits the forkhead transcription factor Foxa2 by nuclear exclusion and that in the fasted ( low insulin) state Foxa2 activates transcriptional programmes of lipid metabolism and ketogenesis. In insulin-resistant or hyperinsulinaemic mice, Foxa2 is inactive and permanently located in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In these mice, adenoviral expression of Foxa2T156A, a nuclear, constitutively active Foxa2 that cannot be inhibited by insulin(1), decreases hepatic triglyceride content, increases hepatic insulin sensitivity, reduces glucose production, normalizes plasma glucose and significantly lowers plasma insulin. These changes are associated with increased expression of genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and glycolysis. Chronic hyperinsulinaemia in insulin-resistant syndromes results in the cytoplasmic localization and inactivation of Foxa2, thereby promoting lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in the liver. Pharmacological intervention to inhibit phosphorylation of Foxa2 may be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Mol Genet Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Stoffel, M (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM stoffel@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 341
Z9 426
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1027
EP 1032
DI 10.1038/nature03047
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000042
PM 15616563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, XW
   Borchers, AGM
   Jolicoeur, C
   Rayburn, H
   Baker, JC
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
AF Lu, XW
   Borchers, AGM
   Jolicoeur, C
   Rayburn, H
   Baker, JC
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
TI PTK7/CCK-4 is a novel regulator of planar cell polarity in vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural-tube closure; convergent extension; drosophila; mouse; mechanisms; polarization; circletail; molecule; encodes; defects
AB In addition to the apical-basal polarity pathway operating in epithelial cells, a planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway establishes polarity within the plane of epithelial tissues and is conserved from Drosophila to mammals. In Drosophila, a 'core' group of PCP genes including frizzled (fz), flamingo/starry night, dishevelled (dsh), Van Gogh/strabismus and prickle, function to regulate wing hair, bristle and ommatidial polarity(1-3). In vertebrates, the PCP pathway regulates convergent extension movements and neural tube closure(3-5), as well as the orientation of stereociliary bundles of sensory hair cells in the inner ear(6). Here we show that a mutation in the mouse protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) gene, which encodes an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein with tyrosine kinase homology, disrupts neural tube closure and stereociliary bundle orientation, and shows genetic interactions with a mutation in the mouse Van Gogh homologue vangl(2). We also show that PTK7 is dynamically localized during hair cell polarization, and that the Xenopus homologue of PTK7 is required for neural convergent extension and neural tube closure. These results identify PTK7 as a novel regulator of PCP in vertebrates.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Tessier-Lavigne, M (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM marctl@gene.com
NR 24
TC 404
Z9 488
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature02677
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800050
PM 15229603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
AF Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
TI Mercury's capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonance as a result of its chaotic dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-system; planet mercury; rotation; evolution; period; venus
AB Mercury is locked into a 3/2 spin-orbit resonance where it rotates three times on its axis for every two orbits around the sun(1-3). The stability of this equilibrium state is well established(4-6), but our understanding of how this state initially arose remains unsatisfactory. Unless one uses an unrealistic tidal model with constant torques ( which cannot account for the observed damping of the libration of the planet) the computed probability of capture into 3/2 resonance is very low (about 7 per cent)(5). This led to the proposal that core-mantle friction may have increased the capture probability, but such a process requires very specific values of the core viscosity(7,8). Here we show that the chaotic evolution of Mercury's orbit can drive its eccentricity beyond 0.325 during the planet's history, which very efficiently leads to its capture into the 3/2 resonance. In our numerical integrations of 1,000 orbits of Mercury over 4 Gyr, capture into the 3/2 spin-orbit resonant state was the most probable final outcome of the planet's evolution, occurring 55.4 per cent of the time.
C1 Observ Paris, IMCCE, CNRS,UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Universidade de Aveiro
RP Laskar, J (corresponding author), Observ Paris, IMCCE, CNRS,UMR 8028, 77 Ave Denfert Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM Laskar@imcce.fr
NR 21
TC 131
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 848
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature02609
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000034
PM 15215857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borodinsky, LN
   Root, CM
   Cronin, JA
   Sann, SB
   Gu, XN
   Spitzer, NC
AF Borodinsky, LN
   Root, CM
   Cronin, JA
   Sann, SB
   Gu, XN
   Spitzer, NC
TI Activity-dependent homeostatic specification of transmitter expression in embryonic neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cultured sympathetic neurons; spontaneous ca2+ transients; homeodomain protein; spinal neurons; gene-expression; motor-neurons; transcription factors; messenger-rnas; growth cones; differentiation
AB Neurotransmitters are essential for interneuronal signalling, and the specification of appropriate transmitters in differentiating neurons has been related to intrinsic neuronal identity and to extrinsic signalling proteins. Here we show that altering the distinct patterns of Ca2+ spike activity spontaneously generated by different classes of embryonic spinal neurons in vivo changes the transmitter that neurons express without affecting the expression of markers of cell identity. Regulation seems to be homeostatic: suppression of activity leads to an increased number of neurons expressing excitatory transmitters and a decreased number of neurons expressing inhibitory transmitters; the reverse occurs when activity is enhanced. The imposition of specific spike frequencies in vitro does not affect labels of cell identity but again specifies the expression of transmitters that are inappropriate for the markers they express, during an early critical period. The results identify a new role of patterned activity in development of the central nervous system.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, Neurobiol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Borodinsky, LN (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, Neurobiol Sect, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM lborodin@biomail.ucsd.edu
NR 50
TC 318
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 523
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature02518
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700030
PM 15175743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poy, MN
   Eliasson, L
   Krutzfeldt, J
   Kuwajima, S
   Ma, XS
   MacDonald, PE
   Pfeffer, S
   Tuschl, T
   Rajewsky, N
   Rorsman, P
   Stoffel, M
AF Poy, MN
   Eliasson, L
   Krutzfeldt, J
   Kuwajima, S
   Ma, XS
   MacDonald, PE
   Pfeffer, S
   Tuschl, T
   Rajewsky, N
   Rorsman, P
   Stoffel, M
TI A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; identification; exocytosis; expression; lin-14; rnas; v-1
AB MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a growing class of non-coding RNAs that are thought to regulate gene expression by translational repression(1). Several miRNAs in animals exhibit tissue-specific or developmental-stage-specific expression, indicating that they could play important roles in many biological processes(2-4). To study the role of miRNAs in pancreatic endocrine cells we cloned and identified a novel, evolutionarily conserved and islet-specific miRNA (miR-375). Here we show that overexpression of miR-375 suppressed glucose-induced insulin secretion, and conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-375 function enhanced insulin secretion. The mechanism by which secretion is modified by miR-375 is independent of changes in glucose metabolism or intracellular Ca2+-signalling but correlated with a direct effect on insulin exocytosis. Myotrophin (Mtpn) was predicted to be and validated as a target of miR-375. Inhibition of Mtpn by small interfering (si) RNA mimicked the effects of miR-375 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and exocytosis. Thus, miR-375 is a regulator of insulin secretion and may thereby constitute a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of diabetes.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab RNA Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Lund Univ, Dept Physiol Sci, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
   NYU, Dept Biol Biol & Math, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Metab, Churchill Hosp, Oxford OX3 7LJ, England.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Lund University; New York University; University of Oxford
RP Stoffel, M (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM stoffel@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 1777
Z9 2240
U1 1
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 226
EP 230
DI 10.1038/nature03076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200048
PM 15538371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sato, M
   Sievers, AJ
AF Sato, M
   Sievers, AJ
TI Direct observation of the discrete character of intrinsic localized modes in an antiferromagnet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lattices; breathers; resonance; solitons; arrays; energy
AB In a strongly nonlinear discrete system, the spatial size of an excitation can become comparable to, and influenced by, the lattice spacing. Such intrinsic localized modes (ILMs)-also called 'discrete breathers' or 'lattice solitons'-are responsible for energy localization in the dynamics of discrete nonlinear lattices1-5. Their energy profiles resemble those of localized modes of defects in a harmonic lattice but, like solitons, they can move ( although, unlike solitons, some energy is exchanged during collisions between them). The manipulation of these localized energy 'hotspots' has been achieved in systems as diverse as annular arrays of coupled Josephson junctions(6,7), optical waveguide arrays(8), two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals(9) and micromechanical cantilever arrays(10). There is also some evidence for the existence of localized excitations in atomic lattices(11-15), although individual ILMs have yet to be identified. Here we report the observation of countable localized excitations in an antiferromagnetic spin lattice by means of a nonlinear spectroscopic technique. This detection capability permits the properties of individual ILMs to be probed; the disappearance of each ILM registers as a step in the time-dependent signal, with the surprising result that the energy staircase of ILM excitations is uniquely defined.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Mat Res, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Sievers, AJ (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
EM sievers@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 25
TC 135
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 486
EP 488
DI 10.1038/nature03038
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100041
PM 15565149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Byrne, N
AF Byrne, N
TI Future outlook
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP A25
EP A25
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831HC
UT WOS:000222184500006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mulligan, SJ
   MacVicar, BA
AF Mulligan, SJ
   MacVicar, BA
TI Calcium transients in astrocyte endfeet cause cerebrovascular constrictions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral-blood-flow; arachidonic-acid; brain-slices; photolysis; microscopy; excitation; 20-hete; cortex
AB Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is coupled to neuronal activity and is imaged in vivo to map brain activation(1). CBF is also modified by afferent projection fibres that release vasoactive neurotransmitters(2,3) in the perivascular region, principally on the astrocyte endfeet(4,5) that outline cerebral blood vessels(6). However, the role of astrocytes in the regulation of cerebrovascular tone remains uncertain. Here we determine the impact of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+](i)) in astrocytes on the diameter of small arterioles by using two-photon Ca2+ uncaging(7,8) to increase [Ca2+](i). Vascular constrictions occurred when Ca2+ waves evoked by uncaging propagated into the astrocyte endfeet and caused large increases in [Ca2+](i). The vasoactive neurotransmitter noradrenaline(2,3) increased [Ca2+](i) in the astrocyte endfeet, the peak of which preceded the onset of arteriole constriction. Depressing increases in astrocyte [Ca2+](i) with BAPTA inhibited the vascular constrictions in noradrenaline. We find that constrictions induced in the cerebrovasculature by increased [Ca2+](i) in astrocyte endfeet are generated through the phospholipase A(2)-arachidonic acid pathway and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production. Vasoconstriction by astrocytes is a previously unknown mechanism for the regulation of CBF.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Brain Res Inst, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP MacVicar, BA (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Brain Res Inst, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
EM bmacvica@interchange.ubc.ca
NR 24
TC 699
Z9 857
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/nature02827
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000047
PM 15356633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renton, P
AF Renton, P
TI Has the Higgs boson been discovered?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The standard model of particle physics describes the strong and electroweak interactions of fermions (spin-1/2), gauge bosons (spin-1) and a final vital ingredient-the spin-0 Higgs boson, which gives masses to the other particles. But the Higgs boson has yet to be discovered, and its own mass is not specified by the theory. There is some evidence (although statistically not very significant) for its detection at a mass of about 115 GeV/c(2), from electron-positron interactions at LEP (the Large Electron Positron collider). Indirect methods can also be used to constrain the mass of the Higgs boson, because it affects other observable quantities (for example, the mass of the W boson and some measurable properties of the Z boson). An indirect determination of the Higgs boson mass from the most recent measurements of such quantities yields a value compatible with 115 GeV/c(2), but with some important caveats arising from inconsistencies in the present data.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Renton, P (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Denys Wilkinson Bldg, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
EM p.renton1@physics.ox.ac.uk
NR 14
TC 4
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/nature02324
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600038
PM 15014491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Atkinson, A
   Siegel, V
   Pakhomov, E
   Rothery, P
AF Atkinson, A
   Siegel, V
   Pakhomov, E
   Rothery, P
TI Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-ice extent; antarctic krill; euphausia-superba; abundance; ecosystem; carbon
AB Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba) and salps ( mainly Salpa thompsoni) are major grazers in the Southern Ocean(1-4), and krill support commercial fisheries(5). Their density distributions(1,3,4,6) have been described in the period 1926 - 51, while recent localized studies(7-10) suggest short-term changes. To examine spatial and temporal changes over larger scales, we have combined all available scientific net sampling data from 1926 to 2003. This database shows that the productive southwest Atlantic sector contains > 50% of Southern Ocean krill stocks, but here their density has declined since the 1970s. Spatially, within their habitat, summer krill density correlates positively with chlorophyll concentrations. Temporally, within the southwest Atlantic, summer krill densities correlate positively with sea-ice extent the previous winter. Summer food and the extent of winter sea ice are thus key factors in the high krill densities observed in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Krill need the summer phytoplankton blooms of this sector, where winters of extensive sea ice mean plentiful winter food from ice algae, promoting larval recruitment(7-11) and replenishing the stock. Salps, by contrast, occupy the extensive lower-productivity regions of the Southern Ocean and tolerate warmer water than krill(2-4,12). As krill densities decreased last century, salps appear to have increased in the southern part of their range. These changes have had profound effects within the Southern Ocean food web(10,13).
C1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 OET, England.
   Sea Fisheries Res Inst, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Ft Hare, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, ZA-5700 Alice, South Africa.
   NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Huntingdon PE28 2LS, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of British Columbia; University of Fort Hare; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Atkinson, A (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 OET, England.
EM aat@bas.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 942
Z9 1118
U1 3
U2 454
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 100
EP 103
DI 10.1038/nature02996
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900048
PM 15525989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyon, BE
   Eadie, JM
AF Lyon, BE
   Eadie, JM
TI An obligate brood parasite trapped in the intraspecific arms race of its hosts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conspecific nest parasitism; cuculus-canorus; eggs; discrimination; recognition; coevolution; rejection; mimicry; accept; choice
AB Reciprocal selection pressures often lead to close and adaptive matching of traits in coevolved species. A failure of one species to match the evolutionary trajectories of another is often attributed to evolutionary lags(1,2) or to differing selection pressures across a geographic mosaic(3,4). Here we show that mismatches in adaptation of interacting species-an obligate brood parasitic duck and each of its two main hosts-are best explained by the evolutionary dynamics within the host species. Rejection of the brood parasite's eggs was common by both hosts, despite a lack of detectable cost of parasitism to the hosts. Egg rejection markedly reduced parasite fitness, but egg mimicry experiments revealed no phenotypic natural selection for more mimetic parasitic eggs. These paradoxical results were resolved by the discovery of intraspecific brood parasitism and conspecific egg rejection within the hosts themselves. The apparent arms race between species seems instead to be an incidental by-product of within-species conflict, with little recourse for evolutionary response by the parasite.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Lyon, BE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM lyon@biology.ucsc.edu
NR 30
TC 38
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/nature03036
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400055
PM 15549105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acinas, SG
   Klepac-Ceraj, V
   Hunt, DE
   Pharino, C
   Ceraj, I
   Distel, DL
   Polz, MF
AF Acinas, SG
   Klepac-Ceraj, V
   Hunt, DE
   Pharino, C
   Ceraj, I
   Distel, DL
   Polz, MF
TI Fine-scale phylogenetic architecture of a complex bacterial community
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genomic analysis; diversity; sequence; population; divergence
AB Although molecular data have revealed the vast scope of microbial diversity(1), two fundamental questions remain unanswered even for well-defined natural microbial communities: how many bacterial types co-exist, and are such types naturally organized into phylogenetically discrete units of potential ecological significance? It has been argued that without such information, the environmental function, population biology and biogeography of microorganisms cannot be rigorously explored(2). Here we address these questions by comprehensive sampling of two large 16S ribosomal RNA clone libraries from a coastal bacterioplankton community. We show that compensation for artefacts generated by common library construction techniques reveals fine-scale patterns of community composition. At least 516 ribotypes ( unique rRNA sequences) were detected in the sample and, by statistical extrapolation, at least 1,633 co-existing ribotypes in the sampled population. More than 50% of the ribotypes fall into discrete clusters containing less than 1% sequence divergence. This pattern cannot be accounted for by interoperon variation, indicating a large predominance of closely related taxa in this community. We propose that such microdiverse clusters arise by selective sweeps and persist because competitive mechanisms are too weak to purge diversity from within them.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Bugaco, Somerville, MA 02144 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Biochem Microbiol & Mol Biol, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Polz, MF (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mpolz@mit.edu
FU Directorate For Geosciences; Division Of Ocean Sciences [1058747] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 29
TC 424
Z9 486
U1 0
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 551
EP 554
DI 10.1038/nature02649
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100045
PM 15282603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt-Hieber, C
   Jonas, P
   Bischofberger, J
AF Schmidt-Hieber, C
   Jonas, P
   Bischofberger, J
TI Enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated granule cells of the adult hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; rat dentate gyrus; membrane-property; neurons; neurogenesis; depression; induction; sequences; currents; channels
AB Neural stem cells in various regions of the vertebrate brain continuously generate neurons throughout life(1-4). In the mammalian hippocampus, a region important for spatial and episodic memory(5,6), thousands of new granule cells are produced per day(7), with the exact number depending on environmental conditions and physical exercise(1,8). The survival of these neurons is improved by learning and conversely learning may be promoted by neurogenesis(8-10). Although it has been suggested that newly generated neurons may have specific properties to facilitate learning(2,10,11), the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of plasticity in these neurons are largely unknown. Here we show that young granule cells in the adult hippocampus differ substantially from mature granule cells in both active and passive membrane properties. In young neurons, T-type Ca2+ channels can generate isolated Ca2+ spikes and boost fast Na+ action potentials, contributing to the induction of synaptic plasticity. Associative long-term potentiation can be induced more easily in young neurons than in mature neurons under identical conditions. Thus, newly generated neurons express unique mechanisms to facilitate synaptic plasticity, which may be important for the formation of new memories.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Physiol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg
RP Bischofberger, J (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Physiol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM josef.bischofberger@uni-freiburg.de
NR 30
TC 1005
Z9 1239
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature02553
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300042
PM 15107864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Först, CJ
   Ashman, CR
   Schwarz, K
   Blöchl, PE
AF Först, CJ
   Ashman, CR
   Schwarz, K
   Blöchl, PE
TI The interface between silicon and a high-k oxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID si; growth; films; ba
AB The ability of the semiconductor industry to continue scaling microelectronic devices to ever smaller dimensions (a trend known as Moore's Law(1)) is limited by quantum mechanical effects: as the thickness of conventional silicon dioxide (SiO2) gate insulators is reduced to just a few atomic layers, electrons can tunnel directly through the films. Continued device scaling will therefore probably require the replacement of the insulator with high-dielectric-constant (high-k) oxides(2), to increase its thickness, thus preventing tunnelling currents while retaining the electronic properties of an ultrathin SiO2 film. Ultimately, such insulators will require an atomically defined interface with silicon without an interfacial SiO2 layer for optimal performance. Following the first reports of epitaxial growth of AO and ABO(3) compounds on silicon(3-7), the formation of an atomically abrupt crystalline interface between strontium titanate and silicon was demonstrated(8-10). However, the atomic structure proposed for this interface is questionable because it requires silicon atoms that have coordinations rarely found elsewhere in nature. Here we describe first-principles calculations of the formation of the interface between silicon and strontium titanate and its atomic structure. Our study shows that atomic control of the interfacial structure by altering the chemical environment can dramatically improve the electronic properties of the interface to meet technological requirements. The interface structure and its chemistry may provide guidance for the selection process of other high-k gate oxides and for controlling their growth.
C1 Tech Univ Clausthal, Inst Theoret Phys, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany.
   Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Mat Chem, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
C3 TU Clausthal; Technische Universitat Wien
RP Blöchl, PE (corresponding author), Tech Univ Clausthal, Inst Theoret Phys, Leibnitzstr 10, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany.
EM peter.bloechl@tu-clausthal.de
NR 28
TC 280
Z9 304
U1 2
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6969
BP 53
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature02204
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 758YP
UT WOS:000187710000030
PM 14702081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hasegawa, H
   Fujimoto, M
   Phan, TD
   Rème, H
   Balogh, A
   Dunlop, MW
   Hashimoto, C
   TanDokoro, R
AF Hasegawa, H
   Fujimoto, M
   Phan, TD
   Rème, H
   Balogh, A
   Dunlop, MW
   Hashimoto, C
   TanDokoro, R
TI Transport of solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere through rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID latitude boundary-layer; instability; magnetopause; reconnection
AB Establishing the mechanisms by which the solar wind enters Earth's magnetosphere is one of the biggest goals of magnetospheric physics, as it forms the basis of space weather phenomena such as magnetic storms and aurorae(1). It is generally believed that magnetic reconnection is the dominant process, especially during southward solar-wind magnetic field conditions when the solar-wind and geomagnetic fields are antiparallel at the low-latitude magnetopause(2). But the plasma content in the outer magnetosphere increases during northward solar-wind magnetic field conditions(3,4), contrary to expectation if reconnection is dominant. Here we show that during northward solar-wind magnetic field conditions - in the absence of active reconnection at low latitudes - there is a solar-wind transport mechanism associated with the nonlinear phase of the Kelvin - Helmholtz instability(5). This can supply plasma sources for various space weather phenomena.
C1 Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse, France.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Div Space Sci, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 Dartmouth College; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Hasegawa, H (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM hiroshi.hasegawa@dartmouth.edu
NR 29
TC 599
Z9 654
U1 4
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 755
EP 758
DI 10.1038/nature02799
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600034
PM 15306802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyd, PW
   Law, CS
   Wong, CS
   Nojiri, Y
   Tsuda, A
   Levasseur, M
   Takeda, S
   Rivkin, R
   Harrison, PJ
   Strzepek, R
   Gower, J
   McKay, RM
   Abraham, E
   Arychuk, M
   Barwell-Clarke, J
   Crawford, W
   Crawford, D
   Hale, M
   Harada, K
   Johnson, K
   Kiyosawa, H
   Kudo, I
   Marchetti, A
   Miller, W
   Needoba, J
   Nishioka, J
   Ogawa, H
   Page, J
   Robert, M
   Saito, H
   Sastri, A
   Sherry, N
   Soutar, T
   Sutherland, N
   Taira, Y
   Whitney, F
   Wong, SKE
   Yoshimura, T
AF Boyd, PW
   Law, CS
   Wong, CS
   Nojiri, Y
   Tsuda, A
   Levasseur, M
   Takeda, S
   Rivkin, R
   Harrison, PJ
   Strzepek, R
   Gower, J
   McKay, RM
   Abraham, E
   Arychuk, M
   Barwell-Clarke, J
   Crawford, W
   Crawford, D
   Hale, M
   Harada, K
   Johnson, K
   Kiyosawa, H
   Kudo, I
   Marchetti, A
   Miller, W
   Needoba, J
   Nishioka, J
   Ogawa, H
   Page, J
   Robert, M
   Saito, H
   Sastri, A
   Sherry, N
   Soutar, T
   Sutherland, N
   Taira, Y
   Whitney, F
   Wong, SKE
   Yoshimura, T
TI The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean; north pacific; fertilization; sinking; copepod; fluxes
AB Iron supply has a key role in stimulating phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll oceanic waters(1-5). However, the fate of the carbon fixed by these blooms, and how efficiently it is exported into the ocean's interior, remains largely unknown(1-5). Here we report on the decline and fate of an iron-stimulated diatom bloom in the Gulf of Alaska. The bloom terminated on day 18, following the depletion of iron and then silicic acid, after which mixed-layer particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations declined over six days. Increased particulate silica export via sinking diatoms was recorded in sediment traps at depths between 50 and 125 m from day 21, yet increased POC export was not evident until day 24. Only a small proportion of the mixed-layer POC was intercepted by the traps, with more than half of the mixed-layer POC deficit attributable to bacterial remineralization and mesozooplankton grazing. The depletion of silicic acid and the inefficient transfer of iron-increased POC below the permanent thermocline have major implications both for the biogeochemical interpretation of times of greater iron supply in the geological past(6,7), and also for proposed geo-engineering schemes to increase oceanic carbon sequestration(3,8).
C1 Univ Otago, NIWA Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, Dunedin 9003, New Zealand.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
   Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058506, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Tokyo 1648639, Japan.
   Univ Laval, Dept Biol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Aquat Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008921, Japan.
   Marine Biol Res Inst Japan, Shinagawa Ku, Tokyo 1420042, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Chiba 2701194, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Marine Biogeochem Lab, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 1648639, Japan.
   Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Miyagi 9850001, Japan.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; University of Otago; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; Fisheries & Oceans Canada; National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; University of Tokyo; Laval University; University of Tokyo; Memorial University Newfoundland; University of British Columbia; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; University System of Ohio; Bowling Green State University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Hokkaido University; University of British Columbia; Dalhousie University; Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry - Japan; University of Tokyo; Japan Fisheries Research & Education Agency (FRA); University of Victoria
RP Boyd, PW (corresponding author), Univ Otago, NIWA Ctr Chem & Phys Oceanog, Dept Chem, POB 56, Dunedin 9003, New Zealand.
EM p.boyd@niwa.co.nz
NR 30
TC 392
Z9 462
U1 6
U2 267
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/nature02437
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100039
PM 15058302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, DN
   Kanekal, SG
   Li, X
   Monk, SP
   Goldstein, J
   Burch, JL
AF Baker, DN
   Kanekal, SG
   Li, X
   Monk, SP
   Goldstein, J
   Burch, JL
TI An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the 'Hallowe'en' solar storm in 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relativistic electrons; acceleration; sampex; model
AB The Earth's radiation belts - also known as the Van Allen belts(1) contain high-energy electrons trapped on magnetic field lines(2,3). The centre of the outer belt is usually 20,000 - 25,000 km from Earth. The region between the belts is normally devoid of particles(2-4), and is accordingly favoured as a location for spacecraft operation because of the benign environment(5). Here we report that the outer Van Allen belt was compressed dramatically by a solar storm known as the 'Hallowe'en storm' of 2003. From 1 to 10 November, the outer belt had its centre only similar to10,000 km from Earth's equatorial surface, and the plasmasphere was similarly displaced inwards. The region between the belts became the location of high particle radiation intensity. This remarkable deformation of the entire magnetosphere implies surprisingly powerful acceleration and loss processes deep within the magnetosphere.
C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Southwest Research Institute
RP Baker, DN (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
EM daniel.baker@lasp.colorado.edu
NR 27
TC 308
Z9 340
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature03116
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500046
PM 15602555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulz, KG
   Zondervan, I
   Gerringa, LJA
   Timmermans, KR
   Veldhuis, MJW
   Riebesell, U
AF Schulz, KG
   Zondervan, I
   Gerringa, LJA
   Timmermans, KR
   Veldhuis, MJW
   Riebesell, U
TI Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-arctic pacific; cadmium concentrations; marine-phytoplankton; greenland ice; carbonic-acid; zinc; seawater; iron; dissociation; complexation
AB The deposition of atmospheric dust into the ocean has varied considerably over geological time(1,2). Because some of the trace metals contained in dust are essential plant nutrients which can limit phytoplankton growth in parts of the ocean, it has been suggested that variations in dust supply to the surface ocean might influence primary production(3,4). Whereas the role of trace metal availability in photosynthetic carbon fixation has received considerable attention, its effect on biogenic calcification is virtually unknown. The production of both particulate organic carbon and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) drives the ocean's biological carbon pump. The ratio of particulate organic carbon to CaCO3 export, the so-called rain ratio, is one of the factors determining CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean. Here we investigate the influence of the essential trace metals iron and zinc on the prominent CaCO3-producing microalga Emiliania huxleyi. We show that whereas at low iron concentrations growth and calcification are equally reduced, low zinc concentrations result in a de-coupling of the two processes. Despite the reduced growth rate of zinc-limited cells, CaCO3 production rates per cell remain unaffected, thus leading to highly calcified cells. These results suggest that changes in dust deposition can affect biogenic calcification in oceanic regions characterized by trace metal limitation, with possible consequences for CO2 partitioning between the atmosphere and the ocean.
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Leibniz Inst Marine Sci IFM GEOMAR, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
RP Schulz, KG (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, POB 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
EM kschulz@ifm-geomar.de
NR 30
TC 82
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/nature02631
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400044
PM 15295599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, XW
   le Noble, F
   Yuan, L
   Jiang, QJ
   de Lafarge, B
   Sugiyama, D
   Bréant, C
   Claes, F
   De Smet, F
   Thomas, JL
   Autiero, M
   Carmeliet, P
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Eichmann, A
AF Lu, XW
   le Noble, F
   Yuan, L
   Jiang, QJ
   de Lafarge, B
   Sugiyama, D
   Bréant, C
   Claes, F
   De Smet, F
   Thomas, JL
   Autiero, M
   Carmeliet, P
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Eichmann, A
TI The netrin receptor UNC5B mediates guidance events controlling morphogenesis of the vascular system (Publication with Expression of Concern)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID c-elegans; endothelial-cells; cardiovascular development; branching morphogenesis; expression patterns; axon outgrowth; mutant mice; dcc; family; unc-5
AB Blood vessels and nerves are complex, branched structures that share a high degree of anatomical similarity. Guidance of vessels and nerves has to be exquisitely regulated to ensure proper wiring of both systems. Several regulators of axon guidance have been identified and some of these are also expressed in endothelial cells; however, the extent to which their guidance functions are conserved in the vascular system is still incompletely understood. We show here that the repulsive netrin receptor UNC5B is expressed by endothelial tip cells of the vascular system. Disruption of the Unc5b gene in mice, or of Unc5b or netrin-1a in zebrafish, leads to aberrant extension of endothelial tip cell filopodia, excessive vessel branching and abnormal navigation. Netrin-1 causes endothelial filopodial retraction, but only when UNC5B is present. Thus, UNC5B functions as a repulsive netrin receptor in endothelial cells controlling morphogenesis of the vascular system.
C1 Coll France, INSERM, U36, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7622, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Louvain VIB, Ctr Transgene Technol & Gene Therapy, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Paris 06, Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, INSERM,U495, IFR Neurosci, F-75651 Paris, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); Sorbonne Universite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Tessier-Lavigne, M (corresponding author), Coll France, INSERM, U36, 11 Pl Marcelin Berthelot, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM tessier-lavigne.marc@gene.com; anne.eichmann@college-de.france.fr
NR 48
TC 437
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 179
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature03080
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200036
PM 15510105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Achermann, M
   Petruska, MA
   Kos, S
   Smith, DL
   Koleske, DD
   Klimov, VI
AF Achermann, M
   Petruska, MA
   Kos, S
   Smith, DL
   Koleske, DD
   Klimov, VI
TI Energy-transfer pumping of semiconductor nanocrystals using an epitaxial quantum well
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; stimulated-emission; dots; relaxation; polymer
AB As a result of quantum-confinement effects, the emission colour of semiconductor nanocrystals can be modified dramatically by simply changing their size(1,2). Such spectral tunability, together with large photoluminescence quantum yields and high photostability, make nanocrystals attractive for use in a variety of light-emitting technologies - for example, displays, fluorescence tagging(3), solid-state lighting and lasers(4). An important limitation for such applications, however, is the difficulty of achieving electrical pumping, largely due to the presence of an insulating organic capping layer on the nanocrystals. Here, we describe an approach for indirect injection of electron - hole pairs ( the electron - hole radiative recombination gives rise to light emission) into nanocrystals by non-contact, non-radiative energy transfer from a proximal quantum well that can in principle be pumped either electrically or optically. Our theoretical and experimental results indicate that this transfer is fast enough to compete with electron - hole recombination in the quantum well, and results in greater than 50 per cent energy-transfer efficiencies in the tested structures. Furthermore, the measured energy-transfer rates are sufficiently large to provide pumping in the stimulated emission regime, indicating the feasibility of nanocrystal-based optical amplifiers and lasers based on this approach.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Klimov, VI (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM achermann@lanl.gov; klimov@lanl.gov
NR 18
TC 532
Z9 589
U1 0
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 642
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature02571
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600035
PM 15190347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
   Chou, IH
AF Cyranoski, D
   Chou, IH
TI Curiosity makes way for capitalism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 216
EP 219
DI 10.1038/429216a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300050
PM 15141220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
AF Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
TI A characteristic size of ∼10 Mpc for the ionized bubbles at the end of cosmic reionization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray bursts; hydrogen; quasars; fluctuations; evolution; redshift
AB The first galaxies to appear in the Universe at redshifts z>20 created ionized bubbles in the intergalactic medium of neutral hydrogen left over from the Big Bang. The ionized bubbles grew with time, surrounding clusters of dwarf galaxies(1,2) and eventually overlapped quickly throughout the Universe over a narrow redshift interval near zapproximate to6. This event signalled the end of the reionization epoch when the Universe was a billion years old. Measuring the size distribution of the bubbles at their final overlap phase is a focus of forthcoming programmes to observe highly redshifted radio emission from atomic hydrogen. Here we show that the combined constraints of cosmic variance and light travel time imply an observed bubble size at the end of the overlap epoch of similar to10 physical Mpc, and a scatter in the observed redshift of overlap along different lines-of-sight of similar to0.15. This scatter is consistent with observational constraints from recent spectroscopic data on the farthest known quasars. This implies that future radio experiments should be tuned to a characteristic angular scale of 0.5 degrees and have a minimum frequency bandwidth of similar to8 MHz for an optimal detection of 21-cm flux fluctuations near the end of reionization.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Melbourne; Harvard University
RP Wyithe, JSB (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
EM swyithe@isis.ph.unimelb.edu.au; aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 18
TC 103
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 194
EP 196
DI 10.1038/nature03033
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200038
PM 15538361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torre, R
   Bartolini, P
   Righini, R
AF Torre, R
   Bartolini, P
   Righini, R
TI Structural relaxation in supercooled water by time-resolved spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mode-coupling theory; kerr-effect measurements; glass-forming liquid; dynamics; transition
AB Water has many kinetic and thermodynamic properties that exhibit an anomalous dependence on temperature(1-5), in particular in the supercooled phase. These anomalies have long been interpreted in terms of underlying structural causes, and their experimental characterization points to the existence of a singularity at a temperature of about 225 K. Further insights into the nature and origin of this singularity might be gained by completely characterizing the structural relaxation in supercooled water(6). But until now, such a characterization has only been realized in simulations(7-9) that agree with the predictions of simple mode-coupling theory(10); unambiguous experimental support for this surprising conclusion is, however, not yet available(11-14). Here we report time-resolved optical Kerr effect measurements(15) that unambiguously demonstrate that the structural relaxation of liquid and weakly supercooled water follows the behaviour predicted by simple mode-coupling theory. Our findings thus support the interpretation(7-9) of the singularity as a purely dynamical transition. That is, the anomalous behaviour of weakly supercooled water can be explained using a fully dynamic model and without needing to invoke a thermodynamic origin. In this regard, water behaves like many other, normal molecular liquids that are fragile glass-formers.
C1 Univ Florence, European Lab Nonlinear Spect, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Inst Nazl Fis Mat, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Fis, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Chim, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
C3 University of Florence; University of Florence; University of Florence; University of Florence
RP Torre, R (corresponding author), Univ Florence, European Lab Nonlinear Spect, Polo Sci, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
EM torre@lens.unifi.it
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 296
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature02409
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200037
PM 15029190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogers, GC
   Rogers, SL
   Schwimmer, TA
   Ems-McClung, SC
   Walczak, CE
   Vale, RD
   Scholey, JM
   Sharp, DJ
AF Rogers, GC
   Rogers, SL
   Schwimmer, TA
   Ems-McClung, SC
   Walczak, CE
   Vale, RD
   Scholey, JM
   Sharp, DJ
TI Two mitotic kinesins cooperate to drive sister chromatid separation during anaphase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID centromere-associated kinesin; microtubule flux; chromosome movement; dynamics; poleward; spindle; kinetochore; protein; mitosis; xkcm1
AB During anaphase identical sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the mitotic spindle(1,2). In the spindle, kinetochore microtubules(3) have their plus ends embedded in the kinetochore and their minus ends at the spindle pole. Two models have been proposed to account for the movement of chromatids during anaphase. In the ' Pac- Man' model, kinetochores induce the depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules at their plus ends, which allows chromatids to move towards the pole by ' chewing up' microtubule tracks(4,5). In the 'poleward flux' model, kinetochores anchor kinetochore microtubules and chromatids are pulled towards the poles through the depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules at the minus ends(6). Here, we show that two functionally distinct microtubule- destabilizing KinI kinesin enzymes ( so named because they possess a kinesin- like ATPase domain positioned internally within the polypeptide) are responsible for normal chromatid- to- pole motion in Drosophila. One of them, KLP59C, is required to depolymerize kinetochore microtubules at their kinetochore- associated plus ends, thereby contributing to chromatid motility through a Pac- Man- based mechanism. The other, KLP10A, is required to depolymerize microtubules at their pole- associated minus ends, thereby moving chromatids by means of poleward flux.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Med Sci Program, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Sharp, DJ (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM dsharp@aecom.yu.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059618] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 272
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 364
EP 370
DI 10.1038/nature02256
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200044
PM 14681690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brose, U
   Ostling, A
   Harrison, K
   Martinez, ND
AF Brose, U
   Ostling, A
   Harrison, K
   Martinez, ND
TI Unified spatial scaling of species and their trophic interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food-web structure; area; connectance; patterns; endemism
AB Two largely independent bodies of scaling theory address the quantitative relationships between habitat area, species diversity and trophic interactions. Spatial theory within macroecology addresses how species richness scales with area in landscapes, while typically ignoring interspecific interactions(1-6). Complexity theory within community ecology addresses how trophic links scale with species richness in food webs, while typically ignoring spatial considerations(7-12). Recent studies suggest unifying these theories by demonstrating how spatial patterns influence food-web structure(13-16) and vice versa(17). Here, we follow this suggestion by developing and empirically testing a more unified scaling theory. On the basis of power-law species-area relationships, we develop link-area and non-power-law link-species models that accurately predict how trophic links scale with area and species richness of microcosms, lakes and streams from community to metacommunity levels. In contrast to previous models that assume that species richness alone determines the number of trophic links(7,8), these models include the species' spatial distribution, and hence extend the domain of complexity theory to metacommunity scales. This generality and predictive success shows how complexity theory and spatial theory can be unified into a much more general theory addressing new domains of ecology.
C1 Rocky Mt Biol Labs, Pacific Ecoinformat & Computat Ecol Lab, Crested Butte, CO 81224 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Energy & Resources Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   San Francisco State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Brose, U (corresponding author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Dept Biol, Schnittspahnstr 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
EM brose@sfsu.edu
NR 30
TC 108
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature02297
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600045
PM 15014497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouzat, C
   Gumilar, F
   Spitzmaul, G
   Wang, HL
   Rayes, D
   Hansen, SB
   Taylor, P
   Sine, SM
AF Bouzat, C
   Gumilar, F
   Spitzmaul, G
   Wang, HL
   Rayes, D
   Hansen, SB
   Taylor, P
   Sine, SM
TI Coupling of agonist binding to channel gating in an ACh-binding protein linked to an ion channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor; ligand-binding; molecular dissection; subunit interfaces; identification; residues; kinetics; reveals; domain
AB Neurotransmitter receptors from the Cys-loop superfamily couple the binding of agonist to the opening of an intrinsic ion pore in the final step in rapid synaptic transmission. Although atomic resolution structural data have recently emerged for individual binding(1) and pore domains(2), how they are linked into a functional unit remains unknown. Here we identify structural requirements for functionally coupling the two domains by combining acetylcholine (ACh)-binding protein, whose structure was determined at atomic resolution(1), with the pore domain from the serotonin type-3A (5-HT3A) receptor. Only when amino-acid sequences of three loops in ACh-binding protein are changed to their 5-HT3A counterparts does ACh bind with low affinity characteristic of activatable receptors, and trigger opening of the ion pore. Thus functional coupling requires structural compatibility at the interface of the binding and pore domains. Structural modelling reveals a network of interacting loops between binding and pore domains that mediates this allosteric coupling process.
C1 Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biomed Engn, Receptor Biol Lab, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Univ Nacl Sur, CONICET, Inst Invest Bioquim, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); National University of the South; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenieria Electrica (IIIE); University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Sine, SM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biomed Engn, Receptor Biol Lab, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM sine@mayo.edu
NR 27
TC 239
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 896
EP 900
DI 10.1038/nature02753
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800043
PM 15318223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Starace, DM
   Bezanilla, F
AF Starace, DM
   Bezanilla, F
TI A proton pore in a potassium channel voltage sensor reveals a focused electric field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k+ channel; s4 segment; charge movement; gating charge; ion channels; inactivation; fluctuations; mutagenesis; expression; residues
AB Voltage-dependent potassium channels are essential for the generation of nerve impulses(1). Voltage sensitivity is conferred by charged residues located mainly in the fourth transmembrane segment (S4) of each of the four identical subunits that make up the channel. These charged segments relocate when the potential difference across the membrane changes(2,3), controlling the ability of the pore to conduct ions. In the crystal structure of the Aeropyrum pernix potassium channel KvAP(4), the S4 and part of the third (S3B) transmembrane alpha-helices are connected by a hairpin turn in an arrangement termed the 'voltage-sensor paddle'. This structure was proposed to move through the lipid bilayer during channel activation, transporting positive charges across a large fraction of the membrane(5). Here we show that replacing the first S4 arginine by histidine in the Shaker potassium channel creates a proton pore when the cell is hyperpolarized. Formation of this pore does not support the paddle model, as protons would not have access to a lipid-buried histidine. We conclude that, at hyperpolarized potentials, water and protons from the internal and external solutions must be separated by a narrow barrier in the channel protein that focuses the electric field to a small voltage-sensitive region.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Bezanilla, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM Fbezanil@ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 340
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 548
EP 553
DI 10.1038/nature02270
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800043
PM 14765197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonev, SA
   Schwegler, E
   Ogitsu, T
   Galli, G
AF Bonev, SA
   Schwegler, E
   Ogitsu, T
   Galli, G
TI A quantum fluid of metallic hydrogen suggested by first-principles calculations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; solid hydrogen; melting curves; transitions; deuterium
AB It is generally assumed(1-3) that solid hydrogen will transform into a metallic alkali-like crystal at sufficiently high pressure. However, some theoretical models(4,5) have also suggested that compressed hydrogen may form an unusual two-component (protons and electrons) metallic fluid at low temperature, or possibly even a zero-temperature liquid ground state. The existence of these new states of matter is conditional on the presence of a maximum in the melting temperature versus pressure curve (the 'melt line'). Previous measurements(6-8) of the hydrogen melt line up to pressures of 44 GPa have led to controversial conclusions regarding the existence of this maximum. Here we report ab initio calculations that establish the melt line up to 200 GPa. We predict that subtle changes in the intermolecular interactions lead to a decline of the melt line above 90 GPa. The implication is that as solid molecular hydrogen is compressed, it transforms into a low-temperature quantum fluid before becoming a monatomic crystal. The emerging low-temperature phase diagram of hydrogen and its isotopes bears analogies with the familiar phases of He-3 and He-4 (the only known zero-temperature liquids), but the long-range Coulomb interactions and the large component mass ratio present in hydrogen would result in dramatically different properties(9).
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Bonev, SA (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM bonev1@llnl.gov
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 283
U1 2
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 669
EP 672
DI 10.1038/nature02968
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300035
PM 15470423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nesic, D
   Hsu, Y
   Stebbins, CE
AF Nesic, D
   Hsu, Y
   Stebbins, CE
TI Assembly and function of a bacterial genotoxin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytolethal distending toxin; cell-cycle arrest; dna-damage; hela-cells; cdtb; complex; checkpoint; involvement; activation; residues
AB The tripartite cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells(1,2). The subunits CdtA and CdtC associate with the nuclease CdtB to form a holotoxin that translocates CdtB into the host cell, where it acts as a genotoxin by creating DNA lesions(3-7). Here we show that the crystal structure of the holotoxin from Haemophilus ducreyi reveals that CDT consists of an enzyme of the DNase-I family, bound to two ricin-like lectin domains. CdtA, CdtB and CdtC form a ternary complex with three interdependent molecular interfaces, characterized by globular, as well as extensive non-globular, interactions. The lectin subunits form a deeply grooved, highly aromatic surface that we show to be critical for toxicity. The holotoxin possesses a steric block of the CdtB active site by means of a non-globular extension of the CdtC subunit, and we identify putative DNA binding residues in CdtB that are essential for toxin activity.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Stuct Microbiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Stebbins, CE (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Stuct Microbiol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM stebbins@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 429
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature02532
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600042
PM 15164065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, K
   Hirao, A
   Arai, F
   Matsuoka, S
   Takubo, K
   Hamaguchi, I
   Nomiyama, K
   Hosokawa, K
   Sakurada, K
   Nakagata, N
   Ikeda, Y
   Mak, TW
   Suda, T
AF Ito, K
   Hirao, A
   Arai, F
   Matsuoka, S
   Takubo, K
   Hamaguchi, I
   Nomiyama, K
   Hosokawa, K
   Sakurada, K
   Nakagata, N
   Ikeda, Y
   Mak, TW
   Suda, T
TI Regulation of oxidative stress by ATM is required for self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxia-telangiectasia gene; serial transplantation; deficient mice; dna-damage; bmi-1; proliferation; telomerase; quiescence; capacity; product
AB The 'ataxia telangiectasia mutated' (Atm) gene maintains genomic stability by activating a key cell-cycle checkpoint in response to DNA damage, telomeric instability or oxidative stress(1,2). Mutational inactivation of the gene causes an autosomal recessive disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia, characterized by immunodeficiency, progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, defective spermatogenesis, premature ageing and a high incidence of lymphoma(3,4). Here we show that ATM has an essential function in the reconstitutive capacity of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but is not as important for the proliferation or differentiation of progenitors, in a telomere-independent manner. Atm(-/-) mice older than 24 weeks showed progressive bone marrow failure resulting from a defect in HSC function that was associated with elevated reactive oxygen species. Treatment with anti-oxidative agents restored the reconstitutive capacity of Atm(-/-) HSCs, resulting in the prevention of bone marrow failure. Activation of the p16(INK4a)-retinoblastoma (Rb) gene product pathway in response to elevated reactive oxygen species led to the failure of Atm(-/-) HSCs. These results show that the self-renewal capacity of HSCs depends on ATM-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress.
C1 Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Differentiat, Sakaguchi Lab Dev Biol,Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Hematol,Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, Biofrontier Labs, Machida, Tokyo 1948533, Japan.
   Kumamoto Univ, Ctr Anim Resources & Dev, Div Reprod Engn, Kumamoto 8600811, Japan.
   Univ Toronto, Adv Med Discovery Inst, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Adv Med Discovery Inst, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
C3 Keio University; Keio University; Kyowa Kirin Ltd; Kumamoto University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
RP Suda, T (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Differentiat, Sakaguchi Lab Dev Biol,Shinjuku Ku, 35 Shinano Machi, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
EM ahirao@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp; sudato@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 982
Z9 1158
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 997
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature02989
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600047
PM 15496926
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lohrer, AM
   Thrush, SF
   Gibbs, MM
AF Lohrer, AM
   Thrush, SF
   Gibbs, MM
TI Bioturbators enhance ecosystem function through complex biogeochemical interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; disturbance; productivity; diversity; biomass; impacts; term
AB Predicting the consequences of species loss is critically important, given present threats to biological diversity such as habitat destruction, overharvesting and climate change(1). Several empirical studies have reported decreased ecosystem performance ( for example, primary productivity) coincident with decreased biodiversity(2-4), although the relative influence of biotic effects and confounding abiotic factors has been vigorously debated(5-7). Whereas several investigations focused on single trophic levels ( for example, grassland plants)(8,9), studies of whole systems have revealed multiple layers of feedbacks, hidden drivers and emergent properties(10,11), making the consequences of species loss more difficult to predict(12). Here we report functionally important organisms and considerable biocomplexity in a sedimentary seafloor habitat, one of Earth's most widespread ecosystems. Experimental field measurements demonstrate how the abundance of spatangoid urchins - infaunal ( in seafloor sediment) grazers / deposit feeders - is positively related to primary production, as their activities change nutrient fluxes and improve conditions for production by microphytobenthos (sedimentatry microbes and unicellular algae). Declines of spatangoid urchins after trawling are well documented(13,14), and our research linking these bioturbators to important benthic - pelagic fluxes highlights potential ramifications for productivity in coastal oceans.
C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Hamilton, New Zealand.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand
RP Lohrer, AM (corresponding author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POB 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand.
EM d.lohrer@niwa.co.nz
NR 30
TC 490
Z9 546
U1 2
U2 226
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1092
EP 1095
DI 10.1038/nature03042
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800039
PM 15470385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanada, K
   Yewdell, JW
   Yang, JC
AF Hanada, K
   Yewdell, JW
   Yang, JC
TI Immune recognition of a human renal cancer antigen through post-translational protein splicing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; processing pathway; concanavalin-a; ligation; cytosol
AB Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) detect and destroy cells displaying class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that present oligopeptides derived from aberrant self or foreign proteins. Most class I peptide ligands are created from proteins that are degraded by proteasomes and transported, by the transporter associated with antigen processing, from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum, where peptides bind MHC class I molecules and are conveyed to the cell surface(1). C2 CTLs, cloned from human CTLs infiltrating a renal cell carcinoma, kill cancer cells overexpressing fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF-5)(2). Here we show that C2 cells recognize human leukocyte antigen-A3 MHC class I molecules presenting a nine-residue FGF-5 peptide generated by protein splicing. This process, previously described strictly in plants(3) and unicellular organisms(4), entails post-translational excision of a polypeptide segment followed by ligation of the newly liberated carboxyterminal and amino-terminal residues. The occurrence of protein splicing in vertebrates has important implications for the complexity of the vertebrate proteome and for the immune recognition of self and foreign peptides.
C1 NCI, Surg Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Hanada, K (corresponding author), NCI, Surg Branch, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike,Bldg 10,Room 2B42, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM khanada@nih.gov; jamesyang@mail.nih.gov
NR 13
TC 272
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 252
EP 256
DI 10.1038/nature02240
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100045
PM 14724640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chuikov, S
   Kurash, JK
   Wilson, JR
   Xiao, B
   Justin, N
   Ivanov, GS
   McKinney, K
   Tempst, P
   Prives, C
   Gamblin, SJ
   Barlev, NA
   Reinberg, D
AF Chuikov, S
   Kurash, JK
   Wilson, JR
   Xiao, B
   Justin, N
   Ivanov, GS
   McKinney, K
   Tempst, P
   Prives, C
   Gamblin, SJ
   Barlev, NA
   Reinberg, D
TI Regulation of p53 activity through lysine methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone methyltransferase; dna-binding; acetylation; activation; protein; phosphorylation; ubiquitination; transcription; mdm2
AB p53 is a tumour suppressor that regulates the cellular response to genotoxic stresses. p53 is a short-lived protein and its activity is regulated mostly by stabilization via different post-translational modifications. Here we report a novel mechanism of p53 regulation through lysine methylation by Set9 methyltransferase. Set9 specifically methylates p53 at one residue within the carboxyl-terminus regulatory region. Methylated p53 is restricted to the nucleus and the modification positively affects its stability. Set9 regulates the expression of p53 target genes in a manner dependent on the p53-methylation site. The crystal structure of a ternary complex of Set9 with a p53 peptide and the cofactor product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) provides the molecular basis for recognition of p53 by this lysine methyltransferase.
C1 Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   NEMC Tufts Sch Med, Mol Oncol Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Struct Biol Grp, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Tufts Medical Center; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Columbia University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Barlev, NA (corresponding author), Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM nbarlev@tufts-nemc.org; reinbedf@UMDNJ.EDU
NR 22
TC 683
Z9 855
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 353
EP 360
DI 10.1038/nature03117
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400046
PM 15525938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wade, JT
   Hall, DB
   Struhl, K
AF Wade, JT
   Hall, DB
   Struhl, K
TI The transcription factor Ifh1 is a key regulator of yeast ribosomal protein genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fork head protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding-sites; expression; rap1; promoter; sequence; association; recruitment; activator
AB Ribosomal protein (RP) genes in eukaryotes are coordinately regulated in response to growth stimuli and environmental stress, thereby permitting cells to adjust ribosome number and overall protein synthetic capacity to physiological conditions(1-5). Approximately 50% of RNA polymerase II transcription is devoted to RP genes(5). The transcriptional regulator Rap1 binds most yeast RP promoters(6), and Rap1 sites are important for coordinate regulation of RP genes(7-10). However, Rap1 is not the specific regulator that controls RP transcription because it also functions as a repressor, and many Rap1-activated promoters are not coordinately regulated with RP promoters(11,12). Here we show that the transcription factors Fhl1 and Ifh1 associate almost exclusively with RP promoters; association depends on Rap1 and ( to a lesser extent) a DNA element at many RP promoters. Ifh1 is recruited to promoters via the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of Fhl1; the level of Ifh1 associated with RP promoters determines the level of transcription; and environmental stress causes a marked reduction in the association of Ifh1, but not Fhl1 or Rap1. Thus, Ifh1 association with promoters is the key regulatory step for coordinate expression of RP genes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Struhl, K (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM kevin@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 177
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1054
EP 1058
DI 10.1038/nature03175
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000048
PM 15616568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hachet, O
   Ephrussi, A
AF Hachet, O
   Ephrussi, A
TI Splicing of oskar RNA in the nucleus is coupled to its cytoplasmic localization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bicoid messenger-rna; exon-exon junctions; mago nashi; ribonucleoprotein-particles; drosophila oocyte; binding protein; germ plasm; posterior; pole; complex
AB oskar messenger RNA localization at the posterior pole of the Drosophila oocyte is essential for germline and abdomen formation in the future embryo(1,2). The nuclear shuttling proteins Y14/Tsunagi and Mago nashi are required for oskar mRNA localization, and they co-localize with oskar mRNA at the posterior pole of the oocyte(3-5). Their human homologues, Y14/ RBM8 and Magoh, are core components of the exon - exon junction complex (EJC)(6-9). The EJC is deposited on mRNAs in a splicing-dependent manner, 20 - 24 nucleotides upstream of exon - exon junctions, independently of the RNA sequence(6-8). This indicates a possible role of splicing in oskar mRNA localization, challenging the established notion that the oskar 3 0 untranslated region (3' UTR) is sufficient for this process. Here we show that splicing at the first exon - exon junction of oskar RNA is essential for oskar mRNA localization at the posterior pole. We revisit the issue of sufficiency of the oskar 3' UTR for posterior localization and show that the localization of unrelated transcripts bearing the oskar 3' UTR is mediated by endogenous oskar mRNA. Our results reveal an important new function for splicing: regulation of messenger ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and organization for mRNA cytoplasmic localization.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Ephrussi, A (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1,Postfach 10-2209, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM ephrussi@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 273
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 959
EP 963
DI 10.1038/nature02521
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000045
PM 15118729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, C
   Wright, G
AF Rose, C
   Wright, G
TI Inscribed matter as an energy efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar; space
AB It is well known that electromagnetic radiation - radio waves can in principle be used to communicate over interstellar distances(1,2). By contrast, sending physical artefacts has seemed extravagantly wasteful of energy, and imagining human travel between the stars even more so(3,4). The key consideration in earlier work, however, was the perceived need for haste. If extraterrestrial civilizations existed within a few tens of light years, radio could be used for two-way communication on timescales comparable to human lifetimes ( or at least the longevities of human institutions). Here we show that if haste is unimportant, sending messages inscribed on some material can be strikingly more energy efficient than communicating by electromagnetic waves. Because messages require protection from cosmic radiation and small messages could be difficult to find among the material clutter near a recipient, `inscribed matter' is most effective for long archival messages ( as opposed to potentially short "we exist" announcements). The results suggest that our initial contact with extraterrestrial civilizations may be more likely to occur through physical artefacts - essentially messages in a bottle - than via electromagnetic communication.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, WINLAB, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Antiope Associates, Fair Haven, NJ 07704 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Rose, C (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, WINLAB, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM crose@winlab.rutgers.edu
NR 15
TC 59
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature02884
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500036
PM 15343327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomkins, JL
   Brown, GS
AF Tomkins, JL
   Brown, GS
TI Population density drives the local evolution of a threshold dimorphism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male-male competition; sexual selection; earwig; size; tactics
AB Evolution can favour more than one reproductive tactic among conspecifics of the same sex(1,2). Under the conditional evolutionarily stable strategy, individuals adopt the tactic that generates the highest fitness return for their status: large males guard females, whereas small males sneak copulations(3,4). Tactics change at the status at which fitness benefits switch from favouring one tactic to favouring the alternative(1,5). This 'switchpoint' is expressed in many species as a threshold between divergent morphologies(3). Environmental and demographic parameters that influence the relative fitness of male tactics are predicted to determine a population's switchpoint(1,5) and consequently whether the population is monomorphic or dimorphic. Here we show threshold evolution in the forceps dimorphism of the European earwig Forficula auricularia and document the transition from completely monomorphic to classical male-dimorphic populations over a distance of only 40 km. Because the superior fighting ability of the dominant morph(6) will be more frequently rewarded at high encounter rates, population density is likely to be a key determinant of the relative fitness of the alternative tactics, and consequently the threshold. We show that, as predicted, population density correlates strongly with the shift in threshold, and that this factor drives the local evolution of the male dimorphism in these island populations. Our data provide evidence for the origin of phenotypic diversity within populations(7-9), through the evolution of a switchpoint in a conditional strategy that has responded to local population density.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, St Andrews KY16 9TH, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Tomkins, JL (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Sir Harold Mitchell Bldg, St Andrews KY16 9TH, Fife, Scotland.
EM jlt1@st-andrews.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 134
Z9 148
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1099
EP 1103
DI 10.1038/nature02918
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800041
PM 15510148
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Han, JS
   Szak, ST
   Boeke, JD
AF Han, JS
   Szak, ST
   Boeke, JD
TI Transcriptional disruption by the L1 retrotransposon and implications for mammalian transcriptomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reverse transcription; allelic variation; orf1 protein; line-1; rna; identification; expression; gene; dna; specificity
AB LINE-1 (L1) elements are the most abundant autonomous retrotransposons in the human genome, accounting for about 17% of human DNA. The L1 retrotransposon encodes two proteins, open reading frame (ORF)1 and the ORF2 endonuclease/reverse transcriptase. L1 RNA and ORF2 protein are difficult to detect in mammalian cells, even in the context of overexpression systems. Here we show that inserting L1 sequences on a transcript significantly decreases RNA expression and therefore protein expression. This decreased RNA concentration does not result from major effects on the transcription initiation rate or RNA stability. Rather, the poor L1 expression is primarily due to inadequate transcriptional elongation. Because L1 is an abundant and broadly distributed mobile element, the inhibition of transcriptional elongation by L1 might profoundly affect expression of endogenous human genes. We propose a model in which L1 affects gene expression genome-wide by acting as a 'molecular rheostat' of target genes. Bioinformatic data are consistent with the hypothesis that L1 can serve as an evolutionary fine-tuner of the human transcriptome.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, High Throughput Biol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Biogen
RP Boeke, JD (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM jboeke@jhmi.edu
NR 50
TC 394
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 268
EP 274
DI 10.1038/nature02536
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900035
PM 15152245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pancer, Z
   Amemiya, CT
   Ehrhardt, GRA
   Ceitlin, J
   Gartland, GL
   Cooper, MD
AF Pancer, Z
   Amemiya, CT
   Ehrhardt, GRA
   Ceitlin, J
   Gartland, GL
   Cooper, MD
TI Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immune-response; petromyzon-marinus; antigenic variation; innate immunity; evolution; gene; immunoglobulin; cells; identification; expression
AB Although jawless vertebrates are apparently capable of adaptive immune responses, they have not been found to possess the recombinatorial antigen receptors shared by all jawed vertebrates. Our search for the phylogenetic roots of adaptive immunity in the lamprey has instead identified a new type of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of highly diverse leucine-rich repeats (LRR) sandwiched between amino- and carboxy-terminal LRRs. An invariant stalk region tethers the VLRs to the cell surface by means of a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchor. To generate rearranged VLR genes of the diversity necessary for an anticipatory immune system, the single lamprey VLR locus contains a large bank of diverse LRR cassettes, available for insertion into an incomplete germline VLR gene. Individual lymphocytes express a uniquely rearranged VLR gene in monoallelic fashion. Different evolutionary strategies were thus used to generate highly diverse lymphocyte receptors through rearrangement of LRR modules in agnathans ( jawless fish) and of immunoglobulin gene segments in gnathostomes ( jawed vertebrates).
C1 Univ Alabama, Div Dev & Clin Immunol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Benaroya Res Inst Virginia Mason, Mol Genet Program, Seattle, WA 98101 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; Virginia Mason Medical Center; Benaroya Research Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Cooper, MD (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Div Dev & Clin Immunol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM max.cooper@ccc.uab.edu
NR 42
TC 545
Z9 682
U1 3
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 174
EP 180
DI 10.1038/nature02740
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600035
PM 15241406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mauroy, B
   Filoche, M
   Weibel, ER
   Sapoval, B
AF Mauroy, B
   Filoche, M
   Weibel, ER
   Sapoval, B
TI An optimal bronchial tree may be dangerous
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB The geometry and dimensions of branched structures such as blood vessels or airways are important factors in determining the efficiency of physiological processes. It has been shown that fractal trees can be space filling(1) and can ensure minimal dissipation(2-4). The bronchial tree of most mammalian lungs is a good example of an efficient distribution system with an approximate fractal structure(5,6). Here we present a study of the compatibility between physical optimization and physiological robustness in the design of the human bronchial tree. We show that this physical optimization is critical in the sense that small variations in the geometry can induce very large variations in the net air flux. Maximum physical efficiency therefore cannot be a sufficient criterion for the physiological design of bronchial trees. Rather, the design of bronchial trees must be provided with a safety factor and the capacity for regulating airway calibre. Paradoxically, our results suggest that bronchial malfunction related to asthma is a necessary consequence of the optimized efficiency of the tree structure.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Ctr Math & Leurs Applicat, F-94235 Cachan, France.
   Ecole Polytech, CNRS, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   Univ Bern, Dept Anat, CH-3000 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; University of Bern
RP Sapoval, B (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Ctr Math & Leurs Applicat, F-94235 Cachan, France.
EM Bernard.Sapoval@polytechnique.fr
NR 19
TC 227
Z9 257
U1 3
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6975
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature02287
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 773AJ
UT WOS:000188875300041
PM 14961120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomita, K
   Fukai, S
   Ishitani, R
   Ueda, T
   Takeuchi, N
   Vassylyev, DG
   Nureki, O
AF Tomita, K
   Fukai, S
   Ishitani, R
   Ueda, T
   Takeuchi, N
   Vassylyev, DG
   Nureki, O
TI Structural basis for template-independent RNA polymerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cca-adding enzyme; dna-polymerase-beta; crystal-structures; escherichia-coli; nucleotidyltransferase; complexes; substrate; insights; primer; atp
AB The 3'-terminal CCA nucleotide sequence ( positions 74 - 76) of transfer RNA is essential for amino acid attachment(1) and interaction with the ribosome(2-4) during protein synthesis. The CCA sequence is synthesized de novo and/or repaired by a template-independent RNA polymerase, 'CCA-adding enzyme', using CTP and ATP as substrates(5). Despite structural and biochemical studies(5-8), the mechanism by which the CCA-adding enzyme synthesizes the defined sequence without a nucleic acid template remains elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of Aquifex aeolicus CCA-adding enzyme, bound to a primer tRNA lacking the terminal adenosine and an incoming ATP analogue, at 2.8 Angstrom resolution. The enzyme enfolds the acceptor T helix of the tRNA molecule. In the catalytic pocket, C75 is adjacent to ATP, and their base moieties are stacked. The complementary pocket for recognizing C74-C75 of tRNA forms a 'protein template' for the penultimate two nucleotides, mimicking the nucleotide template used by template-dependent polymerases. These results are supported by systematic analyses of mutants. Our structure represents the 'pre-insertion' stage of selecting the incoming nucleotide and provides the structural basis for the mechanism underlying template-independent RNA polymerization.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Biol Informat, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058666, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Integrated Biosci, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   SPring 8, RIKEN Harima Inst, Cellular Signaling Lab, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; RIKEN; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nureki, O (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Biol Informat, Midori Ku, 4259 Nagatsuta Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
EM onureki@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 94
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/nature02712
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400051
PM 15295603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Quantum dots show their true colors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 247
EP 247
DI 10.1038/432247a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200053
PM 15538374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seo, HC
   Edvardsen, RB
   Maeland, AD
   Bjordal, M
   Jensen, MF
   Hansen, A
   Flaat, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Lehrach, H
   Wincker, P
   Reinhardt, R
   Chourrout, D
AF Seo, HC
   Edvardsen, RB
   Maeland, AD
   Bjordal, M
   Jensen, MF
   Hansen, A
   Flaat, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Lehrach, H
   Wincker, P
   Reinhardt, R
   Chourrout, D
TI Hox cluster disintegration with persistent anteroposterior order of expression in Oikopleura dioica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ciona-intestinalis; caenorhabditis-elegans; gene; genome; vertebrates; phylogeny; evolution; chordate; embryos; origins
AB Tunicate embryos and larvae have small cell numbers and simple anatomical features in comparison with other chordates, including vertebrates. Although they branch near the base of chordate phylogenetic trees(1), their degree of divergence from the common chordate ancestor remains difficult to evaluate. Here we show that the tunicate Oikopleura dioica has a complement of nine Hox genes in which all central genes are lacking but a full vertebrate-like set of posterior genes is present. In contrast to all bilaterians studied so far, Hox genes are not clustered in the Oikopleura genome. Their expression occurs mostly in the tail, with some tissue preference, and a strong partition of expression domains in the nerve cord, in the notochord and in the muscle. In each tissue of the tail, the anteroposterior order of Hox gene expression evokes spatial collinearity, with several alterations. We propose a relationship between the Hox cluster breakdown, the separation of Hox expression domains, and a transition to a determinative mode of development.
C1 Bergen High Technol Ctr, Sars Ctr Marine Mol Biol, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Genoscope Ctr Natl Sequencage, F-91000 Evry, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91000 Evry, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Chourrout, D (corresponding author), Bergen High Technol Ctr, Sars Ctr Marine Mol Biol, Thormohlensgaten 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
EM Daniel.Chourrout@sars.uib.no
NR 28
TC 255
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 67
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature02709
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500042
PM 15343333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Dowd, CD
   Facchini, MC
   Cavalli, F
   Ceburnis, D
   Mircea, M
   Decesari, S
   Fuzzi, S
   Yoon, YJ
   Putaud, JP
AF O'Dowd, CD
   Facchini, MC
   Cavalli, F
   Ceburnis, D
   Mircea, M
   Decesari, S
   Fuzzi, S
   Yoon, YJ
   Putaud, JP
TI Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID submicron aerosol; cloud albedo; sulfur; fractionation; transport; matter; mass
AB Marine aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol load and consequently has an important impact on both the Earth's albedo and climate. So far, much of the focus on marine aerosol has centred on the production of aerosol from sea-salt(1) and non-sea-salt sulphates(2,3). Recent field experiments, however, have shown that known aerosol production processes for inorganic species cannot account for the entire aerosol mass that occurs in submicrometre sizes(4-6). Several experimental studies have pointed to the presence of significant concentrations of organic matter in marine aerosol(7-11). There is some information available about the composition of organic matter(12-14), but the contribution of organic matter to marine aerosol, as a function of aerosol size, as well as its characterization as hydrophilic or hydrophobic, has been lacking. Here we measure the physical and chemical characteristics of submicrometre marine aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during plankton blooms progressing from spring through to autumn. We find that during bloom periods, the organic fraction dominates and contributes 63% to the submicrometre aerosol mass (about 45% is water-insoluble and about 18% water-soluble). In winter, when biological activity is at its lowest, the organic fraction decreases to 15%. Our model simulations indicate that organic matter can enhance the cloud droplet concentration by 15% to more than 100% and is therefore an important component of the aerosol-cloud-climate feedback system involving marine biota.
C1 CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Clima, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Expt Phys, Galway, Ireland.
   Natl Univ Ireland, Environm Change Inst, Galway, Ireland.
   Inst Phys, Environm Phys & Chem Div, LT-2053 Vilnius, Lithuania.
   Commiss European Communities, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Joint Res Ctr, I-21021 Ispra, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC-CNR); Ollscoil na Gaillimhe-University of Galway; Ollscoil na Gaillimhe-University of Galway; European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC ISPRA Site
RP Facchini, MC (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Clima, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
EM mc.facchini@isac.cnr.it
NR 24
TC 778
Z9 900
U1 4
U2 364
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 676
EP 680
DI 10.1038/nature02959
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300037
PM 15470425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kai, T
   Spradling, A
AF Kai, T
   Spradling, A
TI Differentiating germ cells can revert into functional stem cells in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphogenesis; expression; niches; src64
AB Many tissues including blood, skin, gut and germ cells are continuously maintained by tissue stem cells(1-2). Under certain conditions, however, other organs can undergo repair using stem-cell-like progenitors generated by cell de-differentiation(3). Cell fates have been broadened experimentally(4-7), but mechanisms allowing de-differentiation to a stem cell state are poorly known. Germline stem cells begin to differentiate by forming interconnected germ cell cysts (cystocytes), and under certain conditions male mouse cystocytes have been postulated to revert into functional progenitors(8,9). Here we report that four- and eight-cell Drosophila germline cystocytes generated either in second instar larval ovaries or in adults over-producing the BMP4-like stem cell signal Decapentaplegic efficiently convert into single stem-like cells. These de-differentiated cells can develop into functional germline stem cells and support normal fertility. Our results show that cystocytes represent a relatively abundant source of regenerative precursors that might help replenish germ cells after depletion by genotoxic chemicals, radiation or normal ageing. More generally, Drosophila cystocytes now provide a system for studying de-differentiation and its potential as a source of functional stem cells.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Res Labs, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Spradling, A (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Res Labs, 115 W Univ Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
EM spradling@ciwemb.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 271
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 564
EP 569
DI 10.1038/nature02436
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100043
PM 15024390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siveter, DJ
   Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
AF Siveter, DJ
   Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
TI A Silurian sea spider
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herefordshire; arthropod; pycnogonida; phylogenetics
AB Pycnogonids (sea spiders) are marine arthropods numbering some 1,160 extant species. They are globally distributed in depths of up to 6,000 metres, and locally abundant(1,2); however, their typically delicate form and non-biomineralized cuticle has resulted in an extremely sparse fossil record that is not accepted universally(3). There are two opposing views of their phylogenetic position: either within Chelicerata as sister group to the euchelicerates(4-7), or as a sister taxon to all other euarthropods(8). The Silurian Herefordshire Konservat-Lagerstatte(9) in England (similar to425 million years (Myr) BP) yields exceptionally preserved three-dimensional fossils that provide unrivalled insights into the palaeobiology of a variety of invertebrates(10-14). The fossils are preserved as calcitic void in-fills in carbonate concretions within a volcaniclastic horizon(15), and are reconstructed digitally(12). Here we describe a new pycnogonid from this deposit, which is the oldest adult sea spider by similar to35 Myr and the most completely known fossil species. The large chelate first appendage is consistent with a chelicerate affinity for the pycnogonids. Cladistic analyses place the new species near the base of the pycnogonid crown group, implying that the latter had arisen by the Silurian period.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Museum Nat Hist, Geol Collect, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Yale University; University of Leicester
RP Siveter, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM derek.siveter@earth.ox.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 79
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 978
EP 980
DI 10.1038/nature02928
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600042
PM 15496921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, M
   Lange, B
   Hayasaka, K
   Lange, W
   Walther, H
AF Keller, M
   Lange, B
   Hayasaka, K
   Lange, W
   Walther, H
TI Continuous generation of single photons with controlled waveform in an ion-trap cavity system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deterministic generation; fluorescence; entanglement; decoherence; molecule; demand; scheme
AB The controlled production of single photons is of fundamental and practical interest; they represent the lowest excited quantum states of the radiation field, and have applications in quantum cryptography(1) and quantum information processing(2). Common approaches use the fluorescence of single ions(3), single molecules(4,5), colour centres(6,7) and semiconductor quantum dots(8-12). However, the lack of control over such irreversible emission processes precludes the use of these sources in applications ( such as quantum networks(13)) that require coherent exchange of quantum states between atoms and photons. The necessary control may be achieved in principle in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Although this approach has been used for the production of single photons from atoms(14-16), such experiments are compromised by limited trapping times, fluctuating atom - field coupling and multi-atom effects. Here we demonstrate a single-photon source based on a strongly localized single ion in an optical cavity. The ion is optimally coupled to a well-defined field mode, resulting in the generation of single-photon pulses with precisely defined shape and timing. We have confirmed the suppression of two-photon events up to the limit imposed by fluctuations in the rate of detector dark counts. The stream of emitted photons is uninterrupted over the storage time of the ion, as demonstrated by a measurement of photon correlations over 90 min.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Nishi Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan.
   Univ Munich, Sekt Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan; University of Munich
RP Lange, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM Wolfgang.Lange@mpq.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 527
Z9 589
U1 2
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1075
EP 1078
DI 10.1038/nature02961
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800034
PM 15510142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, JM
   Barta, Z
   Houston, AI
AF McNamara, JM
   Barta, Z
   Houston, AI
TI Variation in behaviour promotes cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma game
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit-for-tat; evolution; strategy; chaos
AB The Prisoner's Dilemma game(1-4) is widely used to investigate how cooperation between unrelated individuals can evolve by natural selection. In this game, each player can either 'cooperate' (invest in a common good) or 'defect' (exploit the other's investment). If the opponent cooperates, you get R if you cooperate and T if you defect. If the opponent defects, you get S if you cooperate and P if you defect. Here T > R > 0 and P > S, so that 'defect' is the best response to any action by the opponent. Thus in a single play of the game, each player should defect. In our game, a fixed maximum number of rounds of the Prisoner's Dilemma game is played against the same opponent. A standard argument based on working backwards from the last round(1,5) shows that defection on all rounds is the only stable outcome. In contrast, we show that if extrinsic factors maintain variation in behaviour, high levels of co-operation are stable. Our results highlight the importance of extrinsic variability in determining the outcome of evolutionary games.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Bristol
RP McNamara, JM (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
EM john.mcnamara@bristol.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 163
Z9 174
U1 2
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/nature02432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800038
PM 15085131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riebe, M
   Häffner, H
   Roos, CF
   Hänsel, W
   Benhelm, J
   Lancaster, GPT
   Körber, TW
   Becher, C
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   James, DFV
   Blatt, R
AF Riebe, M
   Häffner, H
   Roos, CF
   Hänsel, W
   Benhelm, J
   Lancaster, GPT
   Körber, TW
   Becher, C
   Schmidt-Kaler, F
   James, DFV
   Blatt, R
TI Deterministic quantum teleportation with atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID podolsky-rosen channels; computer; state
AB Teleportation of a quantum state encompasses the complete transfer of information from one particle to another. The complete specification of the quantum state of a system generally requires an infinite amount of information, even for simple two-level systems (qubits). Moreover, the principles of quantum mechanics dictate that any measurement on a system immediately alters its state, while yielding at most one bit of information. The transfer of a state from one system to another ( by performing measurements on the first and operations on the second) might therefore appear impossible. However, it has been shown(1) that the entangling properties of quantum mechanics, in combination with classical communication, allow quantum-state teleportation to be performed. Teleportation using pairs of entangled photons has been demonstrated(2-6), but such techniques are probabilistic, requiring post-selection of measured photons. Here, we report deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions. Following closely the original proposal(1), we create a highly entangled pair of ions and perform a complete Bell-state measurement involving one ion from this pair and a third source ion. State reconstruction conditioned on this measurement is then performed on the other half of the entangled pair. The measured fidelity is 75%, demonstrating unequivocally the quantum nature of the process.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret T 4, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Blatt, R (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Tech Str 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM Rainer.Blatt@uibk.ac.at
NR 18
TC 881
Z9 977
U1 0
U2 99
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 734
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature02570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900031
PM 15201903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yonezawa, H
   Aoki, T
   Furusawa, A
AF Yonezawa, H
   Aoki, T
   Furusawa, A
TI Demonstration of a quantum teleportation network for continuous variables
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID podolsky-rosen channels; state
AB Quantum teleportation(1-8) involves the transportation of an unknown quantum state from one location to another, without physical transfer of the information carrier. Although quantum teleportation is a naturally bipartite process, it can be extended to a multipartite protocol known as a quantum teleportation network(9). In such a network, entanglement is shared between three or more parties. For the case of three parties ( a tripartite network), teleportation of a quantum state can occur between any pair, but only with the assistance of the third party. Multipartite quantum protocols are expected to form fundamental components for larger-scale quantum communication and computation(10,11). Here we report the experimental realization of a tripartite quantum teleportation network for quantum states of continuous variables ( electromagnetic field modes). We demonstrate teleportation of a coherent state between three different pairs in the network, unambiguously demonstrating its tripartite character.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Chuo Ku, Tokyo 1030028, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Furusawa, A (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM akiraf@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 20
TC 319
Z9 341
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature02858
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500034
PM 15386006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, J
   Butler, D
   Hull, K
AF Clayton, J
   Butler, D
   Hull, K
TI The long and winding road
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 937
EP 937
DI 10.1038/430937a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800060
PM 15318237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, LF
   Yang, XP
   Takihara, Y
   Knoetgen, H
   Kessel, M
AF Luo, LF
   Yang, XP
   Takihara, Y
   Knoetgen, H
   Kessel, M
TI The cell-cycle regulator geminin inhibits Hox function through direct and polycomb-mediated interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; gene-expression; sex comb; protein; proliferation; binding; specification; progression; repression; homolog
AB Embryonic development is tightly controlled. The clustered genes of the Hox family of homeobox proteins play an important part in regulating this development and also proliferation. They specify embryonic structures along the body axis, and are associated with normal and malignant cell growth(1-4). The cell-cycle regulator geminin controls replication by binding to the licensing factor Cdt1, and is involved in neural differentiation(5-7). Here, we show that murine geminin associates transiently with members of the Hox-repressing polycomb complex, with the chromatin of Hox regulatory DNA elements and with Hox proteins. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in the chick neural tube demonstrate that geminin modulates the anterior boundary of Hoxb9 transcription, which suggests a polycomblike activity for geminin. The interaction between geminin and Hox proteins prevents Hox proteins from binding to DNA, inhibits Hox-dependent transcriptional activation of reporter and endogenous downstream target genes, and displaces Cdt1 from its complex with geminin. By establishing competitive regulation, geminin functions as a coordinator of developmental and proliferative control.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Res Grp Dev Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Genet, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Hiroshima Univ, Res Inst Radiat Biol & Med, Dept Stem Cell Biol, Hiroshima 7348553, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Hiroshima University
RP Kessel, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Res Grp Dev Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
EM mkessel1@gwdg.de
NR 29
TC 183
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6976
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/nature02305
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 775DT
UT WOS:000189026000047
PM 14973489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chakravarty, S
   Kee, HY
   Völker, K
AF Chakravarty, S
   Kee, HY
   Völker, K
TI An explanation for a universality of transition temperatures in families of copper oxide superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carrier distribution; phase fluctuations; kinetic-energy; pseudogap; signature; order
AB A remarkable mystery of the copper oxide high-transition-temperature (T-c) superconductors is the dependence of T-c on the number of CuO2 layers, n, in the unit cell of a crystal. In a given family of these superconductors, T-c rises with the number of layers, reaching a peak at n = 3, and then declines(1): the result is a bell-shaped curve. Despite the ubiquity of this phenomenon, it is still poorly understood and attention has instead been mainly focused on the properties of a single CuO2 plane. Here we show that the quantum tunnelling of Cooper pairs between the layers(2) simply and naturally explains the experimental results, when combined with the recently quantified charge imbalance of the layers(3) and the latest notion of a competing order(4-9) nucleated by this charge imbalance that suppresses superconductivity. We calculate the bell-shaped curve and show that, if materials can be engineered so as to minimize the charge imbalance as n increases, T-c can be raised further.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Toronto
RP Chakravarty, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM sudip@physics.ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature02348
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800031
PM 14999276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Penner, JE
   Dong, XQ
   Chen, Y
AF Penner, JE
   Dong, XQ
   Chen, Y
TI Observational evidence of a change in radiative forcing due to the indirect aerosol effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratus cloud property; surface; microwave; profiles; number
AB Anthropogenic aerosols enhance cloud reflectivity by increasing the number concentration of cloud droplets, leading to a cooling effect on climate known as the indirect aerosol effect. Observational support for this effect is based mainly on evidence that aerosol number concentrations are connected with droplet concentrations, but it has been difficult to determine the impact of these indirect effects on radiative forcing(1-3). Here we provide observational evidence for a substantial alteration of radiative fluxes due to the indirect aerosol effect. We examine the effect of aerosols on cloud optical properties using measurements of aerosol and cloud properties at two North American sites that span polluted and clean conditions-a continental site in Oklahoma with high aerosol concentrations, and an Arctic site in Alaska with low aerosol concentrations. We determine the cloud optical depth required to fit the observed shortwave downward surface radiation. We then use a cloud parcel model to simulate the cloud optical depth from observed aerosol properties due to the indirect aerosol effect. From the good agreement between the simulated indirect aerosol effect and observed surface radiation, we conclude that the indirect aerosol effect has a significant influence on radiative fluxes.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ N Dakota, Dept Atmospher Sci, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of North Dakota Grand Forks
RP Penner, JE (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM penner@umich.edu
NR 22
TC 154
Z9 205
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 231
EP 234
DI 10.1038/nature02234
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100039
PM 14724634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braithwaite, J
   Spruit, HC
AF Braithwaite, J
   Spruit, HC
TI A fossil origin for the magnetic field in A stars and white dwarfs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adiabatic stability; poloidal fields; cp stars; helicity; models
AB Some main-sequence stars of spectral type A are observed to have a strong (0.03 - 3 tesla), static, large-scale magnetic field, of a chiefly dipolar shape: they are known as 'Ap stars'(1-4), such as Alioth, the fifth star in the Big Dipper. Following the discovery of these fields, it was proposed that they are remnants of the star's formation, a 'fossil' field(5,6). An alternative suggestion is that they could be generated by a dynamo process in the star's convective core(7). The dynamo hypothesis, however, has difficulty explaining high field strengths and the observed lack of a correlation with rotation. The weakness of the fossil-field theory has been the absence of field configurations stable enough to survive in a star over its lifetime. Here we report numerical simulations that show that stable magnetic field configurations, with properties agreeing with those observed, can develop through evolution from arbitrary, unstable initial fields. The results are applicable equally to Ap stars, magnetic white dwarfs and some highly magnetized neutron stars known as magnetars. This establishes fossil fields as the natural, unifying explanation for the magnetism of all these stars.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Spruit, HC (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Postfach 1317, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
EM henk@mpa-garching.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 420
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 819
EP 821
DI 10.1038/nature02934
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500039
PM 15483604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wright, IJ
   Reich, PB
   Westoby, M
   Ackerly, DD
   Baruch, Z
   Bongers, F
   Cavender-Bares, J
   Chapin, T
   Cornelissen, JHC
   Diemer, M
   Flexas, J
   Garnier, E
   Groom, PK
   Gulias, J
   Hikosaka, K
   Lamont, BB
   Lee, T
   Lee, W
   Lusk, C
   Midgley, JJ
   Navas, ML
   Niinemets, Ü
   Oleksyn, J
   Osada, N
   Poorter, H
   Poot, P
   Prior, L
   Pyankov, VI
   Roumet, C
   Thomas, SC
   Tjoelker, MG
   Veneklaas, EJ
   Villar, R
AF Wright, IJ
   Reich, PB
   Westoby, M
   Ackerly, DD
   Baruch, Z
   Bongers, F
   Cavender-Bares, J
   Chapin, T
   Cornelissen, JHC
   Diemer, M
   Flexas, J
   Garnier, E
   Groom, PK
   Gulias, J
   Hikosaka, K
   Lamont, BB
   Lee, T
   Lee, W
   Lusk, C
   Midgley, JJ
   Navas, ML
   Niinemets, Ü
   Oleksyn, J
   Osada, N
   Poorter, H
   Poot, P
   Prior, L
   Pyankov, VI
   Roumet, C
   Thomas, SC
   Tjoelker, MG
   Veneklaas, EJ
   Villar, R
TI The worldwide leaf economics spectrum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthesis-nitrogen relations; life-span; use efficiency; high-rainfall; dry mass; area; nutrient; plant; leaves; carbon
AB Bringing together leaf trait data spanning 2,548 species and 175 sites we describe, for the first time at global scale, a universal spectrum of leaf economics consisting of key chemical, structural and physiological properties. The spectrum runs from quick to slow return on investments of nutrients and dry mass in leaves, and operates largely independently of growth form, plant functional type or biome. Categories along the spectrum would, in general, describe leaf economic variation at the global scale better than plant functional types, because functional types overlap substantially in their leaf traits. Overall, modulation of leaf traits and trait relationships by climate is surprisingly modest, although some striking and significant patterns can be seen. Reliable quantification of the leaf economics spectrum and its interaction with climate will prove valuable for modelling nutrient fluxes and vegetation boundaries under changing land-use and climate.
C1 Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Simon Bolivar, Dept Estudios Ambientales, Caracas 1080, Venezuela.
   Wageningen Univ, Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, Dept Environm Sci, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst Ecol Sci, Dept Syst Ecol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Umwelwissensch, Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Illes Balears, Dept Biol, Lab Fisiol Vegetal, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Illes Balears, Spain.
   Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, CNRS, UMR 5175, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France.
   Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Environm Biol, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Life Sci, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA.
   Landcare Res, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Concepcion, Dept Bot, Concepcion, Chile.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Univ Tartu, Dept Plant Physiol, EE-51011 Tartu, Estonia.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Dendrol, PL-62035 Kornik, Poland.
   Univ Tokyo, Nikko Bot Garden, Grad Sch Sci, Nikko, Tochigi 3211435, Japan.
   Univ Utrecht, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Western Australia, Sch Plant Biol, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
   Charles Darwin Univ, Key Ctr Wildlife Management, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
   Ural State Univ, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
   Univ Toronto, Fac Forestry, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Forest Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Univ Cordoba, Area Ecol, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain.
C3 Macquarie University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Stanford University; Simon Bolivar University; Wageningen University & Research; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Zurich; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Curtin University; Tohoku University; University of Wisconsin System; Landcare Research - New Zealand; Universidad de Concepcion; University of Cape Town; University of Tartu; Polish Academy of Sciences; University of Tokyo; Utrecht University; University of Western Australia; Charles Darwin University; Ural Federal University; University of Toronto; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Universidad de Cordoba
RP Wright, IJ (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Biol Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM iwright@rna.bio.mq.edu.au
NR 50
TC 7596
Z9 9230
U1 253
U2 5169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 821
EP 827
DI 10.1038/nature02403
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300031
PM 15103368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, JM
   Karow, DS
   Lu, H
   Chang, AJ
   Chang, JS
   Ellis, RE
   Marletta, MA
   Bargmann, CI
AF Gray, JM
   Karow, DS
   Lu, H
   Chang, AJ
   Chang, JS
   Ellis, RE
   Marletta, MA
   Bargmann, CI
TI Oxygen sensation and social feeding mediated by a C-elegans guanylate cyclase homologue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; nucleotide-gated channel; nitric-oxide; responses; hypoxia; activation; behavior; pathways; neurons; states
AB Specialized oxygen-sensing cells in the nervous system generate rapid behavioural responses to oxygen. We show here that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a strong behavioural preference for 5-12% oxygen, avoiding higher and lower oxygen levels. 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a common second messenger in sensory transduction and is implicated in oxygen sensation. Avoidance of high oxygen levels by C. elegans requires the sensory cGMP-gated channel tax-2/tax-4 and a specific soluble guanylate cyclase homologue, gcy-35. The GCY-35 haem domain binds molecular oxygen, unlike the haem domains of classical nitric-oxide-regulated guanylate cyclases. GCY-35 and TAX-4 mediate oxygen sensation in four sensory neurons that control a naturally polymorphic social feeding behaviour in C. elegans. Social feeding and related behaviours occur only when oxygen exceeds C. elegans' preferred level, and require gcy-35 activity. Our results suggest that GCY-35 is regulated by molecular oxygen, and that social feeding can be a behavioural strategy for responding to hyperoxic environments.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Grad Program Cellular & Mol Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Sch Osteopath Med, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Phys Biosci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rowan University; Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Bargmann, CI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM marletta@berkeley.edu; cori@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 33
TC 459
Z9 626
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 317
EP 322
DI 10.1038/nature02714
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200032
PM 15220933
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tranquada, JM
   Woo, H
   Perring, TG
   Goka, H
   Gu, GD
   Xu, G
   Fujita, M
   Yamada, K
AF Tranquada, JM
   Woo, H
   Perring, TG
   Goka, H
   Gu, GD
   Xu, G
   Fujita, M
   Yamada, K
TI Quantum magnetic excitations from stripes in copper oxide superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; spin; fluctuations; ladder; la2-xsrxcuo4; yba2cu3o6.6; spectrum; waves
AB In the copper oxide parent compounds of the high-transition-temperature superconductors(1) the valence electrons are localized-one per copper site-by strong intra-atomic Coulomb repulsion. A symptom of this localization is antiferromagnetism(2), where the spins of localized electrons alternate between up and down. Superconductivity appears when mobile 'holes' are doped into this insulating state, and it coexists with antiferromagnetic fluctuations(3). In one approach to describing the coexistence, the holes are believed to self-organize into 'stripes' that alternate with antiferromagnetic (insulating) regions within copper oxide planes(4), which would necessitate an unconventional mechanism of superconductivity(5). There is an apparent problem with this picture, however: measurements of magnetic excitations in superconducting YBa2Cu3O6+x near optimum doping(6) are incompatible with the naive expectations(7,8) for a material with stripes. Here we report neutron scattering measurements on stripe-ordered La1.875Ba0.125CuO4. We show that the measured excitations are, surprisingly, quite similar to those in YBa2Cu3O6+x (refs 9, 10) ( that is, the predicted spectrum of magnetic excitations(7,8) is wrong). We find instead that the observed spectrum can be understood within a stripe model by taking account of quantum excitations. Our results support the concept that stripe correlations are essential to high-transition-temperature superconductivity(11).
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Tohoku University
RP Tranquada, JM (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM jtran@bnl.gov
NR 31
TC 535
Z9 573
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 534
EP 538
DI 10.1038/nature02574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700032
PM 15175745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, M
   Ahlberg, PE
AF Zhu, M
   Ahlberg, PE
TI The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID porolepiformes
AB The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod ( land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish - tetrapod transition. However, there is no consensus on the origin of the choana despite decades of heated debate(1-9); some have claimed that it represents a palatally displaced external nostril(4,6), but others have argued that this is implausible because it implies breaking and rejoining the maxillary - premaxillary dental arcade and the maxillary branch of nerve V(2,6). The fossil record has not resolved the dispute, because the choana is fully developed in known tetrapod stem-group members(8,10,11). Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China(12-14), that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Uppsala University
RP Zhu, M (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn
NR 27
TC 70
Z9 85
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 94
EP 97
DI 10.1038/nature02843
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900046
PM 15525987
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heekeren, HR
   Marrett, S
   Bandettini, PA
   Ungerleider, LG
AF Heekeren, HR
   Marrett, S
   Bandettini, PA
   Ungerleider, LG
TI A general mechanism for perceptual decision-making in the human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human extrastriate cortex; prefrontal cortex; neural basis; representation; attention; objects; microstimulation; memory; faces; area
AB Findings from single-cell recording studies suggest that a comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned lower-level sensory neurons may be a general mechanism by which higher-level brain regions compute perceptual decisions. For example, when monkeys must decide whether a noisy field of dots is moving upward or downward, a decision can be formed by computing the difference in responses between lower-level neurons sensitive to upward motion and those sensitive to downward motion(1-4). Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and a categorization task in which subjects decide whether an image presented is a face or a house to test whether a similar mechanism is also at work for more complex decisions in the human brain and, if so, where in the brain this computation might be performed. Activity within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is greater during easy decisions than during difficult decisions, covaries with the difference signal between face- and house-selective regions in the ventral temporal cortex, and predicts behavioural performance in the categorization task. These findings show that even for complex object categories, the comparison of the outputs of different pools of selectively tuned neurons could be a general mechanism by which the human brain computes perceptual decisions.
C1 NIMH, Lab Brain & Cognit, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIMH, Funct MRI Facil, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
RP Heekeren, HR (corresponding author), NIMH, Lab Brain & Cognit, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hauke@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Mental Health [ZIAMH002035, ZIAMH002783] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 569
Z9 663
U1 1
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 859
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature02966
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500050
PM 15483614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bazykin, GA
   Kondrashov, FA
   Ogurtsov, AY
   Sunyaev, S
   Kondrashov, AS
AF Bazykin, GA
   Kondrashov, FA
   Ogurtsov, AY
   Sunyaev, S
   Kondrashov, AS
TI Positive selection at sites of multiple amino acid replacements since rat-mouse divergence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein evolution; maximum-likelihood; genome; nucleotide; drosophila; sequence; humans; genes; model
AB New alleles become fixed owing to random drift of nearly neutral mutations or to positive selection of substantially advantageous mutations(1-3). After decades of debate, the fraction of fixations driven by selection remains uncertain(4-9). Within 9,390 genes, we analysed 28,196 codons at which rat and mouse differ from each other at two nucleotide sites and 1,982 codons with three differences. At codons where rat-mouse divergence involved two non-synonymous substitutions, both of them occurred in the same lineage, either rat or mouse, in 64% of cases; however, independent substitutions would occur in the same lineage with a probability of only 50%. All three non-synonymous substitutions occurred in the same lineage for 46% of codons, instead of the 25% expected. Furthermore, comparison of 12 pairs of prokaryotic genomes also shows clumping of multiple nonsynonymous substitutions in the same lineage. This pattern cannot be explained by correlated mutation or episodes of relaxed negative selection, but instead indicates that positive selection acts at many sites of rapid, successive amino acid replacement.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Davis; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Bazykin, GA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM gbazykin@princeton.edu
NR 25
TC 63
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 558
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature02601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700039
PM 15175752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, YL
   Blattman, JN
   Kennedy, NJ
   Duong, J
   Nguyen, T
   Wang, Y
   Davis, RJ
   Greenberg, PD
   Flavell, RA
   Dong, C
AF Zhang, YL
   Blattman, JN
   Kennedy, NJ
   Duong, J
   Nguyen, T
   Wang, Y
   Davis, RJ
   Greenberg, PD
   Flavell, RA
   Dong, C
TI Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by MAP kinase phosphatase 5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recognition; family; jnk
AB Mitogen-activated protein ( MAP) kinases are essential regulators in immune responses(1), and their activities are modulated by kinases and phosphatases. MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) is a family of dual-specificity phosphatases whose function is evolutionarily conserved(2,3). A number of mammalian MKPs have been identified so far(2,3), but their specific physiological functions in negative regulation of MAP kinases have not been genetically defined. Here we examine innate and adaptive immune responses in the absence of MKP5. JNK activity was selectively increased in Mkp5 ( also known as Dusp10)-deficient mouse cells. Mkp5-deficient cells produced greatly enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines during innate immune responses and exhibited greater T-cell activation than their wild-type counterparts. However, Mkp5-deficient T cells proliferated poorly upon activation, which resulted in increased resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. By contrast, Mkp5-deficient CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T cells produced significantly increased levels of cytokines compared with wild-type cells, which led to much more robust and rapidly fatal immune responses to secondary infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Therefore, MKP5 has a principal function in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and represents a novel target for therapeutic intervention of immune diseases.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM richard.flavell@yale.edu; cdong@mdanderson.org
NR 13
TC 206
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 793
EP 797
DI 10.1038/nature02764
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600045
PM 15306813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisebitt, S
   Lüning, J
   Schlotter, WF
   Lörgen, M
   Hellwig, O
   Eberhardt, W
   Stöhr, J
AF Eisebitt, S
   Lüning, J
   Schlotter, WF
   Lörgen, M
   Hellwig, O
   Eberhardt, W
   Stöhr, J
TI Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microscopy; phase
AB Our knowledge of the structure of matter is largely based on X-ray diffraction studies of periodic structures and the successful transformation ( inversion) of the diffraction patterns into real-space atomic maps. But the determination of non-periodic nanoscale structures by X-rays is much more difficult. Inversion of the measured diffuse X-ray intensity patterns suffers from the intrinsic loss of phase information(1,2), and direct imaging methods are limited in resolution by the available X-ray optics(3). Here we demonstrate a versatile technique for imaging nanostructures, based on the use of resonantly tuned soft X-rays for scattering contrast and the direct Fourier inversion of a hololetters graphically formed interference pattern. Our implementation places the sample behind a lithographically manufactured mask with a micrometre-sized sample aperture and a nanometre-sized hole that defines a reference beam. As an example, we have used the resonant X-ray magnetic circular dichroism effect to image the random magnetic domain structure in a Co/Pt multilayer film with a spatial resolution of 50 nm. Our technique, which is a form of Fourier transformholography, is transferable to a wide variety of specimens, appears scalable to diffraction-limited resolution, and is well suited for ultrafast single-shot imaging with coherent X-ray free-electron laser sources(4).
C1 Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   BESSY MbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB); Stanford University
RP Eisebitt, S (corresponding author), Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, SSRL, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
EM eisebitt@bessy.de; luning@stanford.edu
NR 26
TC 540
Z9 610
U1 3
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 885
EP 888
DI 10.1038/nature03139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500048
PM 15602557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, JM
   Sexton, DMH
   Barnett, DN
   Jones, GS
   Webb, MJ
   Collins, M
   Stainforth, DA
AF Murphy, JM
   Sexton, DMH
   Barnett, DN
   Jones, GS
   Webb, MJ
   Collins, M
   Stainforth, DA
TI Quantification of modelling uncertainties in a large ensemble of climate change simulations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probability; reliability; sensitivity; projections; constraints; prediction; weather
AB Comprehensive global climate models(1) are the only tools that account for the complex set of processes which will determine future climate change at both a global and regional level. Planners are typically faced with a wide range of predicted changes from different models of unknown relative quality(2,3), owing to large but unquantified uncertainties in the modelling process(4). Here we report a systematic attempt to determine the range of climate changes consistent with these uncertainties, based on a 53-member ensemble of model versions constructed by varying model parameters. We estimate a probability density function for the sensitivity of climate to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and obtain a 5 - 95 per cent probability range of 2.4-5.4degreesC. Our probability density function is constrained by objective estimates of the relative reliability of different model versions, the choice of model parameters that are varied and their uncertainty ranges, specified on the basis of expert advice. Our ensemble produces a range of regional changes much wider than indicated by traditional methods based on scaling the response patterns of an individual simulation(5,6).
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of Oxford
RP Murphy, JM (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
EM james.murphy@metoffice.com
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/J/S/2002/00737] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 1290
Z9 1435
U1 0
U2 239
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 768
EP 772
DI 10.1038/nature02771
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600038
PM 15306806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seymour, B
   O'Doherty, JP
   Dayan, P
   Koltzenburg, M
   Jones, AK
   Dolan, RJ
   Friston, KJ
   Frackowiak, RS
AF Seymour, B
   O'Doherty, JP
   Dayan, P
   Koltzenburg, M
   Jones, AK
   Dolan, RJ
   Friston, KJ
   Frackowiak, RS
TI Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural substrate; human brain; prediction; dopamine; reward; pain; expectation; events; fear
AB The ability to use environmental stimuli to predict impending harm is critical for survival. Such predictions should be available as early as they are reliable. In pavlovian conditioning, chains of successively earlier predictors are studied in terms of higher-order relationships, and have inspired computational theories such as temporal difference learning(1). However, there is at present no adequate neurobiological account of how this learning occurs. Here, in a functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI) study of higher-order aversive conditioning, we describe a key computational strategy that humans use to learn predictions about pain. We show that neural activity in the ventral striatum and the anterior insula displays a marked correspondence to the signals for sequential learning predicted by temporal difference models. This result reveals a flexible aversive learning process ideally suited to the changing and uncertain nature of real-world environments. Taken with existing data on reward learning(2), our results suggest a critical role for the ventral striatum in integrating complex appetitive and aversive predictions to coordinate behaviour.
C1 Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   Gatsby Computat Neurosci Unit, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   Univ Manchester, Ctr Rheumat Dis, Hope Hosp, Manchester M6 8HD, Lancs, England.
   Fdn Santa Lucia, I-00179 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of Manchester; IRCCS Santa Lucia
RP Seymour, B (corresponding author), Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, 12 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
EM bseymour@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 477
Z9 543
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/nature02581
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600042
PM 15190354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levrard, B
   Forget, F
   Montmessin, F
   Laskar, J
AF Levrard, B
   Forget, F
   Montmessin, F
   Laskar, J
TI Recent ice-rich deposits formed at high latitudes on Mars by sublimation of unstable equatorial ice during low obliquity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaotic obliquity; near-surface; circulation; hydrogen
AB Observations from the gamma-ray spectrometer instrument suite on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft have been interpreted as indicating the presence of vast reservoirs of near-surface ice in high latitudes of both martian hemispheres(1-5). Ice concentrations are estimated to range from 70 per cent at 60degrees latitude to 100 per cent near the poles, possibly overlain by a few centimetres of ice-free material in most places(4). This result is supported by morphological evidence of metres-thick layered deposits that are rich in water-ice(6-9) and periglacial-like features(10,11) found only difficult to accommodate with such processes(9,13,14). Alternatively, there are suggestions that ice-rich deposits form by transport of ice from polar reservoirs and direct redeposition in high latitudes during periods of higher obliquity(9,13), but these results have been difficult to reproduce with other models. Here we propose instead that, during periods of low obliquity ( less than 25degrees), high-latitude ice deposits form in both hemispheres by direct deposition of ice, as a result of sublimation from an equatorial ice reservoir that formed earlier, during a prolonged high-obliquity excursion. Using the ice accumulation rates estimated from global climate model simulations we show that, over the past ten million years, large variations of Mars' obliquity have allowed the formation of such metres-thick, sedimentary layered deposits in high latitude and polar regions.
C1 IMC, CNRS, UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75005 Paris, France.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Sorbonne Universite; Sorbonne Universite; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Levrard, B (corresponding author), ENS Lyon, UCBL, UMR 5570, Lab Planetol & Teledetect, 43 Blvd 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
EM blevrard@imcce.fr
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1072
EP 1075
DI 10.1038/nature03055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800033
PM 15510141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, J
   Canning, J
   Kaneko, T
   Pru, JK
   Tilly, JL
AF Johnson, J
   Canning, J
   Kaneko, T
   Pru, JK
   Tilly, JL
TI Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meiotic recombination; primordial follicles; homing efficiency; gene-expression; mice; mouse; protein; transplantation; apoptosis; prophase
AB A basic doctrine of reproductive biology is that most mammalian females lose the capacity for germ-cell renewal during fetal life, such that a fixed reserve of germ cells (oocytes) enclosed within follicles is endowed at birth. Here we show that juvenile and adult mouse ovaries possess mitotically active germ cells that, based on rates of oocyte degeneration (atresia) and clearance, are needed to continuously replenish the follicle pool. Consistent with this, treatment of prepubertal female mice with the mitotic germ-cell toxicant busulphan eliminates the primordial follicle reserve by early adulthood without inducing atresia. Furthermore, we demonstrate cells expressing the meiotic entry marker synaptonemal complex protein 3 in juvenile and adult mouse ovaries. Wild-type ovaries grafted into transgenic female mice with ubiquitous expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) become infiltrated with GFP-positive germ cells that form follicles. Collectively, these data establish the existence of proliferative germ cells that sustain oocyte and follicle production in the postnatal mammalian ovary.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Vincent Ctr Reprod Biol, Vincent Obstet & Gynecol Serv, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Tilly, JL (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Vincent Ctr Reprod Biol, Vincent Obstet & Gynecol Serv, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM jtilly@partners.org
NR 50
TC 937
Z9 1128
U1 3
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 145
EP 150
DI 10.1038/nature02316
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600039
PM 15014492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qi, MH
   Lidorikis, E
   Rakich, PT
   Johnson, SG
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Ippen, EP
   Smith, HI
AF Qi, MH
   Lidorikis, E
   Rakich, PT
   Johnson, SG
   Joannopoulos, JD
   Ippen, EP
   Smith, HI
TI A three-dimensional optical photonic crystal with designed point defects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bandgap crystals; fabrication; lithography; wavelengths; scale; gap
AB Photonic crystals(1-3) offer unprecedented opportunities for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. They also exhibit a variety of new physical phenomena, including suppression or enhancement of spontaneous emission, low-threshold lasing, and quantum information processing(4). Various techniques for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals-such as silicon micromachining(5), wafer fusion bonding(6), holographic lithography(7), self-assembly(8,9), angled-etching(10), micromanipulation(11), glancing-angle deposition(12) and autocloning(13,14)-have been proposed and demonstrated with different levels of success. However, a critical step towards the fabrication of functional 3D devices, that is, the incorporation of microcavities or waveguides in a controllable way, has not been achieved at optical wavelengths. Here we present the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals that are particularly suited for optical device integration using a lithographic layer-by-layer approach(15). Point-defect microcavities are introduced during the fabrication process and optical measurements show they have resonant signatures around telecommunications wavelengths (1.3-1.5 mum). Measurements of reflectance and transmittance at near-infrared are in good agreement with numerical simulations.
C1 MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Qi, MH (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mqi@alum.mit.edu
NR 25
TC 438
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 181
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 538
EP 542
DI 10.1038/nature02575
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700033
PM 15175746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Ageing: Growing old gracefully
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer protein; human longevity; locus; model
NR 18
TC 34
Z9 36
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 116
EP 118
DI 10.1038/428116a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600014
PM 15014466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Als, TD
   Vila, R
   Kandul, NP
   Nash, DR
   Yen, SH
   Hsu, YF
   Mignault, AA
   Boomsma, JJ
   Pierce, NE
AF Als, TD
   Vila, R
   Kandul, NP
   Nash, DR
   Yen, SH
   Hsu, YF
   Mignault, AA
   Boomsma, JJ
   Pierce, NE
TI The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID myrmica host ants; maculinea-alcon; specificity; lepidoptera; formicidae; lycaenidae; adoption
AB Large blue (Maculinea) butterflies are highly endangered throughout the Palaearctic region, and have been the focus of intense conservation research(1-3). In addition, their extraordinary parasitic lifestyles make them ideal for studies of life history evolution. Early instars consume flower buds of specific host plants, but later instars live in ant nests where they either devour the brood (predators), or are fed mouth-to-mouth by the adult ants (cuckoos). Here we present the phylogeny for the group, which shows that it is a monophyletic clade nested within Phengaris, a rare Oriental genus whose species have similar life histories(4,5). Cuckoo species are likely to have evolved from predatory ancestors. As early as five million years ago, two Maculinea clades diverged, leading to the different parasitic strategies seen in the genus today. Contrary to current belief, the two recognized cuckoo species show little genetic divergence and are probably a single ecologically differentiated species(6-10). On the other hand, some of the predatory morphospecies exhibit considerable genetic divergence and may contain cryptic species. These findings have important implications for conservation and reintroduction efforts.
C1 Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Ecol & Genet, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Biol, Dept Populat Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Life Sci, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
C3 Harvard University; Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen; Imperial College London; National Sun Yat Sen University; National Taiwan Normal University
RP Pierce, NE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM npierce@fas.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 386
EP 390
DI 10.1038/nature03020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400054
PM 15549104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JH
   Zhao, YS
AF Zhang, JH
   Zhao, YS
TI RETRACTED: Formation of zirconium metallic glass (Retracted Article. See vol 437, pg 1057, 2005)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID pressure-induced amorphization; bcc phase-transition; amorphous-alloys; decomposition; zr; crystallization; phonons; liquids; model
AB Bulk metallic glasses are commonly produced by the rapid cooling of liquid alloys(1). They have emerged over the past decade as a novel class of materials, with attractive properties and technological promise(1,2). The bulk metallic glasses so far produced contain three or more component elements(3,4). These complex compositions are necessary to frustrate the crystallization of the liquid melt on cooling, but can also lead to phase separation, which is detrimental to the thermal and mechanical properties of metallic glasses(5-8). Here we report, using X-ray diffraction measurements, the formation of a bulk metallic glass from elemental zirconium at high static pressures and low temperatures ( relative to its melting temperature at atmospheric pressure). Amorphous zirconium can be recovered at ambient conditions and demonstrates a superior thermal stability compared to amorphous alloys(3,9), which could lead to new high-temperature applications of amorphous metals.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Zhang, JH (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, LANSCE Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM jzhang@lanl.gov
NR 28
TC 48
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 332
EP 335
DI 10.1038/nature02715
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200036
PM 15254533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, ZY
   Moore, PH
   Ma, H
   Ackerman, CM
   Ragiba, M
   Yu, QY
   Pearl, HM
   Kim, MS
   Charlton, JW
   Stiles, JI
   Zee, FT
   Paterson, AH
   Ming, R
AF Liu, ZY
   Moore, PH
   Ma, H
   Ackerman, CM
   Ragiba, M
   Yu, QY
   Pearl, HM
   Kim, MS
   Charlton, JW
   Stiles, JI
   Zee, FT
   Paterson, AH
   Ming, R
TI A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome; sequences; silene; gene
AB Many diverse systems for sex determination have evolved in plants and animals(1-3). One involves physically distinct ( heteromorphic) sex chromosomes ( X and Y, or Z and W) that are homozygous in one sex ( usually female) and heterozygous in the other ( usually male). Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes, rendering permanently heterozygous a chromosomal region that may then accumulate deleterious recessive mutations by Muller's ratchet, and fix deleterious mutations by hitchhiking as nearby favourable mutations are selected on the Y chromosome(4,5). Over time, these processes may cause the Y chromosome to degenerate and to diverge from the X chromosome over much of its length; for example, only 5% of the human Y chromosome still shows X - Y recombination(6). Here we show that papaya contains a primitive Y chromosome, with a male-specific region that accounts for only about 10% of the chromosome but has undergone severe recombination suppression and DNA sequence degeneration. This finding provides direct evidence for the origin of sex chromosomes from autosomes.
C1 Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA.
   ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Bioengn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Integrated Coffee Technol Inc, Waialua, HI 96791 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of Hawaii System; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Ming, R (corresponding author), Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA.
EM rming@harc-hspa.com
NR 30
TC 304
Z9 370
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 348
EP 352
DI 10.1038/nature02228
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200040
PM 14737167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Denver, DR
   Morris, K
   Lynch, M
   Thomas, WK
AF Denver, DR
   Morris, K
   Lynch, M
   Thomas, WK
TI High mutation rate and predominance of insertions in the Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; dna-sequences; evolution; selection; nucleotide; genes
AB Mutations have pivotal functions in the onset of genetic diseases and are the fundamental substrate for evolution. However, present estimates of the spontaneous mutation rate and spectrum are derived from indirect and biased measurements. For instance, mutation rate estimates for Caenorhabditis elegans are extrapolated from observations on a few genetic loci with visible phenotypes and vary over an order of magnitude(1). Alternative approaches in mammals, relying on phylogenetic comparisons of pseudogene loci(2) and fourfold degenerate codon positions(3), suffer from uncertainties in the actual number of generations separating the compared species and the inability to exclude biases associated with natural selection. Here we provide a direct and unbiased estimate of the nuclear mutation rate and its molecular spectrum with a set of C. elegans mutation-accumulation lines that reveal a mutation rate about tenfold higher than previous indirect estimates and an excess of insertions over deletions. Because deletions dominate patterns of C. elegans pseudogene variation(4,5), our observations indicate that natural selection might be significant in promoting small genome size, and challenge the prevalent assumption that pseudogene divergence accurately reflects the spontaneous mutation spectrum.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Hubbard Ctr Genome Studies, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Denver, DR (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM ddenver@bio.indiana.edu
NR 29
TC 279
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 679
EP 682
DI 10.1038/nature02697
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400046
PM 15295601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kers, JA
   Wach, MJ
   Krasnoff, SB
   Widom, J
   Cameron, KD
   Bukhalid, RA
   Gibson, DM
   Crane, BR
   Loria, R
AF Kers, JA
   Wach, MJ
   Krasnoff, SB
   Widom, J
   Cameron, KD
   Bukhalid, RA
   Gibson, DM
   Crane, BR
   Loria, R
TI Nitration of a peptide phytotoxin by bacterial nitric oxide synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; thaxtomin; biosynthesis; expression; genes
AB Nitric oxide ( NO) is a potent intercellular signal in mammals that mediates key aspects of blood pressure, hormone release, nerve transmission and the immune response of higher organisms(1-4). Proteins homologous to full-length mammalian nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are found in lower multicellular organisms(5). Recently, genome sequencing has shown that some bacteria contain genes coding for truncated NOS proteins; this is consistent with reports of NOS-like activities in bacterial extracts(6,7). Biological functions for bacterial NOSs are unknown, but have been presumed to be analogous to their role in mammals. Here we describe a gene in the plant pathogen Streptomyces turgidiscabies that encodes a NOS homologue, and we reveal its role in nitrating a dipeptide phytotoxin required for plant pathogenicity(8). High similarity between bacterial NOSs indicates a general function in biosynthetic nitration; thus, bacterial NOSs constitute a new class of enzymes(9-11). Here we show that the primary function of Streptomyces NOS is radically different from that of mammalian NOS. Surprisingly, mammalian NO signalling and bacterial biosynthetic nitration share an evolutionary origin.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Cornell University
RP Loria, R (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM rl21@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6987
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/nature02504
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 818CB
UT WOS:000221222100048
PM 15129284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hallett, TB
   Coulson, T
   Pilkington, JG
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Pemberton, JM
   Grenfell, BT
AF Hallett, TB
   Coulson, T
   Pilkington, JG
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Pemberton, JM
   Grenfell, BT
TI Why large-scale climate indices seem to predict ecological processes better than local weather
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; population-dynamics; cohort variation; red deer; density; fluctuations; survival
AB Large-scale climatic indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation(1) are associated with population dynamics(2), variation in demographic rates(3) and values of phenotypic traits(4,5) in many species. Paradoxically, these large-scale indices can seem to be better predictors of ecological processes than local climate(5-8). Using detailed data from a population of Soay sheep(9,10), we show that high rainfall, high winds or low temperatures at any time during a 3-month period can cause mortality either immediately or lagged by a few days. Most measures of local climate used by ecologists fail to capture such complex associations between weather and ecological process, and this may help to explain why large-scale, seasonal indices of climate spanning several months can outperform local climatic factors. Furthermore, we show why an understanding of the mechanism by which climate influences population ecology is important. Through simulation we demonstrate that the timing of bad weather within a period of mortality can have an important modifying influence on intra-specific competition for food, revealing an interaction between climate and density dependence(11) that the use of large-scale climatic indices or inappropriate local weather variables might obscure.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh
RP Coulson, T (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
EM t.coulson@imperial.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 448
Z9 502
U1 1
U2 182
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature02708
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800044
PM 15229599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobasa, D
   Takada, A
   Shinya, K
   Hatta, M
   Halfmann, P
   Theriault, S
   Suzuki, H
   Nishimura, H
   Mitamura, K
   Sugaya, N
   Usui, T
   Murata, T
   Maeda, Y
   Watanabe, S
   Suresh, M
   Suzuki, T
   Suzuki, Y
   Feldmann, H
   Kawaoka, Y
AF Kobasa, D
   Takada, A
   Shinya, K
   Hatta, M
   Halfmann, P
   Theriault, S
   Suzuki, H
   Nishimura, H
   Mitamura, K
   Sugaya, N
   Usui, T
   Murata, T
   Maeda, Y
   Watanabe, S
   Suresh, M
   Suzuki, T
   Suzuki, Y
   Feldmann, H
   Kawaoka, Y
TI Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infection; cytokine; pathogenicity; responses; protein; genes
AB The 'Spanish' influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in recorded history. At least 20 million people(1) died from their illness, which was characterized by an unusually severe and rapid clinical course. The complete sequencing of several genes of the 1918 influenza virus has made it possible to study the functions of the proteins encoded by these genes in viruses generated by reverse genetics, a technique that permits the generation of infectious viruses entirely from cloned complementary DNA. Thus, to identify properties of the 1918 pandemic influenza A strain that might be related to its extraordinary virulence, viruses were produced containing the viral haemagglutinin(2) (HA) and neuraminidase(3) (NA) genes of the 1918 strain. The HA of this strain supports the pathogenicity of a mouse-adapted virus in this animal(4,5). Here we demonstrate that the HA of the 1918 virus confers enhanced pathogenicity in mice to recent human viruses that are otherwise non-pathogenic in this host. Moreover, these highly virulent recombinant viruses expressing the 1918 viral HA could infect the entire lung and induce high levels of macrophage-derived chemokines and cytokines, which resulted in infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe haemorrhage, hallmarks of the illness produced during the original pandemic(6).
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Div Virol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Hlth Canada, Natl Microbiol Lab, Special Pathogens Program, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
   Univ Manitoba, Dept Med Microbiol, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada.
   Niigata Univ, Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Niigata 9518510, Japan.
   Sendai Natl Hosp, Div Clin Res, Viral Res Ctr, Sendai, Miyagi 9838520, Japan.
   Nippon Kokan Ltd Co Hosp, Dept Pediat, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2100852, Japan.
   Univ Shizuoka, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan.
   Univ Shizuoka, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Biochem, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
   COE Program 21st Century, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Health Canada; University of Manitoba; Niigata University; University of Shizuoka; University of Shizuoka
RP Kawaoka, Y (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM kawaokay@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 377
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7009
BP 703
EP 707
DI 10.1038/nature02951
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 859WS
UT WOS:000224299300044
PM 15470432
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christensen, UR
   Tilgner, A
AF Christensen, UR
   Tilgner, A
TI Power requirement of the geodynamo from ohmic losses in numerical and laboratory dynamos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths core; 2-scale dynamo; magnetic-field; potassium; evolution; model; heat
AB In the Earth's fluid outer core, a dynamo process converts thermal and gravitational energy into magnetic energy. The power needed to sustain the geomagnetic field is set by the ohmic losses (dissipation due to electrical resistance)(1). Recent estimates of ohmic losses cover a wide range, from 0.1 to 3.5 TW, or roughly 0.3 - 10% of the Earth's surface heat flow(1-4). The energy requirement of the dynamo puts constraints on the thermal budget and evolution of the core through Earth's history(1-5). Here we use a set of numerical dynamo models to derive scaling relations between the core's characteristic dissipation time and the core's magnetic and hydrodynamic Reynolds numbers dimensionless numbers that measure the ratio of advective transport to magnetic and viscous diffusion, respectively. The ohmic dissipation of the Karlsruhe dynamo experiment(6) supports a simple dependence on the magnetic Reynolds number alone, indicating that flow turbulence in the experiment and in the Earth's core has little influence on its characteristic dissipation time. We use these results to predict moderate ohmic dissipation in the range of 0.2-0.5 TW, which removes the need for strong radioactive heating in the core(7) and allows the age of the solid inner core to exceed 2.5 billion years.
C1 Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Geophys, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Gottingen
RP Christensen, UR (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Aeron, Max Planck Str 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM Christensen@linmpi.mpg.de
NR 21
TC 174
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6988
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature02508
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 819ZU
UT WOS:000221356300037
PM 15141208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maiolino, R
   Schneider, R
   Oliva, E
   Bianchi, S
   Ferrara, A
   Mannucci, F
   Pedani, M
   Sogorb, MR
AF Maiolino, R
   Schneider, R
   Oliva, E
   Bianchi, S
   Ferrara, A
   Mannucci, F
   Pedani, M
   Sogorb, MR
TI A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early star-formation; distant quasars; ii supernovae; evolution; emission; grains
AB Interstellar dust plays a crucial role in the evolution of the Universe by assisting the formation of molecules(1), by triggering the formation of the first low-mass stars(2), and by absorbing stellar ultraviolet - optical light and subsequently re-emitting it at infrared/millimetre wavelengths. Dust is thought to be produced predominantly in the envelopes of evolved ( age > 1 Gyr), low-mass stars(3). This picture has, however, recently been brought into question by the discovery of large masses of dust in the host galaxies of quasars(4,5) at redshift z > 6, when the age of the Universe was less than 1 Gyr. Theoretical studies(6-8), corroborated by observations of nearby supernova remnants(9-11), have suggested that supernovae provide a fast and efficient dust formation environment in the early Universe. Here we report infrared observations of a quasar at redshift 6.2, which are used to obtain directly its dust extinction curve. We then show that such a curve is in excellent agreement with supernova dust models. This result demonstrates a supernova origin for dust in this high-redshift quasar, from which we infer that most of the dust at high redshifts probably has the same origin.
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   CNR, IRA, Sez Firenze, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Enrico Fermi Ctr, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Telescopio Nazl Galileo, Santa Cruz De La Palma 38700, Spain.
   Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, Int Sch Adv Studies, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ La Laguna, Astrofis Fco Sanchez, E-38206 Tenerife, Spain.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); Universidad de la Laguna
RP Maiolino, R (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM maiolino@arcetri.astro.it
NR 25
TC 260
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 533
EP 535
DI 10.1038/nature02930
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700036
PM 15457250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tudosa, I
   Stamm, C
   Kashuba, AB
   King, F
   Siegmann, HC
   Stöhr, J
   Ju, G
   Lu, B
   Weller, D
AF Tudosa, I
   Stamm, C
   Kashuba, AB
   King, F
   Siegmann, HC
   Stöhr, J
   Ju, G
   Lu, B
   Weller, D
TI The ultimate speed of magnetic switching in granular recording media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field pulses; reversal
AB In magnetic memory devices, logical bits are recorded by selectively setting the magnetization vector of individual magnetic domains either 'up' or 'down'. In such devices, the fastest and most efficient recording method involves precessional switching(1-4): when a magnetic field B-p is applied as a write pulse over a period tau, the magnetization vector precesses about the field until B(p)tau reaches the threshold value at which switching occurs. Increasing the amplitude of the write pulse B-p might therefore substantially shorten the required switching time tau and allow for faster magnetic recording. Here we use very short pulses of a very high magnetic field(5) to show that under these extreme conditions, precessional switching in magnetic media supporting high bit densities no longer takes place at well-defined field strengths; instead, switching occurs randomly within a wide range of magnetic fields. We attribute this behaviour to a momentary collapse of the ferromagnetic order of the spins under the load of the short and high-field pulse, thus establishing an ultimate limit to the speed of deterministic switching and magnetic recording.
C1 Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117940, Russia.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Linear Accelerator Ctr, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Seagate Technol LLC, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Seagate Technology
RP Stöhr, J (corresponding author), Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, POB 20450, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
EM stohr@slac.stanford.edu
NR 14
TC 253
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 831
EP 833
DI 10.1038/nature02438
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300033
PM 15103370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fotin, A
   Cheng, YF
   Grigorieff, N
   Walz, T
   Harrison, SC
   Kirchhausen, T
AF Fotin, A
   Cheng, YF
   Grigorieff, N
   Walz, T
   Harrison, SC
   Kirchhausen, T
TI Structure of an auxilin-bound clathrin coat and its implications for the mechanism of uncoating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; dissociation; vesicles; hsc70; identification; complex; atpase
AB Clathrin-coated pits invaginate from specific membrane compartments and pinch off as coated vesicles. These vesicles then uncoat rapidly once released. The Hsc70 molecular chaperone effects the uncoating reaction, and is guided to appropriate locations on clathrin lattices by the J-domain-containing co-chaperone molecule auxilin(1-4). This raises the question of how a local event such as ATP hydrolysis by Hsc70 can catalyse a global disassembly. Here, we have used electron cryomicroscopy to determine 12-Angstrom-resolution structures of in-vitro-assembled clathrin coats in association with a carboxy-terminal fragment of auxilin that contains both the clathrin-binding region and the J domain. We have located the auxilin fragment by computing differences between these structures and those lacking auxilin (described in an accompanying paper(5)). Auxilin binds within the clathrin lattice near contacts between an inward-projecting C-terminal helical tripod and the crossing of two 'ankle' segments; it also contacts the terminal domain of yet another clathrin 'leg'. It therefore recruits Hsc70 to the neighbourhood of a set of critical interactions. Auxilin binding produces a local change in heavy-chain contacts, creating a detectable global distortion of the clathrin coat. We propose a mechanism by which local destabilization of the lattice promotes general uncoating.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Biophys Grad Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School
RP Kirchhausen, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Kirchhausen@crystal.harvard.edu
NR 18
TC 129
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 649
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature03078
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200052
PM 15502813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabrielli, P
   Barbante, C
   Plane, JMC
   Varga, A
   Hong, S
   Cozzi, G
   Gaspari, V
   Planchon, FAM
   Cairns, W
   Ferrari, C
   Crutzen, P
   Cescon, P
   Boutron, CF
AF Gabrielli, P
   Barbante, C
   Plane, JMC
   Varga, A
   Hong, S
   Cozzi, G
   Gaspari, V
   Planchon, FAM
   Cairns, W
   Ferrari, C
   Crutzen, P
   Cescon, P
   Boutron, CF
TI Meteoric smoke fallout over the Holocene epoch revealed by iridium and platinum in Greenland ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accretion rate; antarctic ice; particles; dust; core; climate; polar; gisp2; flux
AB An iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer has been attributed to an extraterrestrial body that struck the Earth some 65 million years ago(1). It has been suggested that, during this event, the carrier of iridium was probably a micrometre-sized silicate-enclosed aggregate(2) or the nanophase material of the vaporized impactor(3). But the fate of platinum-group elements ( such as iridium) that regularly enter the atmosphere via ablating meteoroids remains largely unknown. Here we report a record of iridium and platinum fluxes on a climatic-cycle timescale, back to 128,000 years ago, from a Greenland ice core(4). We find that unexpectedly constant fallout of extraterrestrial matter to Greenland occurred during the Holocene, whereas a greatly enhanced input of terrestrial iridium and platinum masked the cosmic flux in the dust-laden atmosphere of the last glacial age. We suggest that nanometresized meteoric smoke particles(5,6), formed from the recondensation of ablated meteoroids in the atmosphere at altitudes > 70 kilometres, are transported into the winter polar vortices by the mesospheric meridional circulation(7) and are preferentially deposited in the polar ice caps. This implies an average global fallout of 14 +/- 5 kilotons per year of meteoric smoke during the Holocene.
C1 Univ Venice, Dept Environm Sci, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
   Univ Venice, Inst Dynam Environm Proc, CNR, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
   Univ Grenoble 1, UMR CNRS 5183, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Korea Ocean Res & Dev Inst, Korea Polar Res Inst, Seoul 425600, South Korea.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Inst Univ France, Ecole Polytech Univ Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, Atmospher Div, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Inst Univ France, Observ Sci Univers, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Unite Format & Rech Phys, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
C3 Universita Ca Foscari Venezia; Universita Ca Foscari Venezia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (IDPA-CNR); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of East Anglia; Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI); Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST); Institut Universitaire de France; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Max Planck Society; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Institut Universitaire de France; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
RP Barbante, C (corresponding author), Univ Venice, Dept Environm Sci, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
EM barbante@unive.it
NR 30
TC 114
Z9 127
U1 3
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1011
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/nature03137
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000037
PM 15616558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, JS
   Ishii, T
   Feinstein, P
   Mombaerts, P
AF Li, JS
   Ishii, T
   Feinstein, P
   Mombaerts, P
TI Odorant receptor gene choice is reset by nuclear transfer from mouse olfactory sensory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; mice; vomeronasal; deficient; glomeruli; proteins; cloning; codes
AB Of the,1,000 odorant receptor ( OR) genes in the mouse genome, an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) is thought to express one gene, from one allele. This is reminiscent of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, which undergo DNA rearrangements in lymphocytes. Here, we test the hypothesis that OR gene choice is controlled by DNA rearrangements in OSNs. Using permanent genetic marking, we show that the choice by an OSN to express an allele of the OR gene M71 is irreversible. Using M71-expressing OSNs as donors for nuclear transfer, we generate blastocysts, embryonic stem (ntES) cell lines and clonal mice. DNA analysis of these cell lines, whose genome is clonally derived from an M71-expressing OSN, does not reveal DNA rearrangements or sequence alterations at the M71 locus. OSNs that differentiate from ntES cells after injection into blastocysts are not restricted to expression of M71 but can express other OR genes. Thus, M71 gene choice is irreversible but is reset upon nuclear transfer, and is not accompanied by genomic alterations.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Mombaerts, P (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM peter@rockefeller.edu
NR 39
TC 214
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 393
EP 399
DI 10.1038/nature02433
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300033
PM 15042081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, ZF
   Yan, HC
   Wang, KB
   Kuang, TY
   Zhang, JP
   Gui, LL
   An, XM
   Chang, WR
AF Liu, ZF
   Yan, HC
   Wang, KB
   Kuang, TY
   Zhang, JP
   Gui, LL
   An, XM
   Chang, WR
TI Crystal structure of spinach major light-harvesting complex at 2.72 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carotenoid-binding-sites; 3-dimensional structure; xanthophyll cycle; energy-transfer; protein; lhcii; photoprotection; fluorescence; program; plants
AB The major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHC-II) serves as the principal solar energy collector in the photosynthesis of green plants and presumably also functions in photoprotection under high-light conditions. Here we report the first X-ray structure of LHC-II in icosahedral proteoliposome assembly at atomic detail. One asymmetric unit of a large R32 unit cell contains ten LHC-II monomers. The 14 chlorophylls (Chl) in each monomer can be unambiguously distinguished as eight Chla and six Chlb molecules. Assignment of the orientation of the transition dipole moment of each chlorophyll has been achieved. All Chlb are located around the interface between adjacent monomers, and together with Chla they are the basis for efficient light harvesting. Four carotenoid-binding sites per monomer have been observed. The xanthophyll-cycle carotenoid at the monomer - monomer interface may be involved in the non-radiative dissipation of excessive energy, one of the photoprotective strategies that have evolved in plants.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Natl Lab Biomacromol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Lab Photosynth & Environm Mol Physiol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Botany, CAS
RP Chang, WR (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Natl Lab Biomacromol, 15 Datun Rd,Chaoyang Dist, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
EM wrchang@sun5.ibp.ac.cn
NR 42
TC 1471
Z9 1657
U1 8
U2 470
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 287
EP 292
DI 10.1038/nature02373
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200035
PM 15029188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rasa, M
   Philipse, AP
AF Rasa, M
   Philipse, AP
TI Evidence for a macroscopic electric field in the sedimentation profiles of charged colloids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silica spheres; organic-solvent; equilibrium; suspensions
AB The determination of molecular masses from barometric sedimentation profiles, a main topic in ultracentrifugal analysis, is thought to be quantitatively correct for non-interacting particles(1,2). Whereas this expectation is justified for uncharged colloids or macromolecules at low volume fractions, early ultracentrifugation studies(3) on charged particles had already indicated that the obtained masses might be much too low. More recently, expanded sedimentation profiles have been observed for charged particles(4,5), sometimes inflated by orders of magnitude(5) relative to the barometric prediction, which highlights a shortcoming in our understanding of centrifugation of even very dilute charged species(5). Theory(6) and simulations(7), anticipated by various authors(4,8,9), now propose that strongly non-barometric sedimentation profiles might be caused by an internal macroscopic electric field that, even for non-interacting particles, significantly decreases the buoyant particle mass. The existence of this field and its intriguing consequences still lack experimental verification. Here we report ultracentrifugation experiments on charged colloidal silica spheres, showing both the existence of such a macroscopic electric field and its drastic effects on the sedimentation profiles of very dilute dispersions at low ionic strength.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Vant Hoff Lab Phys & Colloid Chem, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University
RP Philipse, AP (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Vant Hoff Lab Phys & Colloid Chem, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM a.p.philipse@chem.uu.nl
NR 17
TC 87
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 857
EP 860
DI 10.1038/nature02672
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000037
PM 15215860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Picard, F
   Kurtev, M
   Chung, NJ
   Topark-Ngarm, A
   Senawong, T
   de Oliveira, RM
   Leid, M
   McBurney, MW
   Guarente, L
AF Picard, F
   Kurtev, M
   Chung, NJ
   Topark-Ngarm, A
   Senawong, T
   de Oliveira, RM
   Leid, M
   McBurney, MW
   Guarente, L
TI Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerevisiae life-span; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; calorie restriction; transcription factors; insulin-resistance; 3t3-l1 adipocytes; adipose-tissue; receptor; differentiation; adipogenesis
AB Calorie restriction extends lifespan in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals(1). In yeast, the SIR2 gene mediates the life-extending effects of calorie restriction(2). Here we show that the mammalian SIR2 orthologue, Sirt1 (sirtuin 1), activates a critical component of calorie restriction in mammals; that is, fat mobilization in white adipocytes. Upon food withdrawal Sirt1 protein binds to and represses genes controlled by the fat regulator PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma), including genes mediating fat storage. Sirt1 represses PPAR-gamma by docking with its cofactors NCoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) and SMRT ( silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors). Mobilization of fatty acids from white adipocytes upon fasting is compromised in Sirt1(+/-) mice. Repression of PPAR-gamma by Sirt1 is also evident in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, where overexpression of Sirt1 attenuates adipogenesis, and RNA interference of Sirt1 enhances it. In differentiated fat cells, upregulation of Sirt1 triggers lipolysis and loss of fat. As a reduction in fat is sufficient to extend murine lifespan(3), our results provide a possible molecular pathway connecting calorie restriction to life extension in mammals.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Mol Pharmacol Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Environm Hlth Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Porto, ICBAS, Grad Program Basic & Appl Biol, P-4099003 Oporto, Portugal.
   Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Reg Canc Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1H 1C4, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 1C4, Canada.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Oregon State University; Oregon State University; Universidade do Porto; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM leng@mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM060852] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1702
Z9 1998
U1 3
U2 208
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 771
EP 776
DI 10.1038/nature02583
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900041
PM 15175761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harter, AV
   Gardner, KA
   Falush, D
   Lentz, DL
   Bye, RA
   Rieseberg, LH
AF Harter, AV
   Gardner, KA
   Falush, D
   Lentz, DL
   Bye, RA
   Rieseberg, LH
TI Origin of extant domesticated sunflowers in eastern North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multilocus genotype data; helianthus-annuus; agriculture; asteraceae; inference; evolution; relatives; plant
AB Eastern North America is one of at least six regions of the world where agriculture is thought to have arisen wholly independently(1-5). The primary evidence for this hypothesis derives from morphological changes in the archaeobotanical record of three important crops-squash, goosefoot and sunflower-as well as an extinct minor cultigen, sumpweed(1,3). However, the geographical origins of two of the three primary domesticates squash and goosefoot-are now debated(6,7), and until recently sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) has been considered the only undisputed eastern North American domesticate. The discovery of 4,000-year-old domesticated sunflower remains from San Andres, Tabasco(8,9), implies an earlier and possibly independent origin of domestication in Mexico and has stimulated a re-examination of the geographical origin of domesticated sunflower. Here we describe the genetic relationships and pattern of genetic drift between extant domesticated strains and wild populations collected from throughout the USA and Mexico. We show that extant domesticates arose in eastern North America, with a substantial genetic bottleneck(10) occurring during domestication.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
   Chicago Bot Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Biol, Jardin Bot Exterior, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Oxford; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Harter, AV (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM avharter@bio.indiana.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [069662] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 156
Z9 192
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 201
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature02710
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600042
PM 15241413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, LF
   Regehr, WG
AF Abbott, LF
   Regehr, WG
TI Synaptic computation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; endogenous cannabinoids; receptor desensitization; retrograde inhibition; depression; synapses; plasticity; release; calcium; information
AB Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volcani Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Abbott, LF (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volcani Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM abbott@brandeis.edu
NR 75
TC 1479
Z9 1669
U1 13
U2 445
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 796
EP 803
DI 10.1038/nature03010
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500036
PM 15483601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hrdy, I
   Hirt, RP
   Dolezal, P
   Bardonová, L
   Foster, PG
   Tachezy, J
   Embley, TM
AF Hrdy, I
   Hirt, RP
   Dolezal, P
   Bardonová, L
   Foster, PG
   Tachezy, J
   Embley, TM
TI Trichomonas hydrogenosomes contain the NADH dehydrogenase module of mitochondrial complex I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyruvate metabolism; vaginalis; evolution; eukaryote; chloroplasts; dna
AB Hydrogenosomes are double-membraned ATP-producing and hydrogen-producing organelles of diverse anaerobic eukaryotes(1). In some versions of endosymbiotic theory they are suggested to be homologues of mitochondria(2-4), but alternative views suggest they arose from an anaerobic bacterium that was distinct from the mitochondrial endosymbiont(5,6). Here we show that the 51-kDa and 24-kDa subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase module in complex I, the first step in the mitochondrial respiratory chain(7), are active in hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis. Like mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase, the purified Trichomonas enzyme can reduce a variety of electron carriers including ubiquinone, but unlike the mitochondrial enzyme it can also reduce ferredoxin, the electron carrier used(1) for hydrogen production. The presence of NADH dehydrogenase solves the long-standing conundrum of how hydrogenosomes regenerate NAD(+) after malate oxidation. Phylogenetic analyses show that the Trichomonas 51-kDa homologue shares common ancestry with the mitochondrial enzyme. Recruitment of complex I subunits into a H-2-producing pathway provides evidence that mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are aerobic and anaerobic homologues of the same endosymbiotically derived organelle.
C1 Charles Univ Prague, Dept Parasitol, CR-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Biol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Charles University Prague; Newcastle University - UK; Natural History Museum London
RP Tachezy, J (corresponding author), Charles Univ Prague, Dept Parasitol, Vinicna 7, CR-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
EM tachezy@natur.cuni.cz; martin.embley@ncl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7017
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/nature03149
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 875PL
UT WOS:000225433200045
PM 15577909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kassen, R
   Llewellyn, M
   Rainey, PB
AF Kassen, R
   Llewellyn, M
   Rainey, PB
TI Ecological constraints on diversification in a model adaptive radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; evolution; productivity; fitness
AB Taxonomic diversification commonly occurs through adaptive radiation, the rapid evolution of a single lineage into a range of genotypes or species each adapted to a different ecological niche(1,2). Radiation size (measured as the number of new types) varies widely between phylogenetically distinct taxa(2-4) and between replicate radiations within a single taxon where the ecological opportunities available seem to be identical(5,6). Here we show how variation in energy input (productivity) and environmental disturbance combine to determine the extent of diversification in a single radiating lineage of Pseudomonas fluorescens adapting to laboratory conditions. Diversity peaked at intermediate rates of both productivity and disturbance and declined towards the extremes in a manner reminiscent of well-known ecological patterns(7-9). The mechanism responsible for the decrease in diversity arises from pleiotropic fitness costs associated with niche specialization(10,11), the effects of which are modulated by gradients of productivity and disturbance. Our results indicate that ecological gradients may constrain the size of adaptive radiations, even in the presence of the strong diversifying selection associated with ecological opportunity, by decoupling evolutionary diversification from ecological coexistence.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Ctr Adv Res Environm Genom, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa; University of Auckland
RP Kassen, R (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM rkassen@uottawa.ca
NR 30
TC 79
Z9 95
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 984
EP 988
DI 10.1038/nature02923
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600044
PM 15496923
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU King, CY
   Diaz-Avalos, R
AF King, CY
   Diaz-Avalos, R
TI Protein-only transmission of three yeast prion strains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; propagation; hypothesis; psi(+); identification; replication; inheritance; determinant; induction; region
AB Key questions regarding the molecular nature of prions are how different prion strains can be propagated by the same protein and whether they are only protein(1-3). Here we demonstrate the protein-only nature of prion strains in a yeast model, the [ PSI] genetic element that enhances the read-through of nonsense mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(4,5). Infectious fibrous aggregates containing a Sup35 prion-determining amino-terminal fragment labelled with green fluorescent protein were purified from yeast harbouring distinctive prion strains. Using the infectious aggregates as 'seeds', elongated fibres were generated in vitro from the bacterially expressed labelled prion protein. De novo generation of strain-specific [ PSI] infectivity was demonstrated by introducing sheared fibres into uninfected yeast hosts. The cross-sectional morphology of the elongated fibres generated in vitro was indistinguishable from that of the short yeast seeds, as visualized by electron microscopy. Electron diffraction of the long fibres showed the 4.7 Angstrom spacing characteristic of the cross-beta structure of amyloids. The fact that the amyloid fibres nucleated in vitro propagate the strain-specific infectivity of the yeast seeds implies that the heritable inforletters mation of distinct prion strains must be encoded by different, self-propagating cross-beta folding patterns of the same prion protein.
C1 Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP King, CY (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM chihyen@sb.fsu.edu
NR 27
TC 404
Z9 459
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 319
EP 323
DI 10.1038/nature02391
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200044
PM 15029195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ackerman, AS
   Kirkpatrick, MP
   Stevens, DE
   Toon, OB
AF Ackerman, AS
   Kirkpatrick, MP
   Stevens, DE
   Toon, OB
TI The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine boundary-layer; stratocumulus; microphysics; parameterization; susceptibility; instability; simulation; dynamics; shallow; albedo
AB Some of the global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gases is offset by increased reflection of solar radiation by clouds with smaller droplets that form in air polluted with aerosol particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei(1). The resulting cooling tendency, termed the indirect aerosol forcing, is thought to be comparable in magnitude to the forcing by anthropogenic CO2, but it is difficult to estimate because the physical processes that determine global aerosol and cloud populations are poorly understood(2). Smaller cloud droplets not only reflect sunlight more effectively, but also inhibit precipitation, which is expected to result in increased cloud water(3,4). Such an increase in cloud water would result in even more reflective clouds, further increasing the indirect forcing. Marine boundary-layer clouds polluted by aerosol particles, however, are not generally observed to hold more water(5-7). Here we simulate stratocumulus clouds with a fluid dynamics model that includes detailed treatments of cloud microphysics and radiative transfer. Our simulations show that the response of cloud water to suppression of precipitation from increased droplet concentrations is determined by a competition between moistening from decreased surface precipitation and drying from increased entrainment of overlying air. Only when the overlying air is humid or droplet concentrations are very low does sufficient precipitation reach the surface to allow cloud water to increase with droplet concentrations. Otherwise, the response of cloud water to aerosol-induced suppression of precipitation is dominated by enhanced entrainment of overlying dry air. In this scenario, cloud water is reduced as droplet concentrations increase, which diminishes the indirect climate forcing.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94552 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; University of Tasmania; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Ackerman, AS (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM andrew.ackerman@nasa.gov
NR 33
TC 591
Z9 665
U1 4
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1014
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature03174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000038
PM 15616559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muller, DA
   Nakagawa, N
   Ohtomo, A
   Grazul, JL
   Hwang, HY
AF Muller, DA
   Nakagawa, N
   Ohtomo, A
   Grazul, JL
   Hwang, HY
TI Atomic-scale imaging of nanoengineered oxygen vacancy profiles in SrTiO3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID individual dopant atoms; electronic-structure; scattering; growth; tc
AB At the heart of modern oxide chemistry lies the recognition that beneficial ( as well as deleterious) materials properties can be obtained by deliberate deviations of oxygen atom occupancy from the ideal stoichiometry(1,2). Conversely, the capability to control and confine oxygen vacancies will be important to realize the full potential of perovskite ferroelectric materials, varistors and field-effect devices(3,4). In transition metal oxides, oxygen vacancies are generally electron donors, and in strontium titanate (SrTiO3) thin films, oxygen vacancies ( unlike impurity dopants) are particularly important because they tend to retain high carrier mobilities, even at high carrier densities(5). Here we report the successful fabrication, using a pulsed laser deposition technique, of SrTiO3 superlattice films with oxygen doping profiles that exhibit subnanometre abruptness. We profile the vacancy concentrations on an atomic scale using annular-dark-field electron microscopy and core-level spectroscopy, and demonstrate absolute detection sensitivities of one to four oxygen vacancies. Our findings open a pathway to the microscopic study of individual vacancies and their clustering, not only in oxides, but in crystalline materials more generally.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14583 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Chiba 2778561, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Cornell University; University of Tokyo; Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Muller, DA (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM davidm@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 611
Z9 702
U1 8
U2 636
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 657
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature02756
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400040
PM 15295595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raabe, R
   Sida, JL
   Charvet, JL
   Alamanos, N
   Angulo, C
   Casandjian, JM
   Courtin, S
   Drouart, A
   Durand, DJC
   Figuera, P
   Gillibert, A
   Heinrich, S
   Jouanne, C
   Lapoux, V
   Lepine-Szily, A
   Musumarra, A
   Nalpas, L
   Pierroutsakou, D
   Romoli, M
   Rusek, K
   Trotta, M
AF Raabe, R
   Sida, JL
   Charvet, JL
   Alamanos, N
   Angulo, C
   Casandjian, JM
   Courtin, S
   Drouart, A
   Durand, DJC
   Figuera, P
   Gillibert, A
   Heinrich, S
   Jouanne, C
   Lapoux, V
   Lepine-Szily, A
   Musumarra, A
   Nalpas, L
   Pierroutsakou, D
   Romoli, M
   Rusek, K
   Trotta, M
TI No enhancement of fusion probability by the neutron halo of 6He
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-barrier fusion; heavy-ion fusion; subbarrier fusion; coulomb barrier; nuclei; breakup; li-11
AB Quantum tunnelling through a potential barrier ( such as occurs in nuclear fusion) is very sensitive to the detailed structure of the system and its intrinsic degrees of freedom(1,2). A strong increase of the fusion probability has been observed for heavy deformed nuclei(3). In light exotic nuclei such as He-6, Li-11 and Be-11 ( termed 'halo' nuclei(4)), the neutron matter extends much further than the usual nuclear interaction scale. However, understanding the effect of the neutron halo on fusion has been controversial - it could induce a large enhancement of fusion(5), but alternatively the weak binding energy of the nuclei could inhibit the process(6). Other reaction channels known as direct processes ( usually negligible for ordinary nuclei) are also important: for example, a fragment of the halo nucleus could transfer to the target nucleus through a diminished potential barrier. Here we study the reactions of the halo nucleus He-6 with a U-238 target, at energies near the fusion barrier. Most of these reactions lead to fission of the system, which we use as an experimental signature to identify the contribution of the fusion and transfer channels to the total cross-section. At energies below the fusion barrier, we find no evidence for a substantial enhancement of fusion. Rather, the ( large) fission yield is due to a two-neutron transfer reaction, with other direct processes possibly also involved.
C1 CEA Saclay, DSM, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Kern & Stralingsfys, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Ctr Rech Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   GANIL, F-14076 Caen 5, France.
   CNRS, IN2P3, Inst Rech Subatom, F-67037 Strasbourg 2, France.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Sud, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-05389970 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Naples Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
   Andrzej Soltan Inst Nucl Studies, Dept Nucl React, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; KU Leuven; Universite Catholique Louvain; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Universidade de Sao Paulo; University of Naples Federico II; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies
RP Raabe, R (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, DSM, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM riccardo.raabe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
NR 29
TC 202
Z9 212
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/nature02984
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500041
PM 15483606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Recker, M
   Nee, S
   Bull, PC
   Kinyanjui, S
   Marsh, K
   Newbold, C
   Gupta, S
AF Recker, M
   Nee, S
   Bull, PC
   Kinyanjui, S
   Marsh, K
   Newbold, C
   Gupta, S
TI Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variant surface-antigens; plasmodium-falciparum infections; mathematical-model; antibody-responses; children; erythrocytes; dynamics; trypanosm; protection; selection
AB The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to prolong its duration of infection by antigenic variation of a major immune target on the surface of the infected red blood cell. This immune evasion strategy depends on the sequential, rather than simultaneous, appearance of immunologically distinct variants. Although the molecular mechanisms by which a single organism switches between variants are known in part(1-3), it remains unclear how an entire population of parasites within the host can synchronize expression to avoid rapidly exhausting the variant repertoire. Here we show that short-lived, partially cross-reactive immune responses to parasite-infected erythrocyte surface antigens can produce a cascade of sequentially dominant antigenic variants, each of which is the most immunologically distinct from its preceding types. This model reconciles several previously unexplained and apparently conflicting epidemiological observations by demonstrating that individuals with stronger cross-reactive immune responses can, paradoxically, be more likely to sustain chronic infections. Antigenic variation has always been seen as an adaptation of the parasite to evade host defence: we show that the coordination necessary for the success of this strategy might be provided by the host.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ashworth Labs, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Kilifi, Kenya.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Edinburgh; University of Oxford; Kenya Medical Research Institute
RP Gupta, S (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM sunetra.gupta@zoology.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 135
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 555
EP 558
DI 10.1038/nature02486
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700038
PM 15175751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langer, P
   Hogendoorn, K
   Keller, L
AF Langer, P
   Hogendoorn, K
   Keller, L
TI Tug-of-war over reproduction in a social bee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exoneura-bicolor hymenoptera; allodapine bee; skew models; animal society; evolution; associations; relatedness; behavior; tests
AB One of the main transitions in evolution is the shift from solitary organisms to societies with reproductive division of labour(1,2). Understanding social evolution requires us to determine how ecological, social and genetic factors jointly influence group stability and partitioning of reproduction between group members(3-8). Here we test the role of the three key factors predicted to influence social evolution by experimentally manipulating them in a social allodapine bee. We show that increased relatedness between nestmates results in more even reproduction among group members and a greater productivity per individual. By contrast, the degree of reproductive skew is not influenced by the opportunity for solitary breeding or by the potential benefits of cooperation. Relatedness also has a positive effect on group stability and overall productivity. These findings are in line with predictions of the tug-of-war models, in which the degree of reproductive division of labour is determined primarily by selfish competition between group members. The alternative view, where the degree of reproductive skew is the outcome of a social contract between potential breeders, was not supported by the data.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Biol Sci, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
C3 University of Lausanne; Flinders University
RP Langer, P (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Biol Bldg, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM Philipp.Langer@ie-zea.unil.ch; Laurent.Keller@ie-zea.unil.ch
NR 30
TC 88
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature02431
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300037
PM 15103374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yusa, K
   Horie, K
   Kondoh, G
   Kouno, M
   Maeda, Y
   Kinoshita, T
   Takeda, J
AF Yusa, K
   Horie, K
   Kondoh, G
   Kouno, M
   Maeda, Y
   Kinoshita, T
   Takeda, J
TI Genome-wide phenotype analysis in ES cells by regulated disruption of Bloom's syndrome gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; expression cloning; homologous recombination; mitotic recombination; human blastocysts; mice; screen; lines; locus; fate
AB The chief limitation of phenotype-based genetic screening in mammalian systems is the diploid nature of the genome. Cells deficient in the Bloom's syndrome gene (Blm) show an increased rate of loss of heterozygosity(1-3). Here we have used a tetracycline-regulated Blm allele (Blm(tet)) to introduce bi-allelic mutations across the genome in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Transient loss of Blm expression induces homologous recombination not only between sister chromatids but also between homologous chromosomes. We considered that the phenotype of ES cells bearing bi-allelic mutations would be maintained after withdrawal of the tetracycline analogue doxycycline. Indeed, a combination of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis and transient loss of Blm expression enabled us to generate an ES cell library with genome-wide bi-allelic mutations. The library was evaluated by screening for mutants of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis, which involves at least 23 genes distributed throughout the genome. Mutants derived from 12 different genes were obtained and two unknown mutants were simultaneously isolated. Our results indicate that phenotype-based genetic screening with Blm(tet) is very efficient and raises possibilities for identifying gene functions in ES cells.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Social & Environm Med, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Collaborat Res Ctr Adv Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Immunoregulat, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
RP Takeda, J (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Social & Environm Med, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM takeda@mr-envi.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 67
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 896
EP 899
DI 10.1038/nature02646
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000046
PM 15215867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, YH
   Li, MH
   Zhang, Y
   He, LL
   Yamada, Y
   Fitzmaurice, A
   Shen, Y
   Zhang, HL
   Tong, L
   Yang, J
AF Chen, YH
   Li, MH
   Zhang, Y
   He, LL
   Yamada, Y
   Fitzmaurice, A
   Shen, Y
   Zhang, HL
   Tong, L
   Yang, J
TI Structural basis of the α1-β subunit interaction of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanylate kinase; calcium-channels; proteins; identification; association; diffraction; domains; program; psd-95; models
AB High-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels are essential for diverse biological processes. They are composed of four or five subunits, including alpha(1), alpha(2)-delta, beta and gamma ( ref. 1). Their expression and function are critically dependent on the beta-subunit, which transports alpha(1) to the surfacemembrane and regulates diverse channel properties(2-4). It is believed(3-6) that the beta-subunit interacts with alpha(1) primarily through the beta-interaction domain (BID), which binds directly to the alpha-interaction domain (AID) of alpha(1)(7); however, the molecular mechanism of the alpha(1)-beta interaction is largely unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of the conserved core region of b 3, alone and in complex with AID, and of b 4 alone. The structures show that the beta-subunit core contains two interacting domains: a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and a guanylate kinase (GK) domain. The AID binds to a hydrophobic groove in the GK domain through extensive interactions, conferring extremely high affinity between alpha(1) and beta-subunits(4,8). The BID is essential both for the structural integrity of and for bridging the SH3 and GK domains, but it does not participate directly in binding alpha(1). The presence of multiple protein-interactingmodules in the beta-subunit opens a new dimension to its function as a multi-functional protein.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Yang, J (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM jy160@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 675
EP 680
DI 10.1038/nature02641
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600045
PM 15170217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, GN
   Evans, KA
AF Phillips, GN
   Evans, KA
TI Role of CO2 in the formation of gold deposits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partial molal property; witwatersrand basin; high-pressures; fluid; mineralization; transport; temperatures; ions
AB Much of global gold production has come from deposits with uneconomic concentrations of base metals, such as copper, lead and zinc(1). These 'gold-only' deposits are thought to have formed from hot, aqueous fluids rich in carbon dioxide(2), but only minor significance has been attached to the role of the CO2 in the process of gold transport. This is because chemical bonding between gold ions and CO2 species is not strong(3), and so it is unlikely that CO2 has a direct role in gold transport. An alternative indirect role for CO2 as a weak acid that buffers pH has also appeared unlikely, because previously inferred pH values for such gold-bearing fluids are variable(2,4,5,6). Here we show that such calculated pH values are unlikely to record conditions of gold transport, and propose that CO2 may play a critical role during gold transport by buffering the fluid in a pH range where elevated gold concentration can be maintained by complexation with reduced sulphur. Our conclusions, which are supported by geochemical modelling, may provide a platform for new gold exploration methods.
C1 Monash Univ, CSIRO, Sch Geosci, Div Explorat & Min, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
C3 Monash University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
EM neil.phillips@csiro.au
NR 27
TC 328
Z9 442
U1 6
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 860
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature02644
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000038
PM 15215861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gliki, G
   Ebnet, K
   Aurrand-Lions, M
   Imhof, BA
   Adams, RH
AF Gliki, G
   Ebnet, K
   Aurrand-Lions, M
   Imhof, BA
   Adams, RH
TI Spermatid differentiation requires the assembly of a cell polarity complex downstream of junctional adhesion molecule-C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial tight junction; jam family; roles; apkc; establishment; dynamics; nectin-2; acrosome; cdc42; par-6
AB During spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis, stem cells (spermatogonia) differentiate into spermatocytes, which subsequently undergo two consecutive meiotic divisions to give rise to haploid spermatids. These cells are initially round but progressively elongate, condense their nuclei, acquire flagellar and acrosomal structures, and shed a significant amount of their cytoplasm to form spermatozoa (the sperm cells) in a developmental cascade termed spermiogenesis(1,2). Defects in these processes will lead to a lack of mature sperm cells ( azoospermia), which is a major cause of male infertility in the human population(3). Here we report that a cell-surface protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C), is critically required for the differentiation of round spermatids into spermatozoa in mice. We found that Jam-C is essential for the polarization of round spermatids, a function that we attribute to its role in the assembly of a cell polarity complex.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Vasc Dev Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Univ Hosp Munster, Inst Cell Biol, ZMBE, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Univ Geneva, CMU, Dept Pathol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Geneva
RP Adams, RH (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Vasc Dev Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM ralf.adams@cancer.org.uk
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 320
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature02877
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000044
PM 15372036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brumfiel, G
AF Brumfiel, G
TI What's in a name?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 498
EP 499
DI 10.1038/430498a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100013
PM 15282576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hinkov, V
   Pailhès, S
   Bourges, P
   Sidis, Y
   Ivanov, A
   Kulakov, A
   Lin, CT
   Chen, DP
   Bernhard, C
   Keimer, B
AF Hinkov, V
   Pailhès, S
   Bourges, P
   Sidis, Y
   Ivanov, A
   Kulakov, A
   Lin, CT
   Chen, DP
   Bernhard, C
   Keimer, B
TI Two-dimensional geometry of spin excitations in the high-transition-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6+x
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-crystals; fluctuations
AB The fundamental building block of the copper oxide superconductors is a Cu4O4 square plaquette. The plaquettes in most of these materials are slightly distorted to forma rectangular lattice, for which an influential theory predicts that high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity is nucleated in 'stripes' aligned along one of the axes(1-3). This theory received strong support from experiments that indicated a one-dimensional character for the magnetic excitations in the high-T-c material YBa2Cu3O6.6 ( ref. 4). Here we report neutron scattering data on 'untwinned' YBa2Cu3O6+x crystals, in which the orientation of the rectangular lattice is maintained throughout the entire volume. Contrary to the earlier claim(4), we demonstrate that the geometry of the magnetic fluctuations is two-dimensional. Rigid stripe arrays therefore appear to be ruled out over a wide range of doping levels in YBa2Cu3O6+x, but the data may be consistent with liquid-crystalline stripe order(5). The debate about stripes has therefore been reopened.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Keimer, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM b.keimer@fkf.mpg.de
NR 28
TC 203
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature02774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400038
PM 15295593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, P
   Widmer, G
   Wang, YP
   Ozaki, LS
   Alves, JM
   Serrano, MG
   Puiu, D
   Manque, P
   Akiyoshi, D
   Mackey, AJ
   Pearson, WR
   Dear, PH
   Bankier, AT
   Peterson, DL
   Abrahamsen, MS
   Kapur, V
   Tzipori, S
   Buck, GA
AF Xu, P
   Widmer, G
   Wang, YP
   Ozaki, LS
   Alves, JM
   Serrano, MG
   Puiu, D
   Manque, P
   Akiyoshi, D
   Mackey, AJ
   Pearson, WR
   Dear, PH
   Bankier, AT
   Peterson, DL
   Abrahamsen, MS
   Kapur, V
   Tzipori, S
   Buck, GA
TI The genome of Cryptosporidium hominis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxoplasma-gondii; parvum; sequence; gene; biosynthesis; apicomplexan; encode
AB Cryptosporidium species cause acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea worldwide. They are members of the Apicomplexa - protozoan pathogens that invade host cells by using a specialized apical complex and are usually transmitted by an invertebrate vector or intermediate host. In contrast to other Apicomplexans, Cryptosporidium is transmitted by ingestion of oocysts and completes its life cycle in a single host. No therapy is available, and control focuses on eliminating oocysts in water supplies(1). Two species, C. hominis and C. parvum, which differ in host range, genotype and pathogenicity, are most relevant to humans(1-3). C. hominis is restricted to humans, whereas C. parvum also infects other mammals(2). Here we describe the eight-chromosome similar to9.2-million-base genome of C. hominis(2). The complement of C. hominis protein-coding genes shows a striking concordance with the requirements imposed by the environmental niches the parasite inhabits. Energy metabolism is largely from glycolysis. Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms are available, the former requiring an alternative electron transport system in a simplified mitochondrion. Biosynthesis capabilities are limited, explaining an extensive array of transporters. Evidence of an apicoplast is absent, but genes associated with apical complex organelles are present. C. hominis and C. parvum exhibit very similar gene complements, and phenotypic differences between these parasites must be due to subtle sequence divergence.
C1 Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Ctr Study Biol Complex, Richmond, VA 23284 USA.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Philips Inst Oral & Craniofacial Mol Biol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Biomed Genom Ctr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Microbiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
C3 Virginia Commonwealth University; Virginia Commonwealth University; Virginia Commonwealth University; Tufts University; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Buck, GA (corresponding author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Ctr Study Biol Complex, Med Coll Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23284 USA.
EM saul.tzipori@tufts.edu; buck@mail2.vcu.edu
NR 30
TC 430
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1107
EP 1112
DI 10.1038/nature02977
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800043
PM 15510150
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, RJ
   Thomas, CD
   Fox, R
   Roy, DB
   Kunin, WE
AF Wilson, RJ
   Thomas, CD
   Fox, R
   Roy, DB
   Kunin, WE
TI Spatial patterns in species distributions reveal biodiversity change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID british butterfly; geographic range; red list; conservation; extinction; abundance; habitat; climate; decline; scale
AB Interpretation of global biodiversity change is hampered by a lack of information on the historical status of most species in most parts of the world(1-5). Here we show that declines and increases can be deduced from current species distributions alone, using spatial patterns of occupancy combined with distribution size. Declining species show sparse, fragmented distributions for their distribution size, reflecting the extinction process; expanding species show denser, more aggregated distributions, reflecting colonization. Past distribution size changes for British butterflies were deduced successfully from current distributions, and former distributions had some power to predict future change. What is more, the relationship between distribution pattern and change in British butterflies independently predicted distribution change for butterfly species in Flanders, Belgium, and distribution change in British rare plant species is similarly related to spatial distribution pattern. This link between current distribution patterns and processes of distribution change could be used to assess relative levels of threat facing different species, even for regions and taxa lacking detailed historical and ecological information.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Butterfly Conservat, Wareham BH20 5QP, Dorset, England.
   NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Huntingdon PE28 2LS, Cambs, England.
C3 University of Leeds; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Wilson, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Escuela Super Ciencias Expt & Tecnol, Area Biodiversidad & Conservac, Tulipan S-N, E-28933 Madrid, Spain.
EM rwilson@escet.urjc.es
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 215
U1 4
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 393
EP 396
DI 10.1038/nature03031
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400056
PM 15549106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lim, MM
   Wang, ZX
   Olazábal, DE
   Ren, XH
   Terwilliger, EF
   Young, LJ
AF Lim, MM
   Wang, ZX
   Olazábal, DE
   Ren, XH
   Terwilliger, EF
   Young, LJ
TI Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voles microtus-ochrogaster; monogamous prairie vole; pair-bond formation; vasopressin receptor; paternal behavior; social-behavior; nucleus-accumbens; v-1a receptor; dopamine; pennsylvanicus
AB The molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of complex behaviour are poorly understood. The mammalian genus Microtus provides an excellent model for investigating the evolution of social behaviour. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) exhibit a monogamous social structure in nature, whereas closely related meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are solitary and polygamous(1). In male prairie voles, both vasopressin and dopamine act in the ventral forebrain to regulate selective affiliation between adult mates, known as pair bond formation, as assessed by partner preference in the laboratory(2-4). The vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) is expressed at higher levels in the ventral forebrain of monogamous than in promiscuous vole species(5), whereas dopamine receptor distribution is relatively conserved between species. Here we substantially increase partner preference formation in the socially promiscuous meadow vole by using viral vector V1aR gene transfer into the ventral forebrain. We show that a change in the expression of a single gene in the larger context of pre-existing genetic and neural circuits can profoundly alter social behaviour, providing a potential molecular mechanism for the rapid evolution of complex social behaviour.
C1 Emory Univ, Ctr Behav Neurosci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Psychol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Program Neurosci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Harvard Inst Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Young, LJ (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Ctr Behav Neurosci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
EM lyoun03@emory.edu
NR 28
TC 460
Z9 542
U1 4
U2 227
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 754
EP 757
DI 10.1038/nature02539
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900037
PM 15201909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Getting up speed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 229
EP 229
DI 10.1038/428229a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600066
PM 15014517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olsen, EM
   Heino, M
   Lilly, GR
   Morgan, MJ
   Brattey, J
   Ernande, B
   Dieckmann, U
AF Olsen, EM
   Heino, M
   Lilly, GR
   Morgan, MJ
   Brattey, J
   Ernande, B
   Dieckmann, U
TI Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history evolution; gadus-morhua; reaction norms; size; age; reproduction; populations; plasticity; fishery; pattern
AB Northern cod, comprising populations of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) off southern Labrador and eastern Newfoundland, supported major fisheries for hundreds of years(1). But in the late 1980s and early 1990s, northern cod underwent one of the worst collapses in the history of fisheries(2-4). The Canadian government closed the directed fishing for northern cod in July 1992, but even after a decade-long offshore moratorium, population sizes remain historically low(4). Here we show that, up until the moratorium, the life history of northern cod continually shifted towards maturation at earlier ages and smaller sizes. Because confounding effects of mortality changes and growth-mediated phenotypic plasticity are accounted for in our analyses, this finding strongly suggests fisheries-induced evolution of maturation patterns in the direction predicted by theory(5,6). We propose that fisheries managers could use the method described here as a tool to provide warning signals about changes in life history before more overt evidence of population decline becomes manifest.
C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Adapt Dynam Network, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
   Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, St John, NF A1C 5X1, Canada.
C3 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA); Institute of Marine Research - Norway; Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP Olsen, EM (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Marine Biol & Limnol, POB 1064, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
EM espeom@bio.uio.no
NR 29
TC 687
Z9 792
U1 4
U2 353
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6986
BP 932
EP 935
DI 10.1038/nature02430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 816AO
UT WOS:000221083000038
PM 15118724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trifunovic, A
   Wredenberg, A
   Falkenberg, M
   Spelbrink, JN
   Rovio, AT
   Bruder, CE
   Bohlooly-Y, M
   Gidlöf, S
   Oldfors, A
   Wibom, R
   Törnell, J
   Jacobs, HT
   Larsson, NG
AF Trifunovic, A
   Wredenberg, A
   Falkenberg, M
   Spelbrink, JN
   Rovio, AT
   Bruder, CE
   Bohlooly-Y, M
   Gidlöf, S
   Oldfors, A
   Wibom, R
   Törnell, J
   Jacobs, HT
   Larsson, NG
TI Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point mutations; age; deletions; muscle; mouse; cells
AB Point mutations and deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) accumulate in a variety of tissues during ageing in humans(1), monkeys(2) and rodents(3). These mutations are unevenly distributed and can accumulate clonally in certain cells, causing a mosaic pattern of respiratory chain deficiency in tissues such as heart(4), skeletal muscle(5) and brain(6). In terms of the ageing process, their possible causative effects have been intensely debated because of their low abundance and purely correlative connection with ageing(7,8). We have now addressed this question experimentally by creating homozygous knock-in mice that express a proof-reading-deficient version of PolgA, the nucleus-encoded catalytic subunit of mtDNA polymerase. Here we show that the knock-in mice develop an mtDNA mutator phenotype with a threefold to fivefold increase in the levels of point mutations, as well as increased amounts of deleted mtDNA. This increase in somatic mtDNA mutations is associated with reduced lifespan and premature onset of ageing-related phenotypes such as weight loss, reduced subcutaneous fat, alopecia ( hair loss), kyphosis (curvature of the spine), osteoporosis, anaemia, reduced fertility and heart enlargement. Our results thus provide a causative link between mtDNA mutations and ageing phenotypes in mammals.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Novum, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Med Nutr, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Novum, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Biosci, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Tampere Univ, Tampere Univ Hosp, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland.
   Astra Zeneca R&D, S-43183 Molndal, Sweden.
   Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Lab Med, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Tampere University; Tampere University Hospital; AstraZeneca; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital
RP Larsson, NG (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Novum, Karolinska Univ Hosp, Dept Med Nutr, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
EM nils-goran.larsson@mednut.ki.se
NR 30
TC 2141
Z9 2508
U1 8
U2 179
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 417
EP 423
DI 10.1038/nature02517
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600040
PM 15164064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singleton, MR
   Dillingham, MS
   Gaudier, M
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Wigley, DB
AF Singleton, MR
   Dillingham, MS
   Gaudier, M
   Kowalczykowski, SC
   Wigley, DB
TI Crystal structure of RecBCD enzyme reveals a machine for processing DNA breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded-dna; recombination hotspot-chi; escherichia-coli; atp hydrolysis; helicase activity; nuclease activity; recd subunit; step-size; translocation; sequence
AB RecBCD is a multi-functional enzyme complex that processes DNA ends resulting from a double-strand break. RecBCD is a bipolar helicase that splits the duplex into its component strands and digests them until encountering a recombinational hotspot (Chi site). The nuclease activity is then attenuated and RecBCD loads RecA onto the 3' tail of the DNA. Here we present the crystal structure of RecBCD bound to a DNA substrate. In this initiation complex, the DNA duplex has been split across the RecC subunit to create a fork with the separated strands each heading towards different helicase motor subunits. The strands pass along tunnels within the complex, both emerging adjacent to the nuclease domain of RecB. Passage of the 3' tail through one of these tunnels provides a mechanism for the recognition of a Chi sequence by RecC within the context of double-stranded DNA. Gating of this tunnel suggests how nuclease activity might be regulated.
C1 London Res Inst, Canc Res UK Clare Hall Labs, Potters Bar EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Wigley, DB (corresponding author), London Res Inst, Canc Res UK Clare Hall Labs, Potters Bar EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM dale.wigley@cancer.org.uk
NR 50
TC 333
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 187
EP 193
DI 10.1038/nature02988
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200037
PM 15538360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abrescia, NGA
   Cockburn, JJB
   Grimes, JM
   Sutton, GC
   Diprose, JM
   Butcher, SJ
   Fuller, SD
   Martín, CS
   Burnett, RM
   Stuart, DI
   Bamford, DH
   Bamford, JKH
AF Abrescia, NGA
   Cockburn, JJB
   Grimes, JM
   Sutton, GC
   Diprose, JM
   Butcher, SJ
   Fuller, SD
   Martín, CS
   Burnett, RM
   Stuart, DI
   Bamford, DH
   Bamford, JKH
TI Insights into assembly from structural analysis of bacteriophage PRD1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; capsid protein; coat protein; virus prd1; wild-type; membrane; adenovirus; evolution; vertex; resolution
AB The structure of the membrane-containing bacteriophage PRD1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography at about 4 Angstrom resolution. Here we describe the structure and location of proteins P3, P16, P30 and P31. Different structural proteins seem to have specialist roles in controlling virus assembly. The linearly extended P30 appears to nucleate the formation of the icosahedral facets ( composed of trimers of the major capsid protein, P3) and acts as a molecular tape-measure, defining the size of the virus and cementing the facets together. Pentamers of P31 form the vertex base, interlocking with subunits of P3 and interacting with the membrane protein P16. The architectural similarities with adenovirus and one of the largest known virus particles PBCV-1 support the notion that the mechanism of assembly of PRD1 is scaleable and applies across the major viral lineage formed by these viruses.
C1 Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Div Struct Biol, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Oxford, Cent Chem Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Viikinkaari 5 00014, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Fac Biosci, Viikki Bioctr, Viikinkaari 5 00014, Finland.
   Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Oxford; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; The Wistar Institute
RP Stuart, DI (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Div Struct Biol, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
EM dave@strubi.ox.ac.uk
NR 48
TC 217
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7013
BP 68
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature03056
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 867PQ
UT WOS:000224854900039
PM 15525981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, JP
   MacDonald, AH
AF Eisenstein, JP
   MacDonald, AH
TI Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in bilayer electron systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; phase; coherence
AB An exciton is the particle-like entity that forms when an electron is bound to a positively charged 'hole'. An ordered electronic state in which excitons condense into a single quantum state was proposed as a theoretical possibility many years ago. We review recent studies of semiconductor bilayer systems that provide clear evidence for this phenomenon and explain why exciton condensation in the quantum Hall regime, where these experiments were performed, is as likely to occur in electron - electron bilayers as in electron - hole bilayers. In current quantum Hall excitonic condensates, disorder induces mobile vortices that flow in response to a supercurrent and limit the extremely large bilayer counterflow conductivity.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Phys, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Eisenstein, JP (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM jpe@caltech.edu
NR 23
TC 749
Z9 834
U1 3
U2 146
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/nature03081
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200037
PM 15592403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, MW
   Spero, HJ
   Lea, DW
AF Schmidt, MW
   Spero, HJ
   Lea, DW
TI Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; tropical atlantic; ocean; mg/ca; foraminifera; variability; climate; ice; age
AB Variations in the strength of the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation have been linked to rapid climate changes(1) during the last glacial cycle through oscillations in North Atlantic Deep Water formation and northward oceanic heat flux(2-4). The strength of the thermohaline circulation depends on the supply of warm, salty water to the North Atlantic, which, after losing heat to the atmosphere, produces the dense water masses that sink to great depths and circulate back south(2). Here we analyse two Caribbean Sea sediment cores, combining Mg/Ca palaeo-thermometry with measurements of oxygen isotopes in foraminiferal calcite in order to reconstruct tropical Atlantic surface salinity(5,6) during the last glacial cycle. We find that Caribbean salinity oscillated between saltier conditions during the cold oxygen isotope stages 2, 4 and 6, and lower salinities during the warm stages 3 and 5, covarying with the strength of North Atlantic Deep Water formation(7). At the initiation of the Bolling/Allerod warm interval, Caribbean surface salinity decreased abruptly, suggesting that the advection of salty tropical waters into the North Atlantic amplified thermohaline circulation and contributed to high-latitude warming.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Schmidt, MW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM schmidt@geology.ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 244
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6979
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/nature02346
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 801NW
UT WOS:000220103600043
PM 15014495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forde, SE
   Thompson, JN
   Bohannan, BJM
AF Forde, SE
   Thompson, JN
   Bohannan, BJM
TI Adaptation varies through space and time in a coevolving host-parasitoid interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local adaptation; antagonistic coevolution; resource enrichment; gene flow; model; community; bacteria; productivity; populations; selection
AB One of the central challenges of evolutionary biology is to understand how coevolution organizes biodiversity over complex geographic landscapes. Most species are collections of genetically differentiated populations, and these populations have the potential to become adapted to their local environments in different ways. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution incorporates this idea by proposing that spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow across a landscape can shape local coevolutionary dynamics(1-7). These effects may be particularly strong when populations differ across productivity gradients, where gene flow will often be asymmetric among populations(8). Conclusive empirical tests of this theory have been particularly difficult to perform because they require knowledge of patterns of gene flow, historical population relationships and local selection pressures(2). We have tested these predictions empirically using a model community of bacteria and bacteriophage ( viral parasitoids of bacteria). We show that gene flow across a spatially structured landscape alters coevolution of parasitoids and their hosts and that the resulting patterns of adaptation can fluctuate in both space and time.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Stanford University
RP Forde, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM forde@biology.ucsc.edu
NR 25
TC 165
Z9 188
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 841
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature02906
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500046
PM 15483611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Petegem, F
   Clark, KA
   Chatelain, FC
   Minor, DL Jr
AF Van Petegem, F
   Clark, KA
   Chatelain, FC
   Minor, DL Jr
TI Structure of a complex between a voltage-gated calcium channel β-subunit and an α-subunit domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID g-protein modulation; i-ii linker; molecular determinants; ca2+ channels; inactivation; binding; gamma; inhibition; contains; loop
AB Voltage-gated calcium channels (CaVs) govern muscle contraction, hormone and neurotransmitter release, neuronal migration, activation of calcium-dependent signalling cascades, and synaptic input integration(1). An essential Ca-V intracellular protein, the beta-subunit (Ca(V)beta)(1,2), binds a conserved domain ( the alpha-interaction domain, AID) between transmembrane domains I and II of the pore-forming alpha(1) subunit(3) and profoundly affects multiple channel properties such as voltage-dependent activation(2), inactivation rates(2), G-protein modulation(4), drug sensitivity(5) and cell surface expression(6,7). Here, we report the high-resolution crystal structures of the Ca(V)beta(2a) conserved core, alone and in complex with the AID. Previous work suggested that a conserved region, the beta-interaction domain (BID), formed the AID-binding site(3,8); however, this region is largely buried in the Ca(V)beta core and is unavailable for protein - protein interactions. The structure of the AID - Ca(V)beta(2a) complex shows instead that Ca(V)beta(2a) engages the AID through an extensive, conserved hydrophobic cleft ( named the alpha-binding pocket, ABP). The ABP - AID interaction positions one end of the Ca(V)beta near the intracellular end of a pore-lining segment, called IS6, that has a critical role in Ca-V inactivation(9,10). Together, these data suggest that Ca(V)betas influence Ca-V gating by direct modulation of IS6 movement within the channel pore.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Minor, DL Jr (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, 513 Parnassus Ave,Box 0130, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM minor@itsa.ucsf.edu
FU National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [R01HL080050] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL080050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 416
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6992
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/nature02588
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 827PJ
UT WOS:000221912600044
PM 15141227
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kidner, CA
   Martienssen, RA
AF Kidner, CA
   Martienssen, RA
TI Spatially restricted microRNA directs leaf polarity through ARGONAUTE1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filamentous-flower; rna interference; cell fate; arabidopsis; gene; meristem; plants; encodes; protein; family
AB Gene regulation by RNA interference requires the functions of the PAZ domain protein Argonaute. In plants, mutations in ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) are associated with distinctive developmental defects that suggest a role for microRNA (miRNA) in organ polarity. Potential targets of miRNA regulation are the homeodomain/leucine zipper genes PHABULOSA (PHB) and PHAVOLUTA (PHV)(1). These genes are expressed in a polar fashion in leaf primordia and are required for adaxial cell fate(2,3). Here we show that a 21-nucleotide miRNA that directs cleavage of PHB/PHV messenger RNA accumulates first in the embryonic meristem, and then in the abaxial domain of the developing leaf. miRNA distribution is disrupted by mutations in AGO1, indicating that AGO1 affects the regulation of miRNA. In addition, interactions between homeodomain/leucine zipper genes and an allelic series of ago1 indicate that miRNA acts as a signal to specify leaf polarity.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Martienssen, RA (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM martiens@cshl.org
NR 30
TC 410
Z9 511
U1 1
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature02366
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800039
PM 14999284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weidinger, M
   Moller, P
   Fynbo, JPU
AF Weidinger, M
   Moller, P
   Fynbo, JPU
TI The Lyman-α glow of gas falling into the dark matter halo of a z=3 galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasars; emission; infall
AB Quasars are the visible signatures of gas falling into the deep potential well of super-massive black holes in the centres of distant galaxies. It has been suggested(1) that quasars are formed when two massive galaxies collide and merge, leading to the prediction that quasars should be found in the centres of regions of largest overdensity in the early Universe. In dark matter (DM)-dominated models of the early Universe, massive DM halos are predicted to attract the surrounding gas, which falls towards their centres. The neutral gas is not detectable in emission by itself, but gas falling into the ionizing cone of such a quasar will glow in the Lyman-alpha line of hydrogen, effectively imaging the DM halo(2). Here we present a Lyalpha image of a DM halo at redshift z = 3, along with a two-dimensional spectrum of the gaseous halo. Our observations are best understood in the context of the standard model for DM haloes(3); we infer a mass of (2-7) x 10(12) solar masses ( M.) for the halo.
C1 European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Astron Observ, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
C3 European Southern Observatory; Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen
RP Weidinger, M (corresponding author), European So Observ, Karl Schwarzschild Str 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM mweiding@eso.org
NR 14
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 999
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/nature02793
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900035
PM 15329713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Destexhe, A
   Marder, E
AF Destexhe, A
   Marder, E
TI Plasticity in single neuron and circuit computations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrinsic excitability; synaptic plasticity; dendritic i(h); dynamic clamp; sparse code; modulation; principles; systems; network; memory
AB Plasticity in neural circuits can result from alterations in synaptic strength or connectivity, as well as from changes in the excitability of the neurons themselves. To better understand the role of plasticity in the brain, we need to establish how brain circuits work and the kinds of computations that different circuit structures achieve. By linking theoretical and experimental studies, we are beginning to reveal the consequences of plasticity mechanisms for network dynamics, in both simple invertebrate circuits and the complex circuits of mammalian cerebral cortex.
C1 CNRS, Integrat & Computat Neurosci Unit UNIC, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Brandeis Univ, Volcani Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Brandeis University
RP Destexhe, A (corresponding author), CNRS, Integrat & Computat Neurosci Unit UNIC, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM Destexhe@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr; marder@brandeis.edu
NR 100
TC 218
Z9 251
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 789
EP 795
DI 10.1038/nature03011
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500035
PM 15483600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, JM
   Xu, X
   Forster, CA
   Wang, Y
AF Clark, JM
   Xu, X
   Forster, CA
   Wang, Y
TI A Middle Jurassic 'sphenosuchian' from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal crocodylomorph archosaurs; evolution; ontogeny
AB The skull of living crocodylians is highly solidified and the jaw closing muscles are enlarged(1), allowing for prey capture by prolonged crushing between the jaws. Living species are all semi-aquatic, with sprawling limbs and a broad body that moves mainly from side-to-side(2); however, fossils indicate that they evolved from terrestrial forms. The most cursorial of these fossils(3-6) are small, gracile forms often grouped together as the Sphenosuchia, with fully erect, slender limbs; their relationships, however, are poorly understood(5,7-10). A new crocodylomorph from deposits in northwestern China of the poorly known Middle Jurassic epoch possesses a skull with several adaptations typical of living crocodylians. Postcranially it is similar to sphenosuchians but with even greater adaptations for cursoriality in the forelimb. Here we show, through phylogenetic analysis, that it is the closest relative of the large group Crocodyliformes, including living crocodylians. Thus, important features of the modern crocodylian skull evolved during a phase when the postcranial skeleton was evolving towards greater cursoriality, rather than towards their current semi-aquatic habitus.
C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 George Washington University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Clark, JM (corresponding author), George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
EM jclark@gwu.edu
NR 23
TC 98
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1021
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/nature02802
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900041
PM 15329719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hauert, C
   Doebeli, M
AF Hauert, C
   Doebeli, M
TI Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prisoners-dilemma; population; altruism
AB Understanding the emergence of cooperation is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology(1). Evolutionary game theory(2,3) has become a powerful framework with which to investigate this problem. Two simple games have attracted most attention in theoretical and experimental studies: the Prisoner's Dilemma(4) and the snowdrift game (also known as the hawk-dove or chicken game)(5). In the Prisoner's Dilemma, the non-cooperative state is evolutionarily stable, which has inspired numerous investigations of suitable extensions that enable cooperative behaviour to persist. In particular, on the basis of spatial extensions of the Prisoner's Dilemma, it is widely accepted that spatial structure promotes the evolution of cooperation(6-8). Here we show that no such general predictions can be made for the effects of spatial structure in the snowdrift game. In unstructured snowdrift games, intermediate levels of cooperation persist. Unexpectedly, spatial structure reduces the proportion of cooperators for a wide range of parameters. In particular, spatial structure eliminates cooperation if the cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation is high. Our results caution against the common belief that spatial structure is necessarily beneficial for cooperative behaviour.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Math, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Hauert, C (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM hauert@zoology.ubc.ca
NR 29
TC 1290
Z9 1392
U1 2
U2 307
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature02360
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200041
PM 15074318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poggio, T
   Rifkin, R
   Mukherjee, S
   Niyogi, P
AF Poggio, T
   Rifkin, R
   Mukherjee, S
   Niyogi, P
TI General conditions for predictivity in learning theory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bounds
AB Developing theoretical foundations for learning is a key step towards understanding intelligence. 'Learning from examples' is a paradigm in which systems ( natural or artificial) learn a functional relationship from a training set of examples. Within this paradigm, a learning algorithm is a map from the space of training sets to the hypothesis space of possible functional solutions. A central question for the theory is to determine conditions under which a learning algorithm will generalize from its finite training set to novel examples. A milestone in learning theory(1-5) was a characterization of conditions on the hypothesis space that ensure generalization for the natural class of empirical risk minimization (ERM) learning algorithms that are based on minimizing the error on the training set. Here we provide conditions for generalization in terms of a precise stability property of the learning process: when the training set is perturbed by deleting one example, the learned hypothesis does not change much. This stability property stipulates conditions on the learning map rather than on the hypothesis space, subsumes the classical theory for ERM algorithms, and is applicable to more general algorithms. The surprising connection between stability and predictivity has implications for the foundations of learning theory and for the design of novel algorithms, and provides insights into problems as diverse as language learning and inverse problems in physics and engineering.
C1 MIT, Brain Sci Dept, McGovern Inst Comp Sci, Artificial Intelligence Lab,Ctr Biol & Computat L, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Comp Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Stat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Ctr Genome Res, Canc Genom Grp, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Honda Res Inst USA Inc, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Honda Motor Company; Honda USA
RP Poggio, T (corresponding author), MIT, Brain Sci Dept, McGovern Inst Comp Sci, Artificial Intelligence Lab,Ctr Biol & Computat L, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM tp@ai.mit.edu
NR 29
TC 193
Z9 219
U1 2
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 419
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature02341
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300041
PM 15042089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snow, RW
AF Snow, RW
TI The invisible victims
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malaria; future
C1 Kenya Med Res Inst Wellcome Trust Collaborat Prog, Nairobi, Kenya.
C3 Kenya Medical Research Institute
RP Snow, RW (corresponding author), Kenya Med Res Inst Wellcome Trust Collaborat Prog, Nairobi, Kenya.
NR 7
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 934
EP 935
DI 10.1038/430934a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800057
PM 15318234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ira, G
   Pellicioli, A
   Balijja, A
   Wang, X
   Fiorani, S
   Carotenuto, W
   Liberi, G
   Bressan, D
   Wan, LH
   Hollingsworth, NM
   Haber, JE
   Foiani, M
AF Ira, G
   Pellicioli, A
   Balijja, A
   Wang, X
   Fiorani, S
   Carotenuto, W
   Liberi, G
   Bressan, D
   Wan, LH
   Hollingsworth, NM
   Haber, JE
   Foiani, M
TI DNA end resection, homologous recombination and DNA damage checkpoint activation require CDK1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; cell-cycle; dependent phosphorylation; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; g2/m arrest; repair; kinase; adaptation; protein
AB A single double-strand break (DSB) induced by HO endonuclease triggers both repair by homologous recombination and activation of the Mec1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint in budding yeast(1-6). Here we report that DNA damage checkpoint activation by a DSB requires the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1 (Cdc28) in budding yeast. CDK1 is also required for DSB-induced homologous recombination at any cell cycle stage. Inhibition of homologous recombination by using an analogue-sensitive CDK1 protein(7,8) results in a compensatory increase in non-homologous end joining. CDK1 is required for efficient 5' to 3' resection of DSB ends and for the recruitment of both the single-stranded DNA-binding complex, RPA, and the Rad51 recombination protein. In contrast, Mre11 protein, part of the MRX complex, accumulates at unresected DSB ends. CDK1 is not required when the DNA damage checkpoint is initiated by lesions that are processed by nucleotide excision repair. Maintenance of the DSB-induced checkpoint requires continuing CDK1 activity that ensures continuing end resection. CDK1 is also important for a later step in homologous recombination, after strand invasion and before the initiation of new DNA synthesis.
C1 FIRC Inst Mol Oncol Fdn, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Milan, Dipartimento Sci Biomol & Biotecnol, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; University of Milan; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Haber, JE (corresponding author), FIRC Inst Mol Oncol Fdn, Via Adamello 16, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
EM haber@brandeis.edu; marco.foiani@ifom-ieo-campus.it
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM080600] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [AI44009, R01 AI044009] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM080600, R01 GM050717] Funding Source: Medline; Telethon [GGP030412] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 600
Z9 787
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 1011
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature02964
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600050
PM 15496928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stott, L
   Cannariato, K
   Thunell, R
   Haug, GH
   Koutavas, A
   Lund, S
AF Stott, L
   Cannariato, K
   Thunell, R
   Haug, GH
   Koutavas, A
   Lund, S
TI Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID el-nino; equatorial pacific; sea-level; climate; variability; balance
AB In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin(1). The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocean dynamics(2), and on interannual timescales significant variability is associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little is known about the variability of the coupled ocean atmosphere system on timescales of centuries to millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved from three sediment cores in the western tropical Pacific Ocean to reconstruct Holocene sea surface temperatures and salinities in the region. We find a decrease in sea surface temperatures of similar to0.5 degreesC over the past 10,000 yr, whereas sea surface salinities decreased by similar to1.5 practical salinity units. Our data imply either that the Pacific basin as a whole has become progressively less salty or that the present salinity gradient along the Equator has developed relatively recently.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29205 USA.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Stott, L (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
EM stott@usc.edu
NR 19
TC 439
Z9 520
U1 3
U2 175
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature02903
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500039
PM 15343330
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhowmick, NA
   Neilson, EG
   Moses, HL
AF Bhowmick, NA
   Neilson, EG
   Moses, HL
TI Stromal fibroblasts in cancer initiation and progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID preoperative plasma-levels; keratinocyte growth-factor; tgf-beta; matrix metalloproteinases; tumor progression; urogenital sinus; epithelial-cells; invasive growth; mammary-gland; breast-cancer
AB It is widely accepted that the development of carcinoma - the most common form of human cancer - is due to the accumulation of somatic mutations in epithelial cells. The behaviour of carcinomas is also influenced by the tumour microenvironment, which includes extracellular matrix, blood vasculature, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Recent studies reveal that fibroblasts have a more profound influence on the development and progression of carcinomas than was previously appreciated. These new findings have important therapeutic implications.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Canc Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol Surg, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Vanderbilt Ingram Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University
RP Bhowmick, NA (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Canc Biol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
EM hal.moses@vanderbilt.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA108646] Funding Source: Medline
NR 67
TC 1878
Z9 2285
U1 0
U2 190
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 332
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature03096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400043
PM 15549095
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kassar-Duchossoy, L
   Gayraud-Morel, B
   Gomès, D
   Rocancourt, D
   Buckingham, M
   Shinin, V
   Tajbakhsh, S
AF Kassar-Duchossoy, L
   Gayraud-Morel, B
   Gomès, D
   Rocancourt, D
   Buckingham, M
   Shinin, V
   Tajbakhsh, S
TI Mrf4 determines skeletal muscle identity in Myf5:Myod double-mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID progenitor cells; gene-expression; myf-5; myod; mouse; specification; activation; disruption; myogenesis; marker
AB In vertebrates, skeletal muscle is a model for the acquisition of cell fate from stem cells(1). Two determination factors of the basic helix - loop - helixmyogenic regulatory factor (MRF) family, Myf5 and Myod, are thought to direct this transition because double-mutant mice totally lack skeletal muscle fibres and myoblasts(2-4). In the absence of these factors, progenitor cells remain multipotent and can change their fate(5,6). Gene targeting studies have revealed hierarchical relationships between these and the other MRF genes, Mrf4 and myogenin, where the latter are regarded as differentiation genes(7). Here we show, using an allelic series of three Myf5 mutants that differentially affect the expression of the genetically linked Mrf4 gene, that skeletal muscle is present in the new Myf5: Myod double- null mice only when Mrf4 expression is not compromised. This finding contradicts the widely held view thatmyogenic identity is conferred solely byMyf5 and Myod, and identifies Mrf4 as a determination gene. We revise the epistatic relationship of the MRFs, in which both Myf5 and Mrf4 act upstream of Myod to direct embryonic multipotent cells into the myogenic lineage.
C1 CNRS, URA 2578, Dept Dev Biol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP Tajbakhsh, S (corresponding author), CNRS, URA 2578, Dept Dev Biol, 25 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
EM shaht@pasteur.fr
NR 29
TC 510
Z9 678
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 466
EP 471
DI 10.1038/nature02876
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500044
PM 15386014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matloubian, M
   Lo, CG
   Cinamon, G
   Lesneski, MJ
   Xu, Y
   Brinkmann, V
   Allende, ML
   Proia, RL
   Cyster, JG
AF Matloubian, M
   Lo, CG
   Cinamon, G
   Lesneski, MJ
   Xu, Y
   Brinkmann, V
   Allende, ML
   Proia, RL
   Cyster, JG
TI Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors; thymocyte emigration; sphingosine-1-phosphate; maturation; fty720; immunosuppressant; responsiveness; kinase
AB Adaptive immunity depends on T- cell exit from the thymus and T and B cells travelling between secondary lymphoid organs to survey for antigens. After activation in lymphoid organs, T cells must again return to circulation to reach sites of infection; however, the mechanisms regulating lymphoid organ exit are unknown. An immunosuppressant drug, FTY720, inhibits lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs, and phosphorylated FTY720 binds and activates four of the five known sphingosine-1-phosphate ( S1P) receptors(1-4). However, the role of S1P receptors in normal immune cell trafficking is unclear. Here we show that in mice whose haematopoietic cells lack a single S1P receptor ( S1P(1); also known as Edg1) there are no T cells in the periphery because mature T cells are unable to exit the thymus. Although B cells are present in peripheral lymphoid organs, they are severely deficient in blood and lymph. Adoptive cell transfer experiments establish an intrinsic requirement for S1P(1) in T and B cells for lymphoid organ egress. Furthermore, S1P(1)- dependent chemotactic responsiveness is strongly upregulated in T- cell development before exit from the thymus, whereas S1P(1) is downregulated during peripheral lymphocyte activation, and this is associated with retention in lymphoid organs. We find that FTY720 treatment downregulates S1P(1), creating a temporary pharmacological S1P(1)- null state in lymphocytes, providing an explanation for the mechanism of FTY720- induced lymphocyte sequestration. These findings establish that S1P(1) is essential for lymphocyte recirculation and that it regulates egress from both thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Immunol Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Novartis Inst Biomed Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
   NIDDKD, Genet Dev & Dis Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Novartis; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Cyster, JG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM cyster@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 24
TC 2166
Z9 2560
U1 0
U2 136
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 355
EP 360
DI 10.1038/nature02284
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200042
PM 14737169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shin, C
   Feng, Y
   Manley, JL
AF Shin, C
   Feng, Y
   Manley, JL
TI Dephosphorylated SRp38 acts as a splicing repressor in response to heat shock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hela-cells; nuclear ribonucleoproteins; protein-protein; sr proteins; asf/sf2; stress; phosphorylation; inactivation; recognition; inhibition
AB The cellular response to stresses such as heat shock involves changes in gene expression(1). It is well known that the splicing of messenger RNA precursors is generally repressed on heat shock(2,3), but the factors responsible have not been identified(4-8). SRp38 is an SR protein splicing factor(9,10) that functions as a general repressor of splicing. It is activated by dephosphorylation and required for splicing repression in M-phase cells(11). Here we show that SRp38 is also dephosphorylated on heat shock and that this dephosphorylation correlates with splicing inhibition. Notably, depletion of SRp38 from heat-shocked cell extracts derepresses splicing, and adding back dephosphorylated SRp38 specifically restores inhibition. We further show that dephosphorylated SRp38 interacts with a U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) protein, and that this interaction interferes with 5'-splice-site recognition by the U1 snRNP. Finally, SRp38-deficient DT40 cells show an altered cell-cycle profile consistent with a mitotic defect; they are also temperature sensitive and defective in recovery after heat shock. SRp38 thus plays a crucial role in cell survival under stress conditions by inhibiting the splicing machinery.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Manley, JL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM jlm2@columbia.edu
NR 25
TC 190
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 553
EP 558
DI 10.1038/nature02288
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800044
PM 14765198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kittler, R
   Putz, G
   Pelletier, L
   Poser, I
   Heninger, AK
   Drechsel, D
   Fischer, S
   Konstantinova, I
   Habermann, B
   Grabner, H
   Yaspo, ML
   Himmelbauer, H
   Korn, B
   Neugebauer, K
   Pisabarro, MT
   Buchholz, F
AF Kittler, R
   Putz, G
   Pelletier, L
   Poser, I
   Heninger, AK
   Drechsel, D
   Fischer, S
   Konstantinova, I
   Habermann, B
   Grabner, H
   Yaspo, ML
   Himmelbauer, H
   Korn, B
   Neugebauer, K
   Pisabarro, MT
   Buchholz, F
TI An endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA screen in human cells identifies genes essential for cell division
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small interfering rnas; functional genomic analysis; cultured-mammalian-cells; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; caenorhabditis-elegans; spindle formation; expression; components; duplexes; cycle
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved defence mechanism whereby genes are specifically silenced through degradation of messenger RNAs; this process is mediated by homologous double-stranded (ds) RNA molecules(1-4). In invertebrates, long dsRNAs have been used for genome-wide screens and have provided insights into gene functions(5-8). Because long dsRNA triggers a nonspecific interferon response in many vertebrates, short interfering ( si) RNA or short hairpin (sh) RNAs must be used for these organisms to ensure specific gene silencing(9-11). Here we report the generation of a genome-scale library of endoribonuclease-prepared short interfering (esi) RNAs12 from a sequence-verified complementary DNA collection representing 15,497 human genes. We used 5,305 esiRNAs from this library to screen for genes required for cell division in HeLa cells. Using a primary high-throughput cell viability screen followed by a secondary high content videomicroscopy assay, we identified 37 genes required for cell division. These include several splicing factors for which knockdown generates mitotic spindle defects. In addition, a putative nuclear-export terminator was found to speed up cell proliferation and mitotic progression after knockdown. Thus, our study uncovers new aspects of cell division and establishes esiRNA as a versatile approach for genomic RNAi screens in mammalian cells.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Scion Comp Innovat GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   RZPD Ressourcenzentrum Genomforsch, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Buchholz, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM buchholz@mpi-cbg.de
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1036
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/nature03159
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000044
PM 15616564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, SK
   Hawkins, C
   Clarke, ID
   Squire, JA
   Bayani, J
   Hide, T
   Henkelman, RM
   Cusimano, MD
   Dirks, PB
AF Singh, SK
   Hawkins, C
   Clarke, ID
   Squire, JA
   Bayani, J
   Hide, T
   Henkelman, RM
   Cusimano, MD
   Dirks, PB
TI Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute myeloid-leukemia; growth-factor receptor; stem-like cells; cancer; hierarchy; antigen
AB The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis suggests that neoplastic clones are maintained exclusively by a rare fraction of cells with stem cell properties(1,2). Although the existence of CSCs in human leukaemia is established(3,4), little evidence exists for CSCs in solid tumours, except for breast cancer(5). Recently, we prospectively isolated a CD133(+) cell subpopulation from human brain tumours that exhibited stem cell properties in vitro(6). However, the true measures of CSCs are their capacity for self renewal and exact recapitulation of the original tumour(1,2,7). Here we report the development of a xenograft assay that identified human brain tumour initiating cells that initiate tumours in vivo. Only the CD133(+) brain tumour fraction contains cells that are capable of tumour initiation in NOD-SCID (non-obese diabetic, severe combined immunodeficient) mouse brains. Injection of as few as 100 CD133(+) cells produced a tumour that could be serially transplanted and was a phenocopy of the patient's original tumour, whereas injection of 10 5 CD133(-) cells engrafted but did not cause a tumour. Thus, the identification of brain tumour initiating cells provides insights into human brain tumour pathogenesis, giving strong support for the CSC hypothesis as the basis for many solid tumours(5), and establishes a previously unidentified cellular target for more effective cancer therapies.
C1 Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Arthur & Sonia Labatt brain Tumor Res Ctr, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Div Neurosurg, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Dept Pediat Lab Med, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Integrat Biol Program, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   St Michaels Hosp, Div Neurosurg, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Saint Michaels Hospital Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Dirks, PB (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Arthur & Sonia Labatt brain Tumor Res Ctr, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
EM peter.dirks@sickkids.ca
NR 28
TC 6100
Z9 7250
U1 6
U2 702
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 396
EP 401
DI 10.1038/nature03128
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400057
PM 15549107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, J
   Brooks, R
   Jennions, MD
   Smith, MJ
   Bentsen, CL
   Bussière, LF
AF Hunt, J
   Brooks, R
   Jennions, MD
   Smith, MJ
   Bentsen, CL
   Bussière, LF
TI High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lek paradox; phenotypic plasticity; trade-offs; good genes; life-span; old-age; selection; traits; restriction; handicap
AB Only high-quality males can bear the costs of an extreme sexual display(1-4). As a consequence, such males are not only more attractive, but they often live longer than average(5). Recent theory predicts, however, that high-quality males should sometimes invest so heavily in sexual displays that they die sooner than lower quality males(2,6-9). We manipulated the phenotypic quality of field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus, by altering the protein content of their diet. Here we show that nymphs and adult females reared on a high-protein diet lived longer than those on a low-protein diet. In contrast, adult males reared on a high-protein diet died sooner than those on low-protein diets because they invested more energy in calling during early adulthood. Our findings uphold the theoretical prediction that the relationship between longevity and sexual advertisement may be dynamic(2,3,6-8) (that is, either positive or negative), depending on local conditions(3,6) such as resource availability. Moreover, they caution the use of longevity as a proxy for fitness in sexual selection studies, and suggest avenues for future research on the relationship between sexual attractiveness and ageing.
C1 Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 University of New South Wales Sydney; Australian National University
RP Hunt, J (corresponding author), Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
EM john.hunt@unsw.edu.au
NR 30
TC 413
Z9 465
U1 0
U2 122
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7020
BP 1024
EP 1027
DI 10.1038/nature03084
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 881RL
UT WOS:000225887000041
PM 15616562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, GJ
   Goller, F
   Gritton, HJ
   Plamondon, SL
   Baugh, AT
   Cooper, BG
AF Rose, GJ
   Goller, F
   Gritton, HJ
   Plamondon, SL
   Baugh, AT
   Cooper, BG
TI Species-typical songs in white-crowned sparrows tutored with only phrase pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebra finch; anterior forebrain; neurons; selectivity; mechanisms; birdsong; order; sensitivity; hvc
AB Modern theories of learned vocal behaviours, such as human speech and singing in songbirds(1), posit that acoustic communication signals are reproduced from memory, using auditory feedback(2). The nature of these memories, however, is unclear. Here we propose and test a model for how complex song structure can emerge from sparse sequence information acquired during tutoring. In this conceptual model, a population of combination-sensitive (phrase-pair) detectors is shaped by early exposure to song and serves as the minimal representation of the template necessary for generating complete song. As predicted by the model, birds that were tutored with only pairs of normally adjacent song phrases were able to assemble full songs in which phrases were placed in the correct order; birds that were tutored with reverse-ordered phrase pairs sang songs with reversed phrase order. Birds that were tutored with all song phrases, but presented singly, failed to produce normal, full songs. These findings provide the first evidence for a minimal requirement of sequence information in the acoustic model that can give rise to correct song structure.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Rose, GJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM rose@bioscience.utah.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC003788] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 43
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 753
EP 758
DI 10.1038/nature02992
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200048
PM 15592413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blight, SK
   Larue, RC
   Mahapatra, A
   Longstaff, DG
   Chang, E
   Zhao, G
   Kang, PT
   Church-Church, KB
   Chan, MK
   Krzycki, JA
AF Blight, SK
   Larue, RC
   Mahapatra, A
   Longstaff, DG
   Chang, E
   Zhao, G
   Kang, PT
   Church-Church, KB
   Chan, MK
   Krzycki, JA
TI Direct charging of tRNACUA with pyrrolysine in vitro and in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transfer-rna-synthetases; aminoacyl-transfer-rnas; escherichia-coli; methanosarcina-barkeri; genetic-code; corrinoid protein; methyltransferase; acid; monomethylamine; selenocysteine
AB Pyrrolysine is the 22nd amino acid(1-3). An unresolved question has been how this atypical genetically encoded residue is inserted into proteins, because all previously described naturally occurring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are specific for one of the 20 universally distributed amino acids. Here we establish that synthetic L-pyrrolysine is attached as a free molecule to tRNA(CUA) by PylS, an archaeal class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. PylS activates pyrrolysine with ATP and ligates pyrrolysine to tRNA(CUA) in vitro in reactions specific for pyrrolysine. The addition of pyrrolysine to Escherichia coli cells expressing pylT (encoding tRNA(CUA)) and pylS results in the translation of UAG in vivo as a sense codon. This is the first example from nature of direct aminoacylation of a tRNA with a non-canonical amino acid and shows that the genetic code of E. coli can be expanded to include UAG-directed pyrrolysine incorporation into proteins.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Biochem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Biochem Program, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, CCIC Mass Spectrometry & Proteom Facil, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Krzycki, JA (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Microbiol, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM krzycki.1@osu.edu
NR 27
TC 214
Z9 290
U1 1
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/nature02895
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000047
PM 15329732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, J
AF Clayton, J
TI A rival to antisense?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 603
EP 603
DI 10.1038/431603a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kono, T
   Obata, Y
   Wu, QL
   Niwa, K
   Ono, Y
   Yamamoto, Y
   Park, ES
   Seo, JS
   Ogawa, H
AF Kono, T
   Obata, Y
   Wu, QL
   Niwa, K
   Ono, Y
   Yamamoto, Y
   Park, ES
   Seo, JS
   Ogawa, H
TI Birth of parthenogenetic mice that can develop to adulthood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian development; imprinted genes; oocyte growth; mouse; h19; expression; genome; deletion; methylation; igf2
AB Only mammals have relinquished parthenogenesis, a means of producing descendants solely from maternal germ cells. Mouse parthenogenetic embryos die by day 10 of gestation(1-4). Bi-parental reproduction is necessary because of parent-specific epigenetic modification of the genome during gametogenesis(5-8). This leads to unequal expression of imprinted genes from the maternal and paternal alleles(9). However, there is no direct evidence that genomic imprinting is the only barrier to parthenogenetic development. Here we show the development of a viable parthenogenetic mouse individual from a reconstructed oocyte containing two haploid sets of maternal genome, derived from non-growing and fully grown oocytes. This development was made possible by the appropriate expression of the Igf2 and H19 genes with other imprinted genes, using mutant mice with a 13-kilobase deletion in the H19 gene(10) as non-growing oocytes donors. This full-term development is associated with a marked reduction in aberrantly expressed genes. The parthenote developed to adulthood with the ability to reproduce offspring. These results suggest that paternal imprinting prevents parthenogenesis, ensuring that the paternal contribution is obligatory for the descendant.
C1 Tokyo Univ Agr, Dept Biosci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1568502, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Agr, Dept Appl Sci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1568502, Japan.
   Biooriented Technol Res Adv Inst, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050001, Japan.
   MacroGen Inc, Seoul 110061, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Seoul 110799, South Korea.
C3 Tokyo University of Agriculture; Tokyo University of Agriculture; Macrogen, Inc.; Seoul National University (SNU)
RP Kono, T (corresponding author), Tokyo Univ Agr, Dept Biosci, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1568502, Japan.
EM tomohiro@nodai.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 453
U1 3
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 860
EP 864
DI 10.1038/nature02402
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300042
PM 15103378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mimura, S
   Seki, T
   Tanaka, S
   Diffley, JFX
AF Mimura, S
   Seki, T
   Tanaka, S
   Diffley, JFX
TI Phosphorylation-dependent binding of mitotic cyclins to Cdc6 contributes to DNA replication control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase; molecular-basis; protein; proteolysis; domain; specificity; component; kinases; targets
AB Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) limit the activation of DNA replication origins to once per cell cycle by preventing the assembly of pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs) during S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(1,2). CDKs inhibit each pre-RC component (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1/Mcm2-7) by different mechanisms. We show here that the mitotic CDK, Clb2/Cdc28, binds tightly to an amino-terminal domain (NTD) of Cdc6, and that Cdc6 in this complex is unable to assemble pre-RCs. We present evidence indicating that this Clb2-dependent mechanism contributes to preventing rereplication in vivo. CDK interaction with the NTD of Cdc6 is mediated by the cyclin subunit Clb2, and could be reconstituted with recombinant Clb2 protein and synthetic NTD peptides. Tight Clb2 binding occurred only when the NTD was phosphorylated on CDK consensus sites. Human CDKs containing cyclins A, B and E also bound specifically to phospho-NTD peptides. We propose that direct binding of cyclins to phosphopeptide motifs may be a widespread phenomenon contributing to the targeting of CDKs to substrates.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, Potters Bar EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Diffley, JFX (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM john.diffley@cancer.org.uk
NR 23
TC 92
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1118
EP 1123
DI 10.1038/nature03024
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800045
PM 15496876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahn, KH
   Lookman, T
   Bishop, AR
AF Ahn, KH
   Lookman, T
   Bishop, AR
TI Strain-induced metal-insulator phase coexistence in perovskite manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition; separation; magnetoresistance; la1-xcaxmno3; disorder; physics; images
AB The coexistence of distinct metallic and insulating electronic phases within the same sample of a perovskite manganite(1-6), such as La1-x-yPryCaxMnO3, presents researchers with a tool for tuning the electronic properties in materials. In particular, colossal magnetoresistance(7) in these materials - the dramatic reduction of resistivity in a magnetic field - is closely related to the observed texture owing to nanometre- and micrometre-scale inhomogeneities(1) (-6,8). Despite accumulated data from various high-resolution probes, a theoretical understanding for the existence of such inhomogeneities has been lacking. Mechanisms invoked so far, usually based on electronic mechanisms and chemical disorder(9-11), have been inadequate to describe the multiscale, multiphase coexistence within a unified picture. Moreover, lattice distortions and long-range strains(12,13) are known to be important in the manganites(14). Here we show that the texturing can be due to the intrinsic complexity of a system with strong coupling between the electronic and elastic degrees of freedom. This leads to local energetically favourable configurations and provides a natural mechanism for the self-organized inhomogeneities over both nanometre and micrometre scales. The framework provides a physical understanding of various experimental results and a basis for engineering nanoscale patterns of metallic and insulating phases.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Ahn, KH (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM ahn@lanl.gov
NR 32
TC 559
Z9 611
U1 2
U2 217
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6981
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/nature02364
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 805ZN
UT WOS:000220404300035
PM 15042083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Homes, CC
   Dordevic, SV
   Strongin, M
   Bonn, DA
   Liang, RX
   Hardy, WN
   Komiya, S
   Ando, Y
   Yu, G
   Kaneko, N
   Zhao, X
   Greven, M
   Basov, DN
   Timusk, T
AF Homes, CC
   Dordevic, SV
   Strongin, M
   Bonn, DA
   Liang, RX
   Hardy, WN
   Komiya, S
   Ando, Y
   Yu, G
   Kaneko, N
   Zhao, X
   Greven, M
   Basov, DN
   Timusk, T
TI A universal scaling relation in high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-property; penetration depth; c-axis; cuprate superconductors; gap anisotropy; conductivity; pseudogap; plane; tl2ba2cuo6+delta; la2-xsrxcuo4
AB Since the discovery of superconductivity at elevated temperatures in the copper oxide materials(1) there has been a considerable effort to find universal trends and correlations amongst physical quantities, as a clue to the origin of the superconductivity. One of the earliest patterns that emerged was the linear scaling of the superfluid density (rho(s)) with the superconducting transition temperature (T-c), which marks the onset of phase coherence. This is referred to as the Uemura relation(2), and it works reasonably well for the underdoped materials. It does not, however, describe optimally doped ( where T-c is a maximum) or overdoped materials(3). Similarly, an attempt to scale the superfluid density with the d.c. conductivity (sigma(dc)) was only partially successful(4). Here we report a simple scaling relation (rho(s) proportional to proportional to(dc)T(c), with sigma(dc) measured at approximately T-c) that holds for all tested high-T-c materials. It holds regardless of doping level, nature of dopant ( electrons versus holes), crystal structure and type of disorder(5), and direction ( parallel or perpendicular to the copper oxygen planes).
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A6, Canada.
   Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Tokyo 2018511, Japan.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of British Columbia; Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry - Japan; Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; McMaster University
RP Homes, CC (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM homes@bnl.gov
NR 29
TC 231
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 539
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature02673
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100041
PM 15282599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiong, ZH
   Wu, D
   Vardeny, ZV
   Shi, J
AF Xiong, ZH
   Wu, D
   Vardeny, ZV
   Shi, J
TI Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic tunnel-junctions; room-temperature; semiconductor; injection; polarization; electronics; dependence; interfaces; polymers
AB A spin valve is a layered structure of magnetic and non-magnetic (spacer) materials whose electrical resistance depends on the spin state of electrons passing through the device and so can be controlled by an external magnetic field. The discoveries of giant magnetoresistance(1) and tunnelling magnetoresistance(2) in metallic spin valves have revolutionized applications such as magnetic recording and memory, and launched the new field of spin electronics(3) -'spintronics'. Intense research efforts are now devoted to extending these spin-dependent effects to semiconductor materials. But while there have been noteworthy advances in spin injection and detection using inorganic semiconductors(4-6), spin-valve devices with semiconducting spacers have not yet been demonstrated. pi-conjugated organic semiconductors may offer a promising alternative approach to semiconductor spintronics, by virtue of their relatively strong electron phonon coupling(7) and large spin coherence(8). Here we report the injection, transport and detection of spin-polarized carriers using an organic semiconductor as the spacer layer in a spin-valve structure, yielding low-temperature giant magnetoresistance effects as large as 40 per cent.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Shi, J (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Phys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM jshi@physics.utah.edu
NR 21
TC 1380
Z9 1541
U1 11
U2 830
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6977
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature02325
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 777WU
UT WOS:000189207500034
PM 14985756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodrigues, ASL
   Andelman, SJ
   Bakarr, MI
   Boitani, L
   Brooks, TM
   Cowling, RM
   Fishpool, LDC
   da Fonseca, GAB
   Gaston, KJ
   Hoffmann, M
   Long, JS
   Marquet, PA
   Pilgrim, JD
   Pressey, RL
   Schipper, J
   Sechrest, W
   Stuart, SN
   Underhill, LG
   Waller, RW
   Watts, MEJ
   Yan, X
AF Rodrigues, ASL
   Andelman, SJ
   Bakarr, MI
   Boitani, L
   Brooks, TM
   Cowling, RM
   Fishpool, LDC
   da Fonseca, GAB
   Gaston, KJ
   Hoffmann, M
   Long, JS
   Marquet, PA
   Pilgrim, JD
   Pressey, RL
   Schipper, J
   Sechrest, W
   Stuart, SN
   Underhill, LG
   Waller, RW
   Watts, MEJ
   Yan, X
TI Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation targets; biodiversity; extinction; patterns; ecology; parks
AB The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface(1). This surpasses the 10% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress(2), for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes(1). Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning(3). Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned(4,5). In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform-that is, 'one size fits all'-conservation targets.
C1 Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Conservat Int, IUCN SSCCI CABS Biodivers Assessement Unit, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   World Agroforestry Ctr ICRAF, Gigiri Nairobi, Kenya.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Biol Anim & Uomo, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Port Elizabeth, Dept Bot, Terr Ecol Res Unit, ZA-6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
   BirdLife Int, Cambridge CB3 0NA, England.
   Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Zool, BR-31270 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Biodivers & Macroecol Grp, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Ciencias Biol, Dept Ecol, Santiago, Chile.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, CASEB, Santiago, Chile.
   New S Wales Dept Environm & Conservat, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
   Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Stat Sci, Avian Demog Unit, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
C3 Conservation International; Conservation International; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; CGIAR; World Agroforestry (ICRAF); Sapienza University Rome; Nelson Mandela University; BirdLife International; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; University of Sheffield; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Office of Environment & Heritage - New South Wales; University of Idaho; University of Cape Town; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Zoology, CAS
RP Rodrigues, ASL (corresponding author), Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Washington, DC 20036 USA.
EM a.rodrigues@conservation.org
NR 30
TC 1103
Z9 1326
U1 6
U2 852
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 640
EP 643
DI 10.1038/nature02422
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200040
PM 15071592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bastow, R
   Mylne, JS
   Lister, C
   Lippman, Z
   Martienssen, RA
   Dean, C
AF Bastow, R
   Mylne, JS
   Lister, C
   Lippman, Z
   Martienssen, RA
   Dean, C
TI Vernalization requires epigenetic silencing of FLC by histone methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flowering locus-c; mads domain protein; methyltransferase activity; lysine 9; arabidopsis; h3; gene; repressor; complex; roles
AB To ensure flowering in favourable conditions, many plants flower only after an extended period of cold, namely winter. In Arabidopsis, the acceleration of flowering by prolonged cold, a process called vernalization, involves downregulation of the protein FLC, which would otherwise prevent flowering(1,2). This lowered FLC expression is maintained through subsequent development by the activity of VERNALIZATION (VRN) genes(3,4). VRN1 encodes a DNA-binding protein(4) whereas VRN2 encodes a homologue of one of the Polycomb group proteins, which maintain the silencing of genes during animal development(3). Here we show that vernalization causes changes in histone methylation in discrete domains within the FLC locus, increasing dimethylation of lysines 9 and 27 on histone H3. Such modifications identify silenced chromatin states in Drosophila and human cells(5-7). Dimethylation of H3 K27 was lost only in vrn2 mutants, but dimethylation of H3 K9 was absent from both vrn1 and vrn2, consistent with VRN1 functioning downstream of VRN2. The epigenetic memory of winter is thus mediated by a 'histone code' that specifies a silent chromatin state conserved between animals and plants.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Dean, C (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM caroline.dean@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 752
Z9 892
U1 7
U2 274
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6970
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature02269
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 760YY
UT WOS:000187863900037
PM 14712277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Modis, Y
   Ogata, S
   Clements, D
   Harrison, SC
AF Modis, Y
   Ogata, S
   Clements, D
   Harrison, SC
TI Structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID borne encephalitis-virus; semliki-forest-virus; influenza hemagglutinin; conformational-change; glycoprotein; domain; hemifusion; peptide; binding; entry
AB Dengue virus enters a host cell when the viral envelope glycoprotein, E, binds to a receptor and responds by conformational rearrangement to the reduced pH of an endosome. The conformational change induces fusion of viral and host- cell membranes. A three- dimensional structure of the soluble E ectodomain ( sE) in its trimeric, postfusion state reveals striking differences from the dimeric, prefusion form. The elongated trimer bears three ` fusion loops' at one end, to insert into the host- cell membrane. Their structure allows us to model directly how these fusion loops interact with a lipid bilayer. The protein folds back on itself, directing its carboxy terminus towards the fusion loops. We propose a fusion mechanism driven by essentially irreversible conformational changes in E and facilitated by fusion- loop insertion into the outer bilayer leaflet. Specific features of the folded- back structure suggest strategies for inhibiting flavivirus entry.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Hawaii Biotech Inc, Aiea, HI 96701 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Hawaii Biotech, Inc. (HBI)
RP Harrison, SC (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM harrison@crystal.harvard.edu
NR 51
TC 965
Z9 1223
U1 2
U2 151
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 313
EP 319
DI 10.1038/nature02165
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200031
PM 14737159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corey, DP
   Garcia-Añoveros, J
   Holt, JR
   Kwan, KY
   Lin, SY
   Vollrath, MA
   Amalfitano, A
   Cheung, ELM
   Derfler, BH
   Duggan, A
   Géléoc, GSG
   Gray, PA
   Hoffman, MP
   Rehm, HL
   Tamasauskas, D
   Zhang, DS
AF Corey, DP
   Garcia-Añoveros, J
   Holt, JR
   Kwan, KY
   Lin, SY
   Vollrath, MA
   Amalfitano, A
   Cheung, ELM
   Derfler, BH
   Duggan, A
   Géléoc, GSG
   Gray, PA
   Hoffman, MP
   Rehm, HL
   Tamasauskas, D
   Zhang, DS
TI TRPA1 is a candidate for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of vertebrate hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ion channels; inner-ear; mechanoelectrical transduction; mechanotransducer channel; tip links; adaptation; mutations; gene; cadherin-23; adenovirus
AB Mechanical deflection of the sensory hair bundles of receptor cells in the inner ear causes ion channels located at the tips of the bundle to open, thereby initiating the perception of sound. Although some protein constituents of the transduction apparatus are known, the mechanically gated transduction channels have not been identified in higher vertebrates. Here, we investigate TRP ( transient receptor potential) ion channels as candidates and find one, TRPA1 ( also known as ANKTM1), that meets criteria for the transduction channel. The appearance of TRPA1 messenger RNA expression in hair cell epithelia coincides developmentally with the onset of mechanosensitivity. Antibodies to TRPA1 label hair bundles, especially at their tips, and tip labelling disappears when the transduction apparatus is chemically disrupted. Inhibition of TRPA1 protein expression in zebrafish and mouse inner ears inhibits receptor cell function, as assessed with electrical recording and with accumulation of a channel-permeant fluorescent dye. TRPA1 is probably a component of the transduction channel itself.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Dept Anesthesiol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Dept Neurol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Dept Physiol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Partners Genome Ctr, Mol Med Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Med Genet, Durham, NC 27705 USA.
   NIDCR, Matrix & Morphogenesis Unit, CDBRB, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Northwestern University; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Duke University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Corey, DP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dcorey@hms.harvard.edu
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000707] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 42
TC 535
Z9 693
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 723
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature03066
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200040
PM 15483558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naumov, II
   Bellaiche, L
   Fu, HX
AF Naumov, II
   Bellaiche, L
   Fu, HX
TI Unusual phase transitions in ferroelectric nanodisks and nanorods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultrathin films; solid-solution; principles; behavior; models; pbtio3
AB Bulk ferroelectrics undergo structural phase transformations at low temperatures, giving multi-stable ( that is, multiple-minimum) degenerate states with spontaneous polarization. Accessing these states by applying, and varying the direction of, an external electric field is a key principle for the operation of devices such as non-volatile ferroelectric random access memories(1) (NFERAMs). Compared with bulk ferroelectrics, low-dimensional finite ferroelectric structures promise to increase the storage density of NFERAMs 10,000-fold(2). But this anticipated benefit hinges on whether phase transitions and multi-stable states still exist in low-dimensional structures. Previous studies have suggested that phase transitions are impossible in one-dimensional systems(3-5), and become increasingly less likely as dimensionality further decreases(3-6). Here we perform ab initio studies of ferroelectric nanoscale disks and rods of technologically important Pb(Zr, Ti) O-3 solid solutions, and demonstrate the existence of previously unknown phase transitions in zero-dimensional ferroelectric nanoparticles. The minimum diameter of the disks that display low-temperature structural bistability is determined to be 3.2 nm, enabling an ultimate NFERAM density of 60 x 10(12) bits per square inch that is, five orders of magnitude larger than those currently available(7). Our results suggest an innovative use of ferroelectric nanostructures for data storage, and are of fundamental value for the theory of phase transition in systems of low dimensionality.
C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville
RP Fu, HX (corresponding author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Phys, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
EM hfu@uark.edu
NR 29
TC 844
Z9 907
U1 11
U2 340
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature03107
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200043
PM 15592408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mumby, PJ
   Edwards, AJ
   Arias-González, JE
   Lindeman, KC
   Blackwell, PG
   Gall, A
   Gorczynska, MI
   Harborne, AR
   Pescod, CL
   Renken, H
   Wabnitz, CCC
   Llewellyn, G
AF Mumby, PJ
   Edwards, AJ
   Arias-González, JE
   Lindeman, KC
   Blackwell, PG
   Gall, A
   Gorczynska, MI
   Harborne, AR
   Pescod, CL
   Renken, H
   Wabnitz, CCC
   Llewellyn, G
TI Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seagrass beds; habitats; bay
AB Mangrove forests are one of the world's most threatened tropical ecosystems with global loss exceeding 35% (ref. 1). Juvenile coral reef fish often inhabit mangroves(2-5), but the importance of these nurseries to reef fish population dynamics has not been quantified. Indeed, mangroves might be expected to have negligible influence on reef fish communities: juvenile fish can inhabit alternative habitats and fish populations may be regulated by other limiting factors such as larval supply or fishing(6). Here we show that mangroves are unexpectedly important, serving as an intermediate nursery habitat that may increase the survivorship of young fish. Mangroves in the Caribbean strongly influence the community structure of fish on neighbouring coral reefs. In addition, the biomass of several commercially important species is more than doubled when adult habitat is connected to mangroves. The largest herbivorous fish in the Atlantic, Scarus guacamaia, has a functional dependency on mangroves and has suffered local extinction after mangrove removal. Current rates of mangrove deforestation are likely to have severe deleterious consequences for the ecosystem function, fisheries productivity and resilience of reefs. Conservation efforts should protect connected corridors of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs.
C1 Univ Exeter, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Biol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   CINVESTAV, Unidad Merida, Dept Recursos Mar, Lab Ecol Ecosistemas Arrecifes Coralinos, Merida 97310, Yucatan, Mexico.
   Environm Def, Caribbean Field Off, Miami, FL 33186 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Probabil & Stat, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ British Columbia, Lower Mall Res Stn, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   WWF US, Conservat Sci Program, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
C3 University of Exeter; Newcastle University - UK; CINVESTAV - Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional; University of Sheffield; University of British Columbia; World Wildlife Fund
RP Mumby, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Marine Spatial Ecol Lab, Prince Wales Rd, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
EM p.j.mumby@exeter.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 839
Z9 992
U1 11
U2 672
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6974
BP 533
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature02286
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 770KM
UT WOS:000188721800039
PM 14765193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Probing real-time protein interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 249
EP 249
DI 10.1038/432249a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200054
PM 15538375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harper, NS
   McAlpine, D
AF Harper, NS
   McAlpine, D
TI Optimal neural population coding of an auditory spatial cue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaural time difference; inferior colliculus; sound localization; fisher information; central nucleus; barn owl; neurons; delay; discrimination; cat
AB A sound, depending on the position of its source, can take more time to reach one ear than the other. This interaural ( between the ears) time difference (ITD) provides a major cue for determining the source location(1,2). Many auditory neurons are sensitive to ITDs(3,4), but the means by which such neurons represent ITD is a contentious issue. Recent studies question whether the classical general model ( the Jeffress model(5)) applies across species(6,7). Here we show that ITD coding strategies of different species can be explained by a unifying principle: that the ITDs an animal naturally encounters should be coded with maximal accuracy. Using statistical techniques and a stochastic neural model, we demonstrate that the optimal coding strategy for ITD depends critically on head size and sound frequency. For small head sizes and/or low-frequency sounds, the optimal coding strategy tends towards two distinct sub-populations tuned to ITDs outside the range created by the head. This is consistent with recent observations in small mammals(6,7). For large head sizes and/or high frequencies, the optimal strategy is a homogeneous distribution of ITD tunings within the range created by the head. This is consistent with observations in the barn owl(8-10). For humans, the optimal strategy to code ITDs from an acoustically measured distribution depends on frequency; above 400 Hz a homogeneous distribution is optimal, and below 400 Hz distinct sub-populations are optimal.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, UCL Ear Inst, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, CoMPLEX, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP McAlpine, D (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM d.mcalpine@ucl.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 230
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7000
BP 682
EP 686
DI 10.1038/nature02768
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 843LM
UT WOS:000223085400047
PM 15295602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, H
   Rogers, MJ
   Richmond, JE
   McIntire, SL
AF Kim, H
   Rogers, MJ
   Richmond, JE
   McIntire, SL
TI SNF-6 is an acetylcholine transporter interacting with the dystrophin complex in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuromuscular-junction; glycoprotein complex; genetic-evidence; muscle-fibers; time-course; mutations; dystrobrevin; phenotypes; mutants; calcium
AB Muscular dystrophies are among the most common human genetic diseases and are characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Muscular dystrophies result from genetic defects in components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), a multimeric complex found in the muscle cell plasma membrane(1). The DGC links the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and is thought to be important for maintaining the mechanical integrity of muscles(2) and organizing signalling molecules(3). The exact role of the DGC in the pathogenesis of disease has, however, remained uncertain(4). Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans DGC genes lead to specific defects in coordinated movement and can also cause muscle degeneration(5-7). Here we show that mutations in the gene snf-6 result in phenotypes indistinguishable from those of the DGC mutants, and that snf-6 encodes a novel acetylcholine/choline transporter. SNF-6 mediates the uptake of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions during periods of increased synaptic activity. SNF-6 also interacts with the DGC, and mutations in DGC genes cause a loss of SNF-6 at neuromuscular junctions. Improper clearing of acetylcholine and prolonged excitation of muscles might contribute to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, Program Neurosci, Ernest Gallo & Res Ctr, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, Program Biomed Sci, Ernest Gallo & Res Ctr, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Ernest Gallo Clinic & Research Center; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Ernest Gallo Clinic & Research Center; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
RP McIntire, SL (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, Program Neurosci, Ernest Gallo & Res Ctr, 5858 Horton St,Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA.
EM slm@itsa.ucsf.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS041477] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 39
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 891
EP 896
DI 10.1038/nature02798
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800042
PM 15318222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawasaki, H
   Taira, K
AF Kawasaki, H
   Taira, K
TI RETRACTED: Induction of DNA methylation and gene silencing by short interfering RNAs in human cells (Retracted article. See vol 441, pg 1176, 2006)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID double-stranded-rna; cpg island methylation; human cancer-cells; expression; drosophila; cytoplasm; plants; dnmt1
AB Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in several species of animal and plant(1-2). In plants, dsRNAs targeted to CpG islands within a promoter can also induce RNA-directed DNA methylation(3-8); however, it remains unclear whether gene silencing mediated by DNA methylation can be induced by dsRNAs in mammalian cells. Here, we demonstrate that short interfering RNAs (siRNAs; 21-25-nucleotide RNA molecules) induce DNA methylation and histone H3 methylation in human cells. Synthetic siRNAs targeted to CpG islands of an E-cadherin promoter induced significant DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in both MCF-7 and normal mammary epithelial cells. As a result, these siRNAs repressed expression of the E-cadherin gene at the transcriptional level. In addition, disrupting the expression of either one of two DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 or DNMT3B) by specific siRNAs abolished the siRNA-mediated methylation of DNA. Moreover, vector-based siRNAs targeted to the erbB2 (also known as HER2) promoter also induced DNA methylation in MCF-7 cells. Thus, siRNAs targeted to CpG islands within the promoter of a specific gene can induce transcriptional gene silencing by means of DNA-methyltransferase-dependent methylation of DNA in human cells, and might have potential as a new type of gene therapeutic agent.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Gene Funct Res Ctr, Tsukuba 3058562, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Kawasaki, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM kawasaki@chembio.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 339
Z9 460
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 211
EP 217
DI 10.1038/nature02889
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000050
PM 17150553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flo, TH
   Smith, KD
   Sato, S
   Rodriguez, DJ
   Holmes, MA
   Strong, RK
   Akira, S
   Aderem, A
AF Flo, TH
   Smith, KD
   Sato, S
   Rodriguez, DJ
   Holmes, MA
   Strong, RK
   Akira, S
   Aderem, A
TI Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human neutrophil gelatinase; acute-phase protein; toll-like receptors; pattern-recognition; mouse; acquisition; uterocalin; ngal
AB Although iron is required to sustain life, its free concentration and metabolism have to be tightly regulated(1). This is achieved through a variety of iron-binding proteins including transferrin and ferritin(2). During infection, bacteria acquire much of their iron from the host by synthesizing siderophores that scavenge iron and transport it into the pathogen(3,4). We recently demonstrated that enterochelin, a bacterial catecholate siderophore, binds to the host protein lipocalin 2 (ref. 5). Here, we show that this event is pivotal in the innate immune response to bacterial infection. Upon encountering invading bacteria the Toll-like receptors on immune cells stimulate the transcription, translation and secretion of lipocalin 2; secreted lipocalin 2 then limits bacterial growth by sequestrating the iron-laden siderophore. Our finding represents a new component of the innate immune system and the acute phase response to infection.
C1 Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Inst Canc Res & Mol Med, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Aderem, A (corresponding author), Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
EM aaderem@systemsbiology.org
NR 24
TC 1511
Z9 1788
U1 4
U2 139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature03104
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500057
PM 15531878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muto, A
   Tashiro, S
   Nakajima, O
   Hoshino, H
   Takahashi, S
   Sakoda, E
   Ikebe, D
   Yamamoto, M
   Igarashi, K
AF Muto, A
   Tashiro, S
   Nakajima, O
   Hoshino, H
   Takahashi, S
   Sakoda, E
   Ikebe, D
   Yamamoto, M
   Igarashi, K
TI The transcriptional programme of antibody class switching involves the repressor Bach2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-cell differentiation; germinal-center formation; small maf proteins; somatic hypermutation; mature b; recombination; mechanism; blimp-1; expression; activation
AB Activated B cells differentiate to plasma cells to secrete IgM or, after undergoing class switch recombination (CSR), to secrete other classes of immunoglobulins(1-4). Diversification of antibody function by CSR is important for humoral immunity. However, it remains unclear how the decision for the bifurcation is made. Bach2 is a B-cell-specific transcription repressor interacting with the small Maf proteins whose expression is high only before the plasma cell stage(5-7). Here we show that Bach2 is critical for CSR and somatic hypermutation (SHM)(2,4,8) of immunoglobulin genes. Genetic ablation of Bach2 in mice revealed that Bach2 was required for both T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent IgG responses and SHM. When stimulated in vitro, Bach2-deficient B cells produced IgM, as did wild-type cells, and abundantly expressed Blimp-1 (refs 9, 10) and XBP-1 (ref. 11), critical regulators of the plasmacytic differentiation(12), indicating that Bach2 was not required for the plasmacytic differentiation itself. However, they failed to undergo efficient CSR. These findings define Bach2 as a key regulator of antibody response and provide an insight into the orchestration of CSR and SHM during plasma cell differentiation.
C1 Hiroshima Univ, Dept Biomed Chem, Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Leukemia Program Project, Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Ctr Tsukuba Adv Res Alliance, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Environm Response Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
C3 Hiroshima University; Hiroshima University; University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba
RP Igarashi, K (corresponding author), Hiroshima Univ, Dept Biomed Chem, Grad Sch Biomed Sci, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan.
EM igarak@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 247
Z9 287
U1 2
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 566
EP 571
DI 10.1038/nature02596
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700041
PM 15152264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaeger, J
   Surkova, S
   Blagov, M
   Janssens, H
   Kosman, D
   Kozlov, KN
   Manu
   Myasnikova, E
   Vanario-Alonso, CE
   Samsonova, M
   Sharp, DH
   Reinitz, J
AF Jaeger, J
   Surkova, S
   Blagov, M
   Janssens, H
   Kosman, D
   Kozlov, KN
   Manu
   Myasnikova, E
   Vanario-Alonso, CE
   Samsonova, M
   Sharp, DH
   Reinitz, J
TI Dynamic control of positional information in the early Drosophila embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphogen gradient; segmentation; protein; pattern; embryogenesis; hunchback; model; genes
AB Morphogen gradients contribute to pattern formation by determining positional information in morphogenetic fields(1,2). Interpretation of positional information is thought to rely on direct, concentration-threshold-dependent mechanisms for establishing multiple differential domains of target gene expression(1,3,4). In Drosophila, maternal gradients establish the initial position of boundaries for zygotic gap gene expression, which in turn convey positional information to pair-rule and segment-polarity genes, the latter forming a segmental prepattern by the onset of gastrulation(5-7). Here we report, on the basis of quantitative gene expression data, substantial anterior shifts in the position of gap domains after their initial establishment. Using a data-driven mathematical modelling approach(8-11), we show that these shifts are based on a regulatory mechanism that relies on asymmetric gap-gap cross-repression and does not require the diffusion of gap proteins. Our analysis implies that the threshold-dependent interpretation of maternal morphogen concentration is not sufficient to determine shifting gap domain boundary positions, and suggests that establishing and interpreting positional information are not independent processes in the Drosophila blastoderm.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Dev Genet, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   St Petersburg State Polytech Univ, Ctr Adv Studies, Dept Computat Biol, St Petersburg 195251, Russia.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Appl Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Reinitz, J (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Appl Math & Stat, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM reinitz@odd.bio.sunysb.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [R01 RR007801] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 441
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/nature02678
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200045
PM 15254541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Attaran, A
AF Attaran, A
TI Where did it all go wrong?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID roll back malaria
C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
C3 University of Ottawa
RP Attaran, A (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
NR 8
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 932
EP 933
DI 10.1038/430932a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800056
PM 15318233
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leendertz, FH
   Ellerbrok, H
   Boesch, C
   Couacy-Hymann, E
   Mätz-Rensing, K
   Hakenbeck, R
   Bergmann, C
   Abaza, P
   Junglen, S
   Moebius, Y
   Vigilant, L
   Formenty, P
   Pauli, G
AF Leendertz, FH
   Ellerbrok, H
   Boesch, C
   Couacy-Hymann, E
   Mätz-Rensing, K
   Hakenbeck, R
   Bergmann, C
   Abaza, P
   Junglen, S
   Moebius, Y
   Vigilant, L
   Formenty, P
   Pauli, G
TI Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rainforest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-anthracis; national-park; virus; identification; strains; decline; ebola; pcr
AB Infectious disease has joined habitat loss and hunting as threats to the survival of the remaining wild populations of great apes. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the causative agents(1-3). We investigated an unusually high number of sudden deaths observed over nine months in three communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Here we report combined pathological, cytological and molecular investigations that identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of death for at least six individuals. We show that anthrax can be found in wild non-human primates living in a tropical rainforest, a habitat not previously known to harbour B. anthracis. Anthrax is an acute disease that infects ruminants(4,5), but other mammals, including humans, can be infected through contacting or inhaling high doses of spores or by consuming meat from infected animals(6). Respiratory and gastrointestinal anthrax are characterized by rapid onset, fever, septicaemia and a high fatality rate without early antibiotic treatment(6,7). Our results suggest that epidemic diseases represent substantial threats to wild ape populations, and through bushmeat consumption also pose a hazard to human health.
C1 Robert Koch Inst, Zentrum Biol Sicherheit, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Parasitol & Int Anim Hlth, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
   Lanada, Lcpa, Bingerville, Cote Ivoire.
   German Primate Ctr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Kaiserslautern, Dept Microbiol, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   WHO, Ebola Tai Forest Project, WHO Off, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire.
C3 Robert Koch Institute; Max Planck Society; Free University of Berlin; Leibniz Association; Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ); RPTU University Kaiserslautern; World Health Organization
RP Ellerbrok, H (corresponding author), Robert Koch Inst, Zentrum Biol Sicherheit, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
EM ellerbrokh@rki.de
NR 22
TC 145
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6998
BP 451
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature02722
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 839RD
UT WOS:000222801400042
PM 15269768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shapiro, MD
   Marks, ME
   Peichel, CL
   Blackman, BK
   Nereng, KS
   Jónsson, B
   Schluter, D
   Kingsley, DM
AF Shapiro, MD
   Marks, ME
   Peichel, CL
   Blackman, BK
   Nereng, KS
   Jónsson, B
   Schluter, D
   Kingsley, DM
TI Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gasterosteus-aculeatus; t-box; pungitius-pungitius; brook stickleback; culaea-inconstans; hindlimb; limb; populations; drosophila; identity
AB Hindlimb loss has evolved repeatedly in many different animals by means of molecular mechanisms that are still unknown. To determine the number and type of genetic changes underlying pelvic reduction in natural populations, we carried out genetic crosses between threespine stickleback fish with complete or missing pelvic structures. Genome-wide linkage mapping shows that pelvic reduction is controlled by one major and four minor chromosome regions. Pitx1 maps to the major chromosome region controlling most of the variation in pelvic size. Pelvic-reduced fish show the same left-right asymmetry seen in Pitx1 knockout mice, but do not show changes in Pitx1 protein sequence. Instead, pelvic-reduced sticklebacks show site-specific regulatory changes in Pitx1 expression, with reduced or absent expression in pelvic and caudal fin precursors. Regulatory mutations in major developmental control genes may provide a mechanism for generating rapid skeletal changes in natural populations, while preserving the essential roles of these genes in other processes.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, HHMI, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Holar Agr Coll, Inst Freshwater Fisheries, IS-551 Saudarkrokur, Iceland.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of British Columbia
RP Kingsley, DM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM kingsley@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 51
TC 678
Z9 846
U1 2
U2 215
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 717
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature02415
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800030
PM 15085123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terrak, M
   Kerff, F
   Langsetmo, K
   Tao, T
   Dominguez, R
AF Terrak, M
   Kerff, F
   Langsetmo, K
   Tao, T
   Dominguez, R
TI Structural basis of protein phosphatase 1 regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle myosin phosphatase; light-chain-phosphatase; catalytic subunit; smooth-muscle; crystal-structure; phosphorylation; complex; p53; inhibition; ankyrin
AB The coordinated and reciprocal action of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases and phosphatases produces transient phosphorylation, a fundamental regulatory mechanism for many biological processes. The human genome encodes a far greater number of Ser/Thr protein kinases than of phosphatases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), in particular, is ubiquitously distributed and regulates a broad range of cellular functions, including glycogen metabolism, cell-cycle progression and muscle relaxation(1,2). PP1 has evolved effective catalytic machinery but lacks substrate specificity. Substrate specificity is conferred upon PP1 through interactions with a large number of regulatory subunits. The regulatory subunits are generally unrelated, but most possess the RVxF motif, a canonical PP1-binding sequence. Here we reveal the crystal structure at 2.7 Angstrom resolution of the complex between PP1 and a 34-kDa N-terminal domain of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1. MYPT1 is the protein that regulates PP1 function in smooth muscle relaxation(3). Structural elements amino- and carboxy-terminal to the RVxF motif of MYPT1 are positioned in a way that leads to a pronounced reshaping of the catalytic cleft of PP1, contributing to the increased myosin specificity of this complex. The structure has general implications for the control of PP1 activity by other regulatory subunits.
C1 Boston Biomed Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02472 USA.
C3 Boston Biomedical Research Institute
RP Dominguez, R (corresponding author), Boston Biomed Res Inst, 64 Grove St, Watertown, MA 02472 USA.
EM dominguez@bbri.org
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR046524, P01 AR041637] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 314
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 780
EP 784
DI 10.1038/nature02582
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900043
PM 15164081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI In the market-place
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 243
EP 245
DI 10.1038/432243b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200052
PM 15538372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chadderton, P
   Margrie, TW
   Häusser, M
AF Chadderton, P
   Margrie, TW
   Häusser, M
TI Integration of quanta in cerebellar granule cells during sensory processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal excitability; synaptic currents; gaba(a) receptors; dendritic spines; calcium-release; rat cerebellum; purkinje-cells; mossy fibers; cortex; inhibition
AB To understand the computations performed by the input layers of cortical structures, it is essential to determine the relationship between sensory-evoked synaptic input and the resulting pattern of output spikes. In the cerebellum, granule cells constitute the input layer, translating mossy fibre signals into parallel fibre input to Purkinje cells(1). Until now, their small size and dense packing(1,2) have precluded recordings from individual granule cells in vivo. Here we use whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to show the relationship between mossy fibre synaptic currents evoked by somatosensory stimulation and the resulting granule cell output patterns. Granule cells exhibited a low ongoing firing rate, due in part to dampening of excitability by a tonic inhibitory conductance mediated by GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors. Sensory stimulation produced bursts of mossy fibre excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that summate to trigger bursts of spikes. Notably, these spike bursts were evoked by only a few quantal EPSCs, and yet spontaneous mossy fibre inputs triggered spikes only when inhibition was reduced. Our results reveal that the input layer of the cerebellum balances exquisite sensitivity with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Granule cell bursts are optimally suited to trigger glutamate receptor activation(3-5) and plasticity(6-8) at parallel fibre synapses, providing a link between input representation and memory storage in the cerebellum.
C1 UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Häusser, M (corresponding author), UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.hausser@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 544
Z9 623
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 856
EP 860
DI 10.1038/nature02442
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300041
PM 15103377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKinnon, JS
   Mori, S
   Blackman, BK
   David, L
   Kingsley, DM
   Jamieson, L
   Chou, J
   Schluter, D
AF McKinnon, JS
   Mori, S
   Blackman, BK
   David, L
   Kingsley, DM
   Jamieson, L
   Chou, J
   Schluter, D
TI Evidence for ecology's role in speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID threespine sticklebacks gasterosteus; reproductive isolation; natural-selection; parallel speciation; mate preferences; aculeatus l; evolution; divergence; reinforcement; populations
AB A principal challenge in testing the role of natural selection in speciation is to connect the build-up of reproductive isolation between populations to divergence of ecologically important traits(1,2). Demonstrations of 'parallel speciation', or assortative mating by selective environment, link ecology and isolation(3-5), but the phenotypic traits mediating isolation have not been confirmed. Here we show that the parallel build-up of mating incompatibilities between stickleback populations can be largely accounted for by assortative mating based on one trait, body size, which evolves predictably according to environment. In addition to documenting the influence of body size on reproductive isolation for stickleback populations spread across the Northern Hemisphere, we have confirmed its importance through a new experimental manipulation. Together, these results suggest that speciation may arise largely as a by-product of ecological differences and divergent selection on a small number of phenotypic traits.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA.
   Gifu Keizai Univ, Biol Lab, Ogaki, Gifu Prefecture 5038550, Japan.
   HHMI, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr B300, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Ctr Biodivers, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP McKinnon, JS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190 USA.
EM mckinnoj@uww.edu
NR 30
TC 381
Z9 444
U1 2
U2 182
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 294
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature02556
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900042
PM 15152252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsu, GW
   Ober, M
   Carell, T
   Beese, LS
AF Hsu, GW
   Ober, M
   Carell, T
   Beese, LS
TI Error-prone replication of oxidatively damaged DNA by a high-fidelity DNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steady-state; insertion; mutations; kinetics; crystal; exo(-); site; 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine; resolution; fragment
AB Aerobic respiration generates reactive oxygen species that can damage guanine residues and lead to the production of 8-oxoguanine (8oxoG), the major mutagenic oxidative lesion in the genome(1). Oxidative damage is implicated in ageing(2) and cancer, and its prevalence presents a constant challenge to DNA polymerases that ensure accurate transmission of genomic information. When these polymerases encounter 8oxoG, they frequently catalyse misincorporation of adenine in preference to accurate incorporation of cytosine(3). This results in the propagation of G to T transversions, which are commonly observed somatic mutations associated with human cancers(4,5). Here, we present sequential snapshots of a high-fidelity DNA polymerase during both accurate and mutagenic replication of 8oxoG. Comparison of these crystal structures reveals that 8oxoG induces an inversion of the mismatch recognition mechanisms that normally proofread DNA, such that the 8oxoG.adenine mismatch mimics a cognate base pair whereas the 8oxoG.cytosine base pair behaves as a mismatch. These studies reveal a fundamental mechanism of error-prone replication and show how 8oxoG, and DNA lesions in general, can form mismatches that evade polymerase error-detection mechanisms, potentially leading to the stable incorporation of lethal mutations.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 Duke University; University of Munich
RP Beese, LS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM lsb@biochem.duke.edu
NR 27
TC 273
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 217
EP 221
DI 10.1038/nature02908
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000051
PM 15322558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carucci, D
AF Carucci, D
TI Know thine enemy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; life-cycle; proteins; invasion; sequence; genome
C1 Fdn Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Carucci, D (corresponding author), Fdn Natl Inst Hlth, Bethesda, MD USA.
NR 10
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 944
EP 945
DI 10.1038/430944a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800064
PM 15318241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reber, M
   Burrola, P
   Lemke, G
AF Reber, M
   Burrola, P
   Lemke, G
TI A relative signalling model for the formation of a topographic neural map
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal axon guidance; ganglion-cell axons; visual-system; eph receptors; in-vitro; projection; kinase; elf-1; connections; modulation
AB The highly ordered wiring of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons in the eye to their synaptic targets in the superior colliculus of the midbrain has long served as the dominant experimental system for the analysis of topographic neural maps(1-3). Here we describe a quantitative model for the development of one arm of this map the wiring of the nasal - temporal axis of the retina to the caudal rostral axis of the superior colliculus. The model is based on RGC - RGC competition that is governed by comparisons of EphA receptor signalling intensity, which are made using ratios of, rather than absolute differences in, EphA signalling between RGCs(4). Molecular genetic experiments, exploiting a combinatorial series of EphA receptor knock-in and knockout mice, confirm the salient predictions of the model, and show that it both describes and predicts topographic mapping.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Lemke, G (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM lemke@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 847
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature02957
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500048
PM 15483613
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koga, T
   Inui, M
   Inoue, K
   Kim, S
   Suematsu, A
   Kobayashi, E
   Iwata, T
   Ohnishi, H
   Matozaki, T
   Kodama, T
   Taniguchi, T
   Takayanagi, H
   Takai, T
AF Koga, T
   Inui, M
   Inoue, K
   Kim, S
   Suematsu, A
   Kobayashi, E
   Iwata, T
   Ohnishi, H
   Matozaki, T
   Kodama, T
   Taniguchi, T
   Takayanagi, H
   Takai, T
TI Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; osteoclast differentiation; myeloid cells; fc-receptors; activation; mice; induction; system; gamma; beta
AB Costimulatory signals are required for activation of immune cells(1), but it is not known whether they contribute to other biological systems. The development and homeostasis of the skeletal system depend on the balance between bone formation and resorption(2,3). Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) regulates the differentiation of bone-resorbing cells, osteoclasts, in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)(4,5). But it remains unclear how RANKL activates the calcium signals that lead to induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1, a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis(6). Here we show that mice lacking immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)(7)-harbouring adaptors(8-10), Fc receptor common gamma subunit (FcRgamma) and DNAX-activating protein (DAP)12, exhibit severe osteopetrosis owing to impaired osteoclast differentiation. In osteoclast precursor cells, FcRgamma and DAP12 associate with multiple immunoreceptors(11-15) and activate calcium signalling through phospholipase Cgamma. Thus, ITAM-dependent costimulatory signals activated by multiple immunoreceptors are essential for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. These results reveal that RANKL and M-CSF are not sufficient to activate the signals required for osteoclastogenesis.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Immunol, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Cellular Physiol Chem, Grad Sch, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138549, Japan.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, COE Program Frontier Res Mol Destruct & Reconstru, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138549, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Expt Immunol, Inst Dev Aging & Canc, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   JST, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Gunma Univ, Biosignal Res Ctr, Inst Mol & Cellular Regulat, Maebashi, Gumma 3718512, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Mol Biol & Med, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tohoku University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Gunma University; University of Tokyo
RP Takayanagi, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Immunol, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM taka.cell@tmd.ac.jp; tostakai@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 690
Z9 783
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6984
BP 758
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature02444
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 812EW
UT WOS:000220823800042
PM 15085135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fender, R
   Wu, KW
   Johnston, H
   Tzioumis, T
   Jonker, P
   Spencer, R
   van der Klis, M
AF Fender, R
   Wu, KW
   Johnston, H
   Tzioumis, T
   Jonker, P
   Spencer, R
   van der Klis, M
TI An ultra-relativistic outflow from a neutron star accreting gas from a companion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circinus x-1; scorpius x-1; radio; jets; microquasars; motion
AB Collimated relativistic outflows-also known as jets-are amongst the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. They are associated with supermassive black holes in distant active galactic nuclei(1), accreting stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars in binary systems(2) and are believed to be responsible for gamma-ray bursts(3). The physics of these jets, however, remains something of a mystery in that their bulk velocities, compositions and energetics remain poorly determined. Here we report the discovery of an ultra-relativistic outflow from a neutron star accreting gas within a binary stellar system. The velocity of the outflow is comparable to the fastest-moving flows observed from active galactic nuclei, and its strength is modulated by the rate of accretion of material onto the neutron star. Shocks are energized further downstream in the flow, which are themselves moving at mildly relativistic bulk velocities and are the sites of the observed synchrotron emission from the jet. We conclude that the generation of highly relativistic outflows does not require properties that are unique to black holes, such as an event horizon.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astron Labs, Jodrell Bank, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of London; University College London; University of Sydney; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Cambridge; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
RP Fender, R (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM rpf@science.uva.nl
NR 22
TC 151
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 222
EP 224
DI 10.1038/nature02137
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100036
PM 14724631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cimatti, A
   Daddi, E
   Renzini, A
   Cassata, P
   Vanzella, E
   Pozzetti, L
   Cristiani, S
   Fontana, A
   Rodighiero, G
   Mignoli, M
   Zamorani, G
AF Cimatti, A
   Daddi, E
   Renzini, A
   Cassata, P
   Vanzella, E
   Pozzetti, L
   Cristiani, S
   Fontana, A
   Rodighiero, G
   Mignoli, M
   Zamorani, G
TI Old galaxies in the young Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-redshift galaxy; star-forming galaxy; origins deep survey; elliptic galaxy; k20 survey; population; density; red; images
AB More than half of all stars in the local Universe are found in massive spheroidal galaxies(1), which are characterized by old stellar populations(2,3) with little or no current star formation. In present models, such galaxies appear rather late in the history of the Universe as the culmination of a hierarchical merging process, in which larger galaxies are assembled through mergers of smaller precursor galaxies. But observations have not yet established how, or even when, the massive spheroidals formed(2,3), nor if their seemingly sudden appearance when the Universe was about half its present age (at redshift z approximate to 1) results from a real evolutionary effect ( such as a peak of mergers) or from the observational difficulty of identifying them at earlier epochs. Here we report the spectroscopic and morphological identification of four old, fully assembled, massive (10(11) solar masses) spheroidal galaxies at l. 6 < z < 1.9, the most distant such objects currently known. The existence of such systems when the Universe was only about one-quarter of its present age shows that the build-up of massive early-type galaxies was much faster in the early Universe than has been expected from theoretical simulations(4).
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); European Southern Observatory; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Cimatti, A (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM cimatti@arcetri.astro.it
NR 30
TC 321
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature02668
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600037
PM 15241408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Paolo, G
   Moskowitz, HS
   Gipson, K
   Wenk, MR
   Voronov, S
   Obayashi, M
   Flavell, R
   Fitzsimonds, RM
   Ryan, TA
   De Camilli, P
AF Di Paolo, G
   Moskowitz, HS
   Gipson, K
   Wenk, MR
   Voronov, S
   Obayashi, M
   Flavell, R
   Fitzsimonds, RM
   Ryan, TA
   De Camilli, P
TI Impaired PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis in nerve terminals produces defects in synaptic vesicle trafficking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmitter release; membrane; pool; endocytosis; clathrin; transmission; domain; arf6; phosphoinositides; synaptojanin
AB Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5) P-2) has an important function in cell regulation both as a precursor of second messenger molecules and by means of its direct interactions with cytosolic and membrane proteins. Biochemical studies have suggested a role for PtdIns(4,5) P-2 in clathrin coat dynamics, and defects in its dephosphorylation at the synapse produce an accumulation of coated endocytic intermediates. However, the involvement of PtdIns(4,5) P-2 in synaptic vesicle exocytosis remains unclear. Here, we show that decreased levels of PtdIns(4,5) P-2 in the brain and an impairment of its depolarization-dependent synthesis in nerve terminals lead to early postnatal lethality and synaptic defects in mice. These include decreased frequency of miniature currents, enhanced synaptic depression, a smaller readily releasable pool of vesicles, delayed endocytosis and slower recycling kinetics. Our results demonstrate a critical role for PtdIns(4,5) P-2 synthesis in the regulation of multiple steps of the synaptic vesicle cycle.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP De Camilli, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM pietro.decamilli@yale.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS036942] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 308
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 415
EP 422
DI 10.1038/nature02896
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500031
PM 15386003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heavens, A
   Panter, B
   Jimenez, R
   Dunlop, J
AF Heavens, A
   Panter, B
   Jimenez, R
   Dunlop, J
TI The star-formation history of the Universe from the stellar populations of nearby galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity function; redshift survey; ultraviolet; evolution
AB The determination of the star-formation history of the Universe is a key goal of modern cosmology, as it is crucial to our understanding of how galactic structures form and evolve. Observations(1-12) of young stars in distant galaxies at different times in the past have indicated that the stellar birthrate peaked some eight billion years ago before declining by a factor of around ten to its present value. Here we report an analysis of the 'fossil record' of the current stellar populations of 96,545 nearby galaxies, from which we obtained a complete star-formation history. Our results broadly support those derived from high-redshift galaxies. We find, however, that the peak of star formation was more recent-around five billion years ago. We also show that the bigger the stellar mass of the galaxy, the earlier the stars were formed, which indicates that high- and low-mass galaxies have very different histories.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Pennsylvania
RP Heavens, A (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM afh@roe.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 403
Z9 431
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6983
BP 625
EP 627
DI 10.1038/nature02474
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 810IE
UT WOS:000220697200035
PM 15071588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolaczkowski, B
   Thornton, JW
AF Kolaczkowski, B
   Thornton, JW
TI Performance of maximum parsimony and likelihood phylogenetics when evolution is heterogeneous
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; covariotide model; inference; sequences; accuracy; bias
AB All inferences in comparative biology depend on accurate estimates of evolutionary relationships. Recent phylogenetic analyses have turned away from maximum parsimony towards the probabilistic techniques of maximum likelihood and bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (BMCMC). These probabilistic techniques represent a parametric approach to statistical phylogenetics, because their criterion for evaluating a topology-the probability of the data, given the tree-is calculated with reference to an explicit evolutionary model from which the data are assumed to be identically distributed. Maximum parsimony can be considered nonparametric, because trees are evaluated on the basis of a general metric-the minimum number of character state changes required to generate the data on a given tree-without assuming a specific distribution(1). The shift to parametric methods was spurred, in large part, by studies showing that although both approaches perform well most of the time(2), maximum parsimony is strongly biased towards recovering an incorrect tree under certain combinations of branch lengths, whereas maximum likelihood is not(3-6). All these evaluations simulated sequences by a largely homogeneous evolutionary process in which data are identically distributed. There is ample evidence, however, that real-world gene sequences evolve heterogeneously and are not identically distributed(7-16). Here we show that maximum likelihood and BMCMC can become strongly biased and statistically inconsistent when the rates at which sequence sites evolve change non-identically over time. Maximum parsimony performs substantially better than current parametric methods over a wide range of conditions tested, including moderate heterogeneity and phylogenetic problems not normally considered difficult.
C1 Univ Oregon, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; University of Oregon
RP Thornton, JW (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM joet@uoregon.edu
NR 30
TC 469
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7011
BP 980
EP 984
DI 10.1038/nature02917
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 863TI
UT WOS:000224585600043
PM 15496922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beachy, PA
   Karhadkar, SS
   Berman, DM
AF Beachy, PA
   Karhadkar, SS
   Berman, DM
TI Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog signaling pathway; acute myeloid-leukemia; receptor-related protein-5; small-molecule inhibitor; beta-catenin expression; e-cadherin expression; bone-marrow-cells; wnt gene family; sonic-hedgehog; self-renewal
AB Cancer is increasingly being viewed as a stem cell disease, both in its propagation by a minority of cells with stem-cell-like properties and in its possible derivation from normal tissue stem cells. But stem cell activity is tightly controlled, raising the question of how normal regulation might be subverted in carcinogenesis. The long-known association between cancer and chronic tissue injury, and the more recently appreciated roles of Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in tissue regeneration, stem cell renewal and cancer growth together suggest that carcinogenesis proceeds by misappropriating homeostatic mechanisms that govern tissue repair and stem cell self-renewal.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Beachy, PA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM pbeachy@jhmi.edu
NR 100
TC 971
Z9 1202
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 324
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature03100
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400042
PM 15549094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hernando, E
   Nahlé, Z
   Juan, G
   Diaz-Rodriguez, E
   Alaminos, M
   Hemann, M
   Michel, L
   Mittal, V
   Gerald, W
   Benezra, R
   Lowe, SW
   Cordon-Cardo, C
AF Hernando, E
   Nahlé, Z
   Juan, G
   Diaz-Rodriguez, E
   Alaminos, M
   Hemann, M
   Michel, L
   Mittal, V
   Gerald, W
   Benezra, R
   Lowe, SW
   Cordon-Cardo, C
TI Rb inactivation promotes genomic instability by uncoupling cell cycle progression from mitotic control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid separation; spindle checkpoint; chromosome instability; mammalian-cells; bladder-cancer; genes; mad2; e2f; disruption; proteins
AB Advanced human cancers are invariably aneuploid, in that they harbour cells with abnormal chromosome numbers(1,2). However, the molecular defects underlying this trait, and whether they are a cause or a consequence of the malignant phenotype, are not clear. Mutations that disable the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway are also common in human cancers(1). These mutations promote tumour development by deregulating the E2F family of transcription factors leading to uncontrolled cell cycle progression(3). We show that the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2 is a direct E2F target and, as a consequence, is aberrantly expressed in cells with Rb pathway defects. Concordantly, Mad2 is overexpressed in several tumour types, where it correlates with high E2F activity and poor patient prognosis. Generation of Rb pathway lesions in normal and transformed cells produces aberrant Mad2 expression and mitotic defects leading to aneuploidy, such that elevated Mad2 contributes directly to these defects. These results demonstrate how chromosome instability can arise as a by-product of defects in cell cycle control that compromise the accuracy of mitosis, and suggest a new model to explain the frequent appearance of aneuploidy in human cancer.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Lowe, SW (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM lowe@cshl.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 461
Z9 537
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 797
EP 802
DI 10.1038/nature02820
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600046
PM 15306814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hynek, BM
AF Hynek, BM
TI Implications for hydrologic processes on Mars from extensive bedrock outcrops throughout Terra Meridiani
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Grey haematite was recently detected in the Terra Meridiani region of Mars(1,2) by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer onboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The formation of haematite on Earth often requires liquid water to be present for long periods of time, making this an important target for deciphering the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity landed in Meridiani early in 2004 and has since discovered light-toned bedrock outcrops rich in chemical and textural signatures of long-term water interaction locally at the landing site(3). Here I use remote sensing data to show that the light-toned outcrops at the landing site are not a local phenomenon. Instead, they are observable throughout the haematite-bearing plains in both visible and thermal infrared remote sensing data. Moreover, the light-toned material outcrops around much of the margin and is mappable for hundreds of kilometres to the north, east and west of the plains. I infer that 3 x 10(5) km(2) of this material is exposed over 20degrees of longitude, indicating the extended presence of surface or near-surface water over a large region of Mars.
C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Hynek, BM (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM brian.hynek@lasp.colorado.edu
NR 17
TC 75
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/nature02902
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000036
PM 15356623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khazipov, R
   Sirota, A
   Leinekugel, X
   Holmes, GL
   Ben-Arf, Y
   Buzsáki, G
AF Khazipov, R
   Sirota, A
   Leinekugel, X
   Holmes, GL
   Ben-Arf, Y
   Buzsáki, G
TI Early motor activity drives spindle bursts in the developing somatosensory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thalamocortical synapses; synaptic plasticity; developing networks; cortical circuits; barrel cortex; in-vivo; rat; hippocampus; mechanisms; neocortex
AB Sensorimotor coordination emerges early in development. The maturation period is characterized by the establishment of somatotopic cortical maps(1,2), the emergence of long-range cortical connections(3), heightened experience-dependent plasticity(4-7) and spontaneous uncoordinated skeletal movement(8,9). How these various processes cooperate to allow the somatosensory system to form a three-dimensional representation of the body is not known. In the visual system, interactions between spontaneous network patterns and afferent activity have been suggested to be vital for normal development(10,11). Although several intrinsic cortical patterns of correlated neuronal activity have been described in developing somatosensory cortex in vitro(12-14), the in vivo patterns in the critical developmental period and the influence of physiological sensory inputs on these patterns remain unknown. We report here that in the intact somatosensory cortex of the newborn rat in vivo, spatially confined spindle bursts represent the first and only organized network pattern. The localized spindles are selectively triggered in a somatotopic manner by spontaneous muscle twitches(8,9), motor patterns analogous to human fetal movements(15,16). We suggest that the interaction between movement-triggered sensory feedback signals and self-organized spindle oscillations shapes the formation of cortical connections required for sensorimotor coordination.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
   INMED, INSERM, U29, F-13273 Marseille, France.
   Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Ctr Neurosci, Neurol Sect, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, INSERM, EMI 224, F-75013 Paris, France.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University Newark; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Dartmouth College; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite
RP Buzsáki, G (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, 197 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
EM buzsaki@axon.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 458
Z9 512
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7018
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/nature03132
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 877UE
UT WOS:000225597200049
PM 15592414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigman, DM
   Jaccard, SL
   Haug, GH
AF Sigman, DM
   Jaccard, SL
   Haug, GH
TI Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; north-atlantic; cycle; nitrate; carbon
AB The low-latitude ocean is strongly stratified by the warmth of its surface water. As a result, the great volume of the deep ocean has easiest access to the atmosphere through the polar surface ocean. In the modern polar ocean during the winter, the vertical distribution of temperature promotes overturning, with colder water over warmer, while the salinity distribution typically promotes stratification, with fresher water over saltier. However, the sensitivity of seawater density to temperature is reduced as temperature approaches the freezing point, with potential consequences for global ocean circulation under cold climates(1,2). Here we present deep-sea records of biogenic opal accumulation and sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition from the Sub-arctic North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean. These records indicate that vertical stratification increased in both northern and southern high latitudes 2.7 million years ago, when Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensified in association with global cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. We propose that the cooling caused this increased stratification by weakening the role of temperature in polar ocean density structure so as to reduce its opposition to the stratifying effect of the vertical salinity distribution. The shift towards stratification in the polar ocean 2.7 million years ago may have increased the quantity of carbon dioxide trapped in the abyss, amplifying the global cooling.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Princeton University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
RP Sigman, DM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM sigman@princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 270
U1 2
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6978
BP 59
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature02357
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 780GK
UT WOS:000189363800033
PM 14999278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donnadieu, Y
   Goddéris, Y
   Ramstein, G
   Nédélec, A
   Meert, J
AF Donnadieu, Y
   Goddéris, Y
   Ramstein, G
   Nédélec, A
   Meert, J
TI A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glacial deposits; low-latitude; constraints; simulation; reversals; erosion; impact; model; rates; ma
AB Geological and palaeomagnetic studies indicate that ice sheets may have reached the Equator at the end of the Proterozoic eon, 800 to 550 million years ago(1,2), leading to the suggestion of a fully ice-covered 'snowball Earth' (3,4). Climate model simulations indicate that such a snowball state for the Earth depends on anomalously low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(5,6), in addition to the Sun being 6 per cent fainter than it is today. However, the mechanisms producing such low carbon dioxide concentrations remain controversial(7,8). Here we assess the effect of the palaeogeographic changes preceding the Sturtian glacial period, 750 million years ago, on the long-term evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels using the coupled climate(9) geochemical(10) model GEOCLIM. In our simulation, the continental break-up of Rodinia leads to an increase in runoff and hence consumption of carbon dioxide through continental weathering that decreases atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by 1,320 p. p. m. This indicates that tectonic changes could have triggered a progressive transition from a 'greenhouse' to an 'icehouse' climate during the Neoproterozoic era. When we combine these results with the concomitant weathering effect of the voluminous basaltic traps erupted throughout the break-up of Rodinia(11), our simulation results in a snowball glaciation.
C1 CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5563, Lab Mecan & Transferts Geol,IRD, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Donnadieu, Y (corresponding author), CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM tiphe@lsce.saclay.cea.fr
NR 30
TC 261
Z9 297
U1 5
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6980
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature02408
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 803SG
UT WOS:000220250200039
PM 15029192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mecklenbräuker, I
   Kalled, SL
   Leitges, M
   Mackay, F
   Tarakhovsky, A
AF Mecklenbräuker, I
   Kalled, SL
   Leitges, M
   Mackay, F
   Tarakhovsky, A
TI Regulation of B-cell survival by BAFF-dependent PKCδ-mediated nuclear signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase-c-delta; reactive lymphocytes-b; histone h2b; proteolytic activation; autoimmune-disease; apoptotic cells; transgenic mice; phosphorylation; identification; nf-kappa-b2
AB Approximately 65% of B cells generated in human bone marrow are potentially harmful autoreactive B cells(1). Most of these cells are clonally deleted in the bone marrow, while those autoreactive B cells that escape to the periphery are anergized or perish before becoming mature B cells(2-5). Escape of self-reactive B cells from tolerance permits production of pathogenic auto-antibodies(6); recent studies suggest that extended B lymphocyte survival is a cause of autoimmune disease in mice and humans(7). Here we report a mechanism for the regulation of peripheral B-cell survival by serine/threonine protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta): spontaneous death of resting B cells is regulated by nuclear localization of PKCdelta that contributes to phosphorylation of histone H2B at serine 14 (S14-H2B). We show that treatment of B cells with the potent B-cell survival factor BAFF ('B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family') prevents nuclear accumulation of PKCdelta. Our data suggest the existence of a previously unknown BAFF-induced and PKCdelta-mediated nuclear signalling pathway which regulates B-cell survival.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Lymphocyte Signaling, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Biogen Idec Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Endocrinol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   St Vincent Hosp, Garvan Inst Med Res, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
C3 Rockefeller University; Biogen; Max Planck Society; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; NSW Health; St Vincents Hospital Sydney
RP Tarakhovsky, A (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Lymphocyte Signaling, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM tarakho@mail.rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 128
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 456
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature02955
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500042
PM 15361883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chan, MA
   Beitler, B
   Parry, WT
   Ormö, J
   Komatsu, G
AF Chan, MA
   Beitler, B
   Parry, WT
   Ormö, J
   Komatsu, G
TI A possible terrestrial analogue for haematite concretions on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluid-flow
AB Recent exploration has revealed extensive geological evidence for a water-rich past in the shallow subsurface of Mars. Images of in situ and loose accumulations of abundant, haematite-rich spherical balls from the Mars Exploration Rover 'Opportunity' landing site at Meridiani Planum(1-3) bear a striking resemblance to diagenetic (post-depositional), haematite-cemented concretions found in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah(4,5). Here we compare the spherical concretions imaged on Mars to these terrestrial concretions, and investigate the implications for analogous groundwater-related formation mechanisms. The morphology, character and distribution of Navajo haematite concretions allow us to infer host-rock properties and fluid processes necessary for similar features to develop on Mars. We conclude that the formation of such spherical haematite concretions requires the presence of a permeable host rock, groundwater flow and a chemical reaction front.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Inst Nacl Tecn Aeroespacial, CSIC, Ctr Astrobiol, Madrid 28850, Spain.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, Int Res Sch Planetary Sci, I-65127 Pescara, Italy.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara
RP Chan, MA (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, 135 S 1460 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM machan@mines.utah.edu
NR 25
TC 168
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 731
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature02600
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900030
PM 15201902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, KQ
   Liu, XY
AF Zhang, KQ
   Liu, XY
TI In situ observation of colloidal monolayer nucleation driven by an alternating electric field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
AB The nucleation of crystalline materials is a hotly debated subject in the physical sciences(1). Despite the emergence of several theories in recent decades(2-7), much confusion still surrounds the dynamic processes of nucleation(5-7). This has been due in part to the limitations of existing experimental evidence. Charged colloidal suspensions have been used as experimental model systems for the study of crystal nucleation and structural phase transitions(8-12), as their crystallization phase diagram is analogous to that of atomic and molecular systems, but they can be visualized using microscopy. Previously, three-dimensional imaging of colloidal nucleation dynamics was achieved using confocal microscopy(13). However, the limited temporal resolution of the confocal microscope is of concern when trying to capture real-time colloidal crystal nucleation events. Moreover, as the thermodynamic driving force has remained undefined, data on key factors such as the critical nuclei size are at best semiquantitative(13). Here we present real-time direct imaging and quantitative measurements of the pre- and post-nucleation processes of colloidal spheres, and the kinetics of nucleation driven by an alternating electric field, under well-defined thermodynamic driving forces. Our imaging approach could facilitate the observation of other rarely observed phenomena, such as defect and grain-boundary formation(14) and the effects of foreign particles during crystallization(15). Furthermore, it may prove useful in identifying optical and biological technologies based on colloids(16-21).
C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Phys, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
C3 National University of Singapore
RP Liu, XY (corresponding author), Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Phys, 2 Sci Dr 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
EM phyliuxy@nus.edu.sg
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 223
U1 2
U2 176
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/nature02630
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900033
PM 15201905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tatem, AJ
   Guerra, CA
   Atkinson, PM
   Hay, SI
AF Tatem, AJ
   Guerra, CA
   Atkinson, PM
   Hay, SI
TI Momentous sprint at the 2156 Olympics?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Publ Hlth Grp, Nairobi, Kenya.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Southampton
RP Tatem, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM andy.tatem@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [069045] Funding Source: Medline
NR 5
TC 59
Z9 66
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 525
EP 525
DI 10.1038/431525a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700033
PM 15457248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sayah, DM
   Sokolskaja, E
   Berthoux, L
   Luban, J
AF Sayah, DM
   Sokolskaja, E
   Berthoux, L
   Luban, J
TI Cyclophilin A retrotransposition into TRIM5 explains owl monkey resistance to HIV-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; l1 retrotransposition; processed pseudogenes; t-cells; evolution; protein; gene; restriction; expression; infection
AB In Old World primates, TRIM5-alpha confers a potent block to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1) infection that acts after virus entry into cells(1-5). Cyclophilin A ( CypA) binding to viral capsid protects HIV-1 from a similar activity in human cells(4,6-8). Among New World primates, only owl monkeys exhibit post-entry restriction of HIV-1 (ref. 1). Paradoxically, the barrier to HIV-1 in owl monkey cells is released by capsid mutants or drugs that disrupt capsid interaction with CypA(4). Here we show that knockdown of owl monkey CypA by RNA interference (RNAi) correlates with suppression of anti-HIV-1 activity. However, reintroduction of CypA protein to RNAi-treated cells did not restore antiviral activity. A search for additional RNAi targets unearthed TRIMCyp, an RNAi-responsive messenger RNA encoding a TRIM5 - CypA fusion protein. TRIMCyp accounts for post-entry restriction of HIV-1 in owl monkeys and blocks HIV-1 infection when transferred to otherwise infectable human or rat cells. It seems that TRIMCyp arose after the divergence of New and Old World primates when a LINE-1 retrotransposon catalysed the insertion of a CypA complementary DNA into the TRIM5 locus. This is the first vertebrate example of a chimaeric gene generated by this mechanism of exon shuffling.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Luban, J (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Microbiol, 701 W 168th St,HHSC 1502, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jl45@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 557
Z9 683
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/nature02777
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100050
PM 15243629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krinner, G
   Mangerud, J
   Jakobsson, M
   Crucifix, M
   Ritz, C
   Svendsen, JI
AF Krinner, G
   Mangerud, J
   Jakobsson, M
   Crucifix, M
   Ritz, C
   Svendsen, JI
TI Enhanced ice sheet growth in Eurasia owing to adjacent ice-dammed lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial variability; climate
AB Large proglacial lakes cool regional summer climate because of their large heat capacity, and have been shown to modify precipitation through mesoscale atmospheric feedbacks, as in the case of Lake Agassiz(1). Several large ice-dammed lakes, with a combined area twice that of the Caspian Sea, were formed in northern Eurasia about 90,000 years ago, during the last glacial period when an ice sheet centred over the Barents and Kara seas(2) blocked the large northbound Russian rivers(3). Here we present high-resolution simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model that explicitly simulates the surface mass balance of the ice sheet. We show that the main influence of the Eurasian proglacial lakes was a significant reduction of ice sheet melting at the southern margin of the Barents - Kara ice sheet through strong regional summer cooling over large parts of Russia. In our simulations, the summer melt reduction clearly outweighs lake-induced decreases in moisture and hence snowfall, such as has been reported earlier for Lake Agassiz1. We conclude that the summer cooling mechanism from proglacial lakes accelerated ice sheet growth and delayed ice sheet decay in Eurasia and probably also in North America.
C1 UJF, CNRS, LGGE, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Earth Sci, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Bjerknes Ctr Climate Res, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Joint Hydrog Ctr, Chase Ocean Engn Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Astron & Geophys G Lemaitre, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Bergen; Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research; Universite Catholique Louvain
RP Krinner, G (corresponding author), UJF, CNRS, LGGE, BP 96, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
EM krinner@ujf-grenoble.fr
NR 27
TC 77
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6973
BP 429
EP 432
DI 10.1038/nature02233
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 767UF
UT WOS:000188470500039
PM 14749827
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourc'his, D
   Bestor, TH
AF Bourc'his, D
   Bestor, TH
TI Meiotic catastrophe and retrotransposon reactivation in male germ cells lacking Dnmt3L
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytosine methylation; gene family; expression; imprints; mice
AB Mammalian genomes employ heritable cytosine methylation in the long-term silencing of retrotransposons and genes subject to genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. Little is known of the mechanisms that direct cytosine methylation to specific sequences. Here we show that DNA methyltransferase 3-like (Dnmt3L (ref. 1)) is expressed in testes during a brief perinatal period in the non-dividing precursors of spermatogonial stem cells at a stage where retrotransposons undergo de novo methylation. Deletion of the Dnmt3L gene prevented the de novo methylation of both long-terminal-repeat (LTR) and non-LTR retrotransposons, which were transcribed at high levels in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Loss of Dnmt3L from early germ cells also caused meiotic failure in spermatocytes, which do not express Dnmt3L. Whereas dispersed repeated sequences were demethylated in mutant germ cells, tandem repeats in pericentric regions were methylated normally. This result indicates that the Dnmt3L protein might have a function in the de novo methylation of dispersed repeated sequences in a premeiotic genome scanning process that occurs in male germ cells at about the time of birth.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Bestor, TH (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM thb12@columbia.edu
NR 25
TC 909
Z9 1112
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 96
EP 99
DI 10.1038/nature02886
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500049
PM 15318244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ekimov, EA
   Sidorov, VA
   Bauer, ED
   Mel'nik, NN
   Curro, NJ
   Thompson, JD
   Stishov, SM
AF Ekimov, EA
   Sidorov, VA
   Bauer, ED
   Mel'nik, NN
   Curro, NJ
   Thompson, JD
   Stishov, SM
TI Superconductivity in diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical-conductivity; cell parameter; temperature; fabrication; donors
AB Diamond is an electrical insulator well known for its exceptional hardness. It also conducts heat even more effectively than copper, and can withstand very high electric fields(1). With these physical properties, diamond is attractive for electronic applications(2), particularly when charge carriers are introduced (by chemical doping) into the system. Boron has one less electron than carbon and, because of its small atomic radius, boron is relatively easily incorporated into diamond(3); as boron acts as a charge acceptor, the resulting diamond is effectively hole-doped. Here we report the discovery of superconductivity in boron-doped diamond synthesized at high pressure (nearly 100,000 atmospheres) and temperature (2,500-2,800 K). Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and field-dependent resistance measurements show that boron-doped diamond is a bulk, type-II superconductor below the superconducting transition temperature T(c)approximate to4 K; superconductivity survives in a magnetic field up to H-c2(0)greater than or equal to3.5 T. The discovery of superconductivity in diamond-structured carbon suggests that Si and Ge, which also form in the diamond structure, may similarly exhibit superconductivity under the appropriate conditions.
C1 Russian Acad Sci, Vereshchagin Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Sidorov, VA (corresponding author), Russian Acad Sci, Vereshchagin Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia.
EM sidorov@hppi.troitsk.ru
NR 26
TC 1044
Z9 1121
U1 16
U2 502
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6982
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature02449
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 807ZT
UT WOS:000220540100037
PM 15057827
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collins, S
   Bell, G
AF Collins, S
   Bell, G
TI Phenotypic consequences of 1,000 generations of selection at elevated CO2 in a green alga
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlamydomonas-reinhardtii; escherichia-coli; diversity; responses; environments; mechanisms; radiation
AB Estimates of the effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on future global plant production rely on the physiological response of individual plants or plant communities when exposed to high CO2 (refs 1 - 6). Plant populations may adapt to the changing atmosphere, however, such that the evolved plant communities of the next century are likely to be genetically different from contemporary communities(7-12). The properties of these future communities are unknown, introducing a bias of unknown sign and magnitude into projections of global carbon pool dynamics. Here we report a long-term selection experiment to investigate the phenotypic consequences of selection for growth at elevated CO2 concentrations. After about 1,000 generations, selection lines of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas failed to evolve specific adaptation to a CO2 concentration of 1,050 parts per million. Some lines, however, evolved a syndrome involving high rates of photosynthesis and respiration, combined with higher chlorophyll content and reduced cell size. These lines also grew poorly at ambient concentrations of CO2. We tentatively attribute this outcome to the accumulation of conditionally neutral mutations in genes affecting the carbon concentration mechanism.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Bell, G (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
EM graham.bell@mcgill.ca
NR 29
TC 268
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 155
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 566
EP 569
DI 10.1038/nature02945
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700046
PM 15457260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Balachandran, S
   Thomas, E
   Barber, GN
AF Balachandran, S
   Thomas, E
   Barber, GN
TI A FADD-dependent innate immune mechanism in mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; nf-kappa-b; viral-infection; signaling pathway; transcription factors; antiviral responses; dendritic cells; death domain; kinase; activation
AB Vertebrate innate immunity provides a first line of defence against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Viral infection activates a potent innate immune response, which can be triggered by double-stranded (ds) RNA produced during viral replication(1-3). Here, we report that mammalian cells lacking the death-domain-containing protein FADD(4,5) are defective in intracellular dsRNA-activated gene expression, including production of type I (a/b) interferons, and are thus very susceptible to viral infection. The signalling pathway incorporating FADD is largely independent of Toll-like receptor 3 and the dsRNA-dependent kinase PKR, but seems to require receptor interacting protein 1 as well as Tank-binding kinase 1-mediated activation of the transcription factor IRF-3. The requirement for FADD in mammalian host defence is evocative of innate immune signalling in Drosophila, in which a FADD-dependent pathway responds to bacterial infection by activating the transcription of antimicrobial genes(6). These data therefore suggest the existence of a conserved pathogen recognition pathway in mammalian cells that is essential for the optimal induction of type I interferons and other genes important for host defence.
C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
   Univ Miami, Sch Med, Sylvester Comprehens Canc Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
C3 University of Miami; University of Miami
RP Barber, GN (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
EM gbarber@med.miami.edu
NR 30
TC 243
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 401
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature03124
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400058
PM 15549108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pouille, F
   Scanziani, M
AF Pouille, F
   Scanziani, M
TI Routing of spike series by dynamic circuits in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat hippocampus; pyramidal cells; synaptic organization; total number; ca1 area; interneurons; neurons; inhibition; synapses; receptor
AB Recurrent inhibitory loops are simple neuronal circuits found in the central nervous system, yet little is known about the physiological rules governing their activity. Here we use simultaneous somatic and dendritic recordings in rat hippocampal slices to show that during a series of action potentials in pyramidal cells recurrent inhibition rapidly shifts from their soma to the apical dendrites. Two distinct inhibitory circuits are sequentially recruited to produce this shift: one, time-locked with submillisecond precision to the onset of the action potential series, transiently inhibits the somatic and perisomatic regions of pyramidal cells; the other, activated in proportion to the rate of action potentials in the series, durably inhibits the distal apical dendrites. These two operating modes result from the synergy between pre- and postsynaptic properties of excitatory synapses onto recurrent inhibitory neurons with distinct projection patterns. Thus, the onset of a series of action potentials and the rate of action potentials in the series are selectively captured and transformed into different spatial patterns of recurrent inhibition.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Neurobiol Sect, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Scanziani, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Neurobiol Sect, Div Biol Sci, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM massimo@ucsd.edu
NR 31
TC 345
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6993
BP 717
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature02615
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 829OS
UT WOS:000222059900028
PM 15170216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mariathasan, S
   Newton, K
   Monack, DM
   Vucic, D
   French, DM
   Lee, WP
   Roose-Girma, M
   Erickson, S
   Dixit, VM
AF Mariathasan, S
   Newton, K
   Monack, DM
   Vucic, D
   French, DM
   Lee, WP
   Roose-Girma, M
   Erickson, S
   Dixit, VM
TI Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting-enzyme; kappa-b activation; macrophage apoptosis; recruitment domain; mice deficient; protein; ice; identification; monocytes; regulator
AB Specific adaptors regulate the activation of initiator caspases; for example, FADD and Apaf-1 engage caspases 8 and 9, respectively(1). The adaptors ASC, Ipaf and RIP2 have each been proposed to regulate caspase-1 ( also called interleukin (IL)-1 converting enzyme), which is activated within the 'inflammasome', a complex comprising several adaptors(2). Here we show the impact of ASC-, Ipaf- or RIP2-deficiency on inflammasome function. ASC was essential for extracellular ATP-driven activation of caspase-1 in toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated macrophages. Accordingly, ASC- deficient macrophages exhibited defective maturation of IL-1beta and IL-18, and ASC-null mice were resistant to lipopoly-saccharide-induced endotoxic shock. Furthermore, activation of caspase-1 in response to an intracellular pathogen (Salmonella typhimurium) was abrogated severely in ASC- null macrophages. Unexpectedly, Ipaf- deficient macrophages activated caspase-1 in response to TLR plus ATP stimulation but not S. typhimurium. Caspase-1 activation was not compromised by loss of RIP2. These data show that whereas ASC is key to caspase-1 activation within the inflammasome, Ipaf provides a special conduit to the inflammasome for signals triggered by intracellular pathogens. Notably, cell death triggered by stimuli that engage caspase-1 was ablated in macrophages lacking either ASC or Ipaf, suggesting a coupling between the inflammatory and cell death pathways.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Stanford University
RP Dixit, VM (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM dixit@gene.com
NR 30
TC 1521
Z9 1793
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6996
BP 213
EP 218
DI 10.1038/nature02664
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 835GL
UT WOS:000222470600045
PM 15190255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Teixeira, A
   Tahiri-Alaoui, A
   West, S
   Thomas, B
   Ramadass, A
   Martianov, I
   Dye, M
   James, W
   Proudfoot, NJ
   Akoulitchev, A
AF Teixeira, A
   Tahiri-Alaoui, A
   West, S
   Thomas, B
   Ramadass, A
   Martianov, I
   Dye, M
   James, W
   Proudfoot, NJ
   Akoulitchev, A
TI Autocatalytic RNA cleavage in the human β-globin pre-mRNA promotes transcription termination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-splicing rna; in-vivo; catalysis; tetrahymena; expression; intron
AB New evidence indicates that termination of transcription is an important regulatory step, closely related to transcriptional interference(1) and even transcriptional initiation(2). However, how this occurs is poorly understood. Recently, in vivo analysis of transcriptional termination for the human beta-globin gene revealed a new phenomenon-co-transcriptional cleavage (CoTC)(3). This primary cleavage event within beta-globin pre-messenger RNA, downstream of the poly(A) site, is critical for efficient transcriptional termination by RNA polymerase II3. Here we show that the CoTC process in the human beta-globin gene involves an RNA self-cleaving activity. We characterize the autocatalytic core of the CoTC ribozyme and show its functional role in efficient termination in vivo. The identified core CoTC is highly conserved in the 3' flanking regions of other primate beta-globin genes. Functionally, it resembles the 3' processive, self-cleaving ribozymes described for the protein-encoding genes from the myxomycetes Didymium iridis and Physarum polycephalum, indicating evolutionary conservation of this molecular process. We predict that regulated autocatalytic cleavage elements within pre-mRNAs may be a general phenomenon and that functionally it may provide the entry point for exonucleases involved in mRNA maturation, turnover and, in particular, transcriptional termination.
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Akoulitchev, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM alexandre.akoulitchev@path.ox.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 83
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 526
EP 530
DI 10.1038/nature03032
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100052
PM 15565159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finke, DL
   Denno, RF
AF Finke, DL
   Denno, RF
TI Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intraguild predation; species richness; food webs; ecosystem processes; biodiversity; productivity; suppression; vegetation; ecology
AB Food web complexity is thought to weaken the strength of terrestrial trophic cascades(1-3) in which strong impacts of natural enemies on herbivores cascade to influence primary production indirectly(4). Predator diversity can enhance food web complexity because predators may feed on each other and on shared prey(5-7). In such cases, theory suggests that the impact of predation on herbivores relaxes and cascading effects on basal resources are dampened(8,9). Despite this view, no empirical studies have explicitly investigated the role of predator diversity in mediating primary productivity in a natural terrestrial system(10,11). Here we compare, in a coastal marsh community, impacts of arthropod predators on herbivores and plant productivity between a simple food web with a single predator species and a complex food web with a diverse predator assemblage. We show that enhancing predator diversity dampens enemy effects on herbivores and weakens trophic cascades. Consequently, changes in diversity at higher trophic levels can significantly alter ecosystem function in natural systems.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Finke, DL (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM dfinke@umd.edu
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 572
U1 4
U2 333
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6990
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/nature02554
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 823WN
UT WOS:000221644600037
PM 15164061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hill, MT
   Dorren, HJS
   de Vries, T
   Leijtens, XJM
   den Besten, JH
   Smalbrugge, B
   Oei, YS
   Binsma, H
   Khoe, GD
   Smit, MK
AF Hill, MT
   Dorren, HJS
   de Vries, T
   Leijtens, XJM
   den Besten, JH
   Smalbrugge, B
   Oei, YS
   Binsma, H
   Khoe, GD
   Smit, MK
TI A fast low-power optical memory based on coupled micro-ring lasers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whispering-gallery-mode; room-temperature; microcavity; resonators; silicon; defect; cell
AB The increasing speed of fibre-optic-based telecommunications has focused attention on high-speed optical processing of digital information(1). Complex optical processing requires a high-density, high-speed, low-power optical memory that can be integrated with planar semiconductor technology for buffering of decisions and telecommunication data(2). Recently, ring lasers with extremely small size and low operating power have been made(3-7), and we demonstrate here a memory element constructed by interconnecting these microscopic lasers. Our device occupies an area of 18x40 mum(2) on an InP/InGaAsP photonic integrated circuit, and switches within 20 ps with 5.5 fJ optical switching energy. Simulations show that the element has the potential for much smaller dimensions and switching times. Large numbers of such memory elements can be densely integrated and interconnected on a photonic integrated circuit: fast digital optical information processing systems employing large-scale integration should now be viable.
C1 Tech Univ Eindhoven, COBRA Res Inst, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   JDS Uniphase, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Eindhoven University of Technology
RP Hill, MT (corresponding author), Tech Univ Eindhoven, COBRA Res Inst, Postbus 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
EM m.t.hill@tue.nl
NR 22
TC 538
Z9 582
U1 2
U2 169
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 206
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature03045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200042
PM 15538365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, G
   Wang, W
   Bradley, A
AF Guo, G
   Wang, W
   Bradley, A
TI Mismatch repair genes identified using genetic screens in Blm-deficient embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutations; recombination; disruption; expression; binding; tumors; leads; gtbp; msh2
AB Phenotype-driven recessive genetic screens in diploid organisms require a strategy to render the mutation homozygous. Although homozygous mutant mice can be generated by breeding, a reliable method to make homozygous mutations in cultured cells has not been available, limiting recessive screens in culture. Cultured embryonic stem (ES) cells(1) provide access to all of the genes required to elaborate the fundamental components and physiological systems of a mammalian cell. Here we have exploited the high rate of mitotic recombination in Bloom's syndrome protein (Blm)-deficient ES2 cells to generate a genome-wide library of homozygous mutant cells from heterozygous mutations induced with a revertible gene trap(3) retrovirus. We have screened this library for cells with defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), a system that detects and repairs base-base mismatches(4). We demonstrate the recovery of cells with homozygous mutations in known and novel MMR genes. We identified Dnmt1(ref. 5) as a novel MMR gene and confirmed that Dnmt1-deficient ES cells exhibit micro-satellite instability(6), providing a mechanistic explanation for the role of Dnmt1 in cancer. The combination of insertional mutagenesis in Blm-deficient ES cells establishes a new approach for phenotype-based recessive genetic screens in ES cells.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Bradley, A (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM abradley@sanger.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 119
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6994
BP 891
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature02653
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831RE
UT WOS:000222213000045
PM 15215866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mills, CE
   Robins, JM
   Lipsitch, M
AF Mills, CE
   Robins, JM
   Lipsitch, M
TI Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidemic influenza; mortality; dynamics
AB The 1918 influenza pandemic killed 20 - 40 million people worldwide(1), and is seen as a worst-case scenario for pandemic planning. Like other pandemic influenza strains, the 1918 A/H1N1 strain spread extremely rapidly. A measure of transmissibility and of the stringency of control measures required to stop an epidemic is the reproductive number, which is the number of secondary cases produced by each primary case(2). Here we obtained an estimate of the reproductive number for 1918 influenza by fitting a deterministic SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) model to pneumonia and influenza death epidemic curves from 45 US cities: the median value is less than three. The estimated proportion of the population with A/H1N1 immunity before September 1918 implies a median basic reproductive number of less than four. These results strongly suggest that the reproductive number for 1918 pandemic influenza is not large relative to many other infectious diseases(2). In theory, a similar novel influenza subtype could be controlled. But because influenza is frequently transmitted before a specific diagnosis is possible and there is a dearth of global antiviral and vaccine stores, aggressive transmission reducing measures will probably be required.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Mills, CE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM cmills@mit.edu
NR 27
TC 585
Z9 691
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 904
EP 906
DI 10.1038/nature03063
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500053
PM 15602562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haugan, T
   Barnes, PN
   Wheeler, R
   Meisenkothen, F
   Sumption, M
AF Haugan, T
   Barnes, PN
   Wheeler, R
   Meisenkothen, F
   Sumption, M
TI Addition of nanoparticle dispersions to enhance flux pinning of the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized growth; coated conductors; recent progress; current-density; thin-films; fabrication; deposition; ybco; superlattices; substrate
AB Following the discovery of type-II high-temperature superconductors in 1986 (refs 1, 2), work has proceeded to develop these materials for power applications. One of the problems, however, has been that magnetic flux is not completely expelled, but rather is contained within magnetic fluxons, whose motion prevents larger supercurrents. It is known that the critical current of these materials can be enhanced by incorporating a high density of extended defects to act as pinning centres for the fluxons(3,4). YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO or 123) is the most promising material for such applications at higher temperatures ( liquid nitrogen) 3-13. Pinning is optimized when the size of the defects approaches the superconducting coherence length (similar to2-4 nm for YBCO at temperatures less than or equal to77 K) and when the areal number density of defects is of the order of (H/2) x 10(11) cm(-2), where H is the applied magnetic field in tesla(3,4). Such a high density has been difficult to achieve by material-processing methods that maintain a nanosize defect, except through irradiation(5). Here we report a method for achieving a dispersion of similar to8-nm-sized nanoparticles in YBCO with a high number density, which increases the critical current ( at 77 K) by a factor of two to three for high magnetic fields.
C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; US Air Force Research Laboratory; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Haugan, T (corresponding author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA.
EM timothy.haugan@wpafb.af.mil
NR 24
TC 682
Z9 723
U1 14
U2 263
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7002
BP 867
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature02792
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 847DA
UT WOS:000223369800035
PM 15318215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Percec, V
   Dulcey, AE
   Balagurusamy, VSK
   Miura, Y
   Smidrkal, J
   Peterca, M
   Nummelin, S
   Edlund, U
   Hudson, SD
   Heiney, PA
   Hu, DA
   Magonov, SN
   Vinogradov, SA
AF Percec, V
   Dulcey, AE
   Balagurusamy, VSK
   Miura, Y
   Smidrkal, J
   Peterca, M
   Nummelin, S
   Edlund, U
   Hudson, SD
   Heiney, PA
   Hu, DA
   Magonov, SN
   Vinogradov, SA
TI Self-assembly of amphiphilic dendritic dipeptides into helical pores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dendrimers; conduction; polymers; channel; shape
AB Natural pore-forming proteins act as viral helical coats(1) and transmembrane channels(2-4), exhibit antibacterial activity(5) and are used in synthetic systems, such as for reversible encapsulation(6) or stochastic sensing(7). These diverse functions are intimately linked to protein structure(1-4). The close link between protein structure and protein function makes the design of synthetic mimics a formidable challenge, given that structure formation needs to be carefully controlled on all hierarchy levels, in solution and in the bulk. In fact, with few exceptions(8,9), synthetic pore structures capable of assembling into periodically ordered assemblies that are stable in solution and in the solid state(10-13) have not yet been realized. In the case of dendrimers, covalent(14) and non- covalent(15) coating and assembly of a range of different structures(15-17) has only yielded closed columns(18). Here we describe a library of amphiphilic dendritic dipeptides that self-assemble in solution and in bulk through a complex recognition process into helical pores. We find that the molecular recognition and self-assembly process is sufficiently robust to tolerate a range of modifications to the amphiphile structure, while preliminary proton transport measurements establish that the pores are functional. We expect that this class of self-assembling dendrimers will allow the design of a variety of biologically inspired systems with functional properties arising from their porous structure.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Digital Instruments, Veeco Metrol Grp, Santa Barbara, CA 93110 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Pennsylvania
RP Percec, V (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM percec@sas.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 593
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 311
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7001
BP 764
EP 768
DI 10.1038/nature02770
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 845HS
UT WOS:000223233600037
PM 15306805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Julsgaard, B
   Sherson, J
   Cirac, JI
   Fiurásek, J
   Polzik, ES
AF Julsgaard, B
   Sherson, J
   Cirac, JI
   Fiurásek, J
   Polzik, ES
TI Experimental demonstration of quantum memory for light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID teleportation; entanglement; storage; photon; state; communication
AB The information carrier of today's communications, a weak pulse of light, is an intrinsically quantum object. As a consequence, complete information about the pulse cannot be perfectly recorded in a classical memory, even in principle. In the field of quantum information, this has led to the long-standing challenge of how to achieve a high-fidelity transfer of an independently prepared quantum state of light onto an atomic quantum state(1-4). Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a protocol for such a quantum memory based on atomic ensembles. Recording of an externally provided quantum state of light onto the atomic quantum memory is achieved with 70 per cent fidelity, significantly higher than the limit for classical recording. Quantum storage of light is achieved in three steps: first, interaction of the input pulse and an entangling field with spin-polarized caesium atoms; second, subsequent measurement of the transmitted light; and third, feedback onto the atoms using a radio-frequency magnetic pulse conditioned on the measurement result. The density of recorded states is 33 per cent higher than the best classical recording of light onto atoms, with a quantum memory lifetime of up to 4 milliseconds.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Danish Quantum Opt Ctr QUANTOP, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Danish Quantum Opt Ctr QUANTOP, Dept Phys, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Free Univ Brussels, Ecole Polytech, QUIC, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Palacky Univ, Dept Opt, Olomouc 77200, Czech Republic.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Aarhus University; Max Planck Society; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Palacky University Olomouc
RP Polzik, ES (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Danish Quantum Opt Ctr QUANTOP, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
EM polzik@nbi.dk
NR 22
TC 742
Z9 800
U1 2
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 482
EP 486
DI 10.1038/nature03064
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100040
PM 15565148
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI Antidepressants: Bitter pills
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluoxetine; adolescents; depression; trial
NR 4
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7005
BP 122
EP 124
DI 10.1038/431122a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 852HI
UT WOS:000223746000013
PM 15356601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griffin, AS
   West, SA
   Buckling, A
AF Griffin, AS
   West, SA
   Buckling, A
TI Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cystic-fibrosis patients; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; viscous populations; evolution; virulence; altruism; conflict; relatedness; parasites; infection
AB Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges for evolutionary biology(1-3). One solution to this problem is if costly cooperative behaviours are directed towards relatives(4,5). This idea of kin selection has been hugely influential and applied widely from microorganisms to vertebrates(2-10). However, a problem arises if there is local competition for resources, because this leads to competition between relatives, reducing selection for cooperation(3,11-14). Here we use an experimental evolution approach to test the effect of the scale of competition, and how it interacts with relatedness. The cooperative trait that we examine is the production of siderophores, iron-scavenging agents, in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa(15-17). As expected, our results show that higher levels of cooperative siderophore production evolve in the higher relatedness treatments. However, our results also show that more local competition selects for lower levels of siderophore production and that there is a significant interaction between relatedness and the scale of competition, with relatedness having less effect when the scale of competition is more local. More generally, the scale of competition is likely to be of particular importance for the evolution of cooperation in microorganisms, and also the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms, because cooperative traits such as siderophore production have an important role in determining virulence(6,9,17-19).
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Bath
RP Griffin, AS (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Kings Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM a.griffin@ed.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 794
Z9 918
U1 3
U2 382
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 7003
BP 1024
EP 1027
DI 10.1038/nature02744
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 849CD
UT WOS:000223514900042
PM 15329720
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, SR
AF Taylor, SR
TI Why can't planets be like stars?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Marine Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Taylor, SR (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Marine Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
NR 3
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 509
EP 509
DI 10.1038/430509a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100022
PM 15282586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suh, GSB
   Wong, AM
   Hergarden, AC
   Wang, JW
   Simon, AF
   Benzer, S
   Axel, R
   Anderson, DJ
AF Suh, GSB
   Wong, AM
   Hergarden, AC
   Wang, JW
   Simon, AF
   Benzer, S
   Axel, R
   Anderson, DJ
TI A single population of olfactory sensory neurons mediates an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antennal lobe; mushroom body; manduca-sexta; central projections; sphinx moth; melanogaster; lepidoptera; attraction; responses; mosquitos
AB All animals exhibit innate behaviours in response to specific sensory stimuli that are likely to result from the activation of developmentally programmed neural circuits. Here we observe that Drosophila exhibit robust avoidance to odours released by stressed flies. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry identifies one component of this 'Drosophila stress odorant (dSO)' as CO2. CO2 elicits avoidance behaviour, at levels as low as 0.1%. We used two-photon imaging with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent protein G-CaMP to map the primary sensory neurons governing avoidance to CO2. CO2 activates only a single glomerulus in the antennal lobe, the V glomerulus; moreover, this glomerulus is not activated by any of 26 other odorants tested. Inhibition of synaptic transmission in sensory neurons that innervate the V glomerulus, using a temperature-sensitive Shibire gene (Shi(ts))(1), blocks the avoidance response to CO2. Inhibition of synaptic release in the vast majority of other olfactory receptor neurons has no effect on this behaviour. These data demonstrate that the activation of a single population of sensory neurons innervating one glomerulus is responsible for an innate avoidance behaviour in Drosophila.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol 216 76 & 156 29, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Columbia University
RP Anderson, DJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM wuwei@caltech.edu
NR 32
TC 435
Z9 529
U1 5
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 854
EP 859
DI 10.1038/nature02980
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500049
PM 15372051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corma, A
   Rey, F
   Rius, J
   Sabater, MJ
   Valencia, S
AF Corma, A
   Rey, F
   Rius, J
   Sabater, MJ
   Valencia, S
TI Supramolecular self-assembled molecules as organic directing agent for synthesis of zeolites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Solid materials with uniform micropores, such as zeolites, can act as selective catalysts and adsorbents for molecular mixtures by separating those molecules small enough to enter their pores while leaving the larger molecules behind(1,2). Zeolite A is a microporous material with a high void volume. Despite its widespread industrial use in, for example, molecular separations and in detergency(3,4), its capability as a petroleum-refining material is limited owing to its poor acid-catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability, and its low hydrophobicity. These characteristics are ultimately a consequence of the low framework Si/Al ratio (normally around one) and the resulting high cationic fraction within the pores and cavities(1,2). Researchers have modified the properties of type-A zeolites by increasing the Si/Al compositions up to a ratio of three(5-9). Here we describe the synthesis of zeolite A structures exhibiting high Si/Al ratios up to infinity ( pure silica). We synthesize these materials, named ITQ-29, using a supramolecular organic structure-directing agent obtained by the self-assembly, through pi-pi type interactions, of two identical organic cationic moieties. The highly hydrophobic pure-silica zeolite A can be used for hydrocarbon separations that avoid oligomerization reactions, whereas materials with high Si/Al ratios give excellent shape-selective cracking additives for increasing propylene yield in fluid catalytic cracking operations. We have also extended the use of our supramolecular structure-directing agents to the synthesis of a range of other zeolites.
C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Valencia 46022, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Ciencia Mat Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Catalunya, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; CSIC-UPV - Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB)
RP Corma, A (corresponding author), Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Avda Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.
EM acorma@itq.upv.es
NR 25
TC 480
Z9 518
U1 7
U2 396
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 287
EP 290
DI 10.1038/nature02909
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000035
PM 15372027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solanki, SK
   Usoskin, IG
   Kromer, B
   Schüssler, M
   Beer, J
AF Solanki, SK
   Usoskin, IG
   Kromer, B
   Schüssler, M
   Beer, J
TI Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar modulation; be-10; c-14; field
AB Direct observations of sunspot numbers are available for the past four centuries(1,2), but longer time series are required, for example, for the identification of a possible solar influence on climate and for testing models of the solar dynamo. Here we report a reconstruction of the sunspot number covering the past 11,400 years, based on dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations. We combine physics-based models for each of the processes connecting the radiocarbon concentration with sunspot number. According to our reconstruction, the level of solar activity during the past 70 years is exceptional, and the previous period of equally high activity occurred more than 8,000 years ago. We find that during the past 11,400 years the Sun spent only of the order of 10% of the time at a similarly high level of magnetic activity and almost all of the earlier high-activity periods were shorter than the present episode. Although the rarity of the current episode of high average sunspot numbers may indicate that the Sun has contributed to the unusual climate change during the twentieth century, we point out that solar variability is unlikely to have been the dominant cause of the strong warming during the past three decades(3).
C1 Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Oulu, Oulu Unit, Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Oulu, Finland.
   Heidelberger Akad Wissensch, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   EAWAG, Dept Surface Waters, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Oulu; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG)
RP Solanki, SK (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM solanki@mps.mpg.de
NR 26
TC 740
Z9 813
U1 2
U2 148
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7012
BP 1084
EP 1087
DI 10.1038/nature02995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 865VB
UT WOS:000224730800037
PM 15510145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Escrig, S
   Capmas, F
   Dupré, B
   Allègre, CJ
AF Escrig, S
   Capmas, F
   Dupré, B
   Allègre, CJ
TI Osmium isotopic constraints on the nature of the DUPAL anomaly from Indian mid-ocean-ridge basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID island basalts; upper-mantle; abyssal peridotites; granulite xenoliths; continental-crust; triple junction; systematics; geochemistry; lithosphere; perspective
AB The isotopic compositions of mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORB) from the Indian Ocean have led to the identification of a large-scale isotopic anomaly relative to Pacific and Atlantic ocean MORB1. Constraining the origin of this so-called DUPAL anomaly(2) may lead to a better understanding of the genesis of upper-mantle heterogeneity. Previous isotopic studies(3-10) have proposed recycling of ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle or sediments with oceanic crust to be responsible for the DUPAL signature. Here we report Os, Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of Indian MORB from the Central Indian ridge, the Rodriguez triple junction and the South West Indian ridge. All measured samples have higher Os-187/Os-188 ratios than the depleted upper-mantle value(11,12) and Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions that imply the involvement of at least two distinct enriched components in the Indian upper-mantle. Using isotopic and geodynamical arguments, we reject both subcontinental lithospheric mantle and recycled sediments with oceanic crust as the cause of the DUPAL anomaly. Instead, we argue that delamination of lower continental crust may explain the DUPAL isotopic signature of Indian MORB.
C1 Univ Paris 07, CNRS,UMR 7579, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5563, Lab Mecan & Transfert Geol, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Escrig, S (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, CNRS,UMR 7579, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM escrig@eps.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 160
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 59
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature02904
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500040
PM 15343331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, D
AF Blake, D
TI Gaining medical momentum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP A19
EP +
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 831HC
UT WOS:000222184500005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, Y
   Xiang, J
   Yang, C
   Lu, W
   Lieber, CM
AF Wu, Y
   Xiang, J
   Yang, C
   Lu, W
   Lieber, CM
TI Single-crystal metallic nanowires and metal/semiconductor nanowire heterostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field-effect transistors; wall carbon nanotubes; electrical-transport; silicon nanowires; technology
AB Substantial effort has been placed on developing semiconducting carbon nanotubes(1-3) and nanowires(4) as building blocks for electronic devices-such as field-effect transistors-that could replace conventional silicon transistors in hybrid electronics or lead to stand-alone nanosystems(4,5). Attaching electric contacts to individual devices is a first step towards integration, and this step has been addressed using lithographically defined metal electrodes(1-4,6-8). Yet, these metal contacts define a size scale that is much larger than the nanometre-scale building blocks, thus limiting many potential advantages. Here we report an integrated contact and interconnection solution that overcomes this size constraint through selective transformation of silicon nanowires into metallic nickel silicide (NiSi) nanowires. Electrical measurements show that the single crystal nickel silicide nanowires have ideal resistivities of about 10 muOmega cm and remarkably high failure-current densities, > 10(8) A cm(-2). In addition, we demonstrate the fabrication of nickel silicide/silicon (NiSi/Si) nanowire heterostructures with atomically sharp metal-semiconductor interfaces. We produce field-effect transistors based on those heterostructures in which the source-drain contacts are defined by the metallic NiSi nanowire regions. Our approach is fully compatible with conventional planar silicon electronics and extendable to the 10-nm scale using a crossed-nanowire architecture.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM cml@cmliris.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 928
Z9 1122
U1 5
U2 438
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 61
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature02674
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800041
PM 15229596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, SG
   Franklin-Tong, VE
AF Thomas, SG
   Franklin-Tong, VE
TI Self-incompatibility triggers programmed cell death in Papaver pollen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caspase inhibitors; dna fragmentation; arabidopsis; activation; protein; rhoeas; actin; tubes
AB Sexual reproduction in many angiosperm plants involves self-incompatibility ( SI), which is one of the most important mechanisms to prevent inbreeding. SI is genetically controlled by the S-locus, and involves highly specific interactions during pollination between pollen and the pistil on which it lands. This results in the rejection of incompatible ('self') pollen, whereas compatible ('non-self') pollen is allowed to fertilize the plant(1). In Papaver rhoeas, S-proteins encoded by the stigma component of the S-locus interact with incompatible pollen, triggering a Ca2+-dependent signalling network(2-7), resulting in the inhibition of pollen-tube growth. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a mechanism used by many organisms to destroy unwanted cells in a precisely regulated manner(8-10). Here we show that PCD is triggered by SI in an S-specific manner in incompatible pollen. This provides a demonstration of a SI system using PCD, revealing a novel mechanism to prevent self-fertilization. Furthermore, our data reveal that the response is biphasic; rapid inhibition of pollen-tube growth is followed by PCD, which is involved in a later 'decision-making' phase, making inhibition irreversible.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Franklin-Tong, VE (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM v.e.franklin-tong@bham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 201
Z9 245
U1 3
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 305
EP 309
DI 10.1038/nature02540
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900045
PM 15152254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yernool, D
   Boudker, O
   Jin, Y
   Gouaux, E
AF Yernool, D
   Boudker, O
   Jin, Y
   Gouaux, E
TI Structure of a glutamate transporter homologue from Pyrococcus horikoshii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning mutagenesis reveals; amino-acid transporters; membrane topology; bacillus-stearothermophilus; conformational-changes; anomalous diffraction; permeation pathway; escherichia-coli; reentrant loop; proton current
AB Glutamate transporters are integral membrane proteins that catalyse the concentrative uptake of glutamate from the synapse to intracellular spaces by harnessing pre-existing ion gradients. In the central nervous system glutamate transporters are essential for normal development and function, and are implicated in stroke, epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the crystal structure of a eukaryotic glutamate transporter homologue from Pyrococcus horikoshii. The transporter is a bowl-shaped trimer with a solvent-filled extracellular basin extending halfway across the membrane bilayer. At the bottom of the basin are three independent binding sites, each cradled by two helical hairpins, reaching from opposite sides of the membrane. We propose that transport of glutamate is achieved by movements of the hairpins that allow alternating access to either side of the membrane.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 650 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jeg52@columbia.edu
NR 50
TC 673
Z9 794
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 811
EP 818
DI 10.1038/nature03018
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500038
PM 15483603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chklovskii, DB
   Mel, BW
   Svoboda, K
AF Chklovskii, DB
   Mel, BW
   Svoboda, K
TI Cortical rewiring and information storage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat barrel cortex; in-vivo; pyramidal neurons; visual-cortex; dependent plasticity; synaptic plasticity; dendritic spines; silent synapses; nmda receptor; glutamatergic synapse
AB Current thinking about long-term memory in the cortex is focused on changes in the strengths of connections between neurons. But ongoing structural plasticity in the adult brain, including synapse formation/elimination and remodelling of axons and dendrites, suggests that memory could also depend on learning-induced changes in the cortical 'wiring diagram'. Given that the cortex is sparsely connected, wiring plasticity could provide a substantial boost in storage capacity, although at a cost of more elaborate biological machinery and slower learning.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Biomed Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of Southern California; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Chklovskii, DB (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM mel@usc.edu
NR 90
TC 549
Z9 642
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7010
BP 782
EP 788
DI 10.1038/nature03012
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 861RE
UT WOS:000224435500034
PM 15483599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Svensen, H
   Planke, S
   Malthe-Sorenssen, A
   Jamtveit, B
   Myklebust, R
   Eidem, TR
   Rey, SS
AF Svensen, H
   Planke, S
   Malthe-Sorenssen, A
   Jamtveit, B
   Myklebust, R
   Eidem, TR
   Rey, SS
TI Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voring basin; margin; sills; dissociation; end
AB A 200,000-yr interval of extreme global warming marked the start of the Eocene epoch about 55 million years ago. Negative carbon-and oxygen-isotope excursions in marine and terrestrial sediments show that this event was linked to a massive and rapid (similar to10,000 yr) input of isotopically depleted carbon(1,2). It has been suggested previously that extensive melting of gas hydrates buried in marine sediments may represent the carbon source(3,4) and has caused the global climate change. Large-scale hydrate melting, however, requires a hitherto unknown triggering mechanism. Here we present evidence for the presence of thousands of hydrothermal vent complexes identified on seismic reflection profiles from the Voring and More basins in the Norwegian Sea. We propose that intrusion of voluminous mantle-derived melts in carbon-rich sedimentary strata in the northeast Atlantic may have caused an explosive release of methane-transported to the ocean or atmosphere through the vent complexes-close to the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Similar volcanic and metamorphic processes may explain climate events associated with other large igneous provinces such as the Siberian Traps (similar to250 million years ago) and the Karoo Igneous Province (similar to183 million years ago).
C1 Univ Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Volcan Basin Petr Res, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
   TGS NOPEC Geophys Co, N-3478 Naersnes, Norway.
C3 University of Oslo
RP Svensen, H (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, POB 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
EM hsvensen@geo.uio.no; planke@vbpr.no
NR 31
TC 830
Z9 946
U1 9
U2 309
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6991
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature02566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 825OL
UT WOS:000221767700034
PM 15175747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuura, Y
   Stewart, M
AF Matsuura, Y
   Stewart, M
TI Structural basis for the assembly of a nuclear export complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID importin-alpha; crystallographic analysis; localization signal; domain; beta; ran; transport; recognition; cse1p
AB The nuclear import and export of macromolecular cargoes through nuclear pore complexes is mediated primarily by carriers such as importin-beta. Importins carry cargoes into the nucleus, whereas exportins carry cargoes to the cytoplasm. Transport is orchestrated by nuclear RanGTP, which dissociates cargoes from importins, but conversely is required for cargo binding to exportins. Here we present the 2.0 Angstrom crystal structure of the nuclear export complex formed by exportin Cse1p complexed with its cargo ( Kap60p) and RanGTP, thereby providing a structural framework for understanding nuclear protein export and the different functions of RanGTP in export and import. In the complex, Cse1p coils around both RanGTP and Kap60p, stabilizing the RanGTP-state and clamping the Kap60p importin-beta-binding domain, ensuring that only cargo-free Kap60p is exported. Mutagenesis indicated that conformational changes in exportins couple cargo binding to high affinity for RanGTP, generating a spring-loaded molecule to facilitate disassembly of the export complex following GTP hydrolysis in the cytoplasm.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Stewart, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM ms@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 168
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7019
BP 872
EP 877
DI 10.1038/nature03144
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 879QY
UT WOS:000225733500045
PM 15602554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cummings, DAT
   Irizarry, RA
   Huang, NE
   Endy, TP
   Nisalak, A
   Ungchusak, K
   Burke, DS
AF Cummings, DAT
   Irizarry, RA
   Huang, NE
   Endy, TP
   Nisalak, A
   Ungchusak, K
   Burke, DS
TI Travelling waves in the occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aedes-aegypti; temperature; dynamics; disease
AB Dengue fever is a mosquito- borne virus that infects 50 - 100 million people each year(1). Of these infections, 200,000 - 500,000 occur as the severe, life- threatening form of the disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever ( DHF)(2). Large, unanticipated epidemics of DHF often overwhelm health systems(3). An understanding of the spatial - temporal pattern of DHF incidence would aid the allocation of resources to combat these epidemics. Here we examine the spatial - temporal dynamics of DHF incidence in a data set describing 850,000 infections occurring in 72 provinces of Thailand during the period 1983 to 1997. We use the method of empirical mode decomposition(4) to show the existence of a spatial - temporal travelling wave in the incidence of DHF. We observe this wave in a three- year periodic component of variance, which is thought to reflect host pathogen population dynamics(5,6). The wave emanates from Bangkok, the largest city in Thailand, moving radially at a speed of 148 km per month. This finding provides an important starting point for detecting and characterizing the key processes that contribute to the spatial - temporal dynamics of DHF in Thailand.
C1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Oceans & Ice Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Virol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
   Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Virol, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
   Minist Publ Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Johns Hopkins University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR); Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS); United States Department of Defense; United States Army; Ministry of Public Health - Thailand
RP Burke, DS (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM dburke@jhsph.edu
NR 24
TC 389
Z9 429
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6972
BP 344
EP 347
DI 10.1038/nature02225
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 765KE
UT WOS:000188266200039
PM 14737166
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopez-Vaamonde, C
   Koning, JW
   Brown, RM
   Jordan, WC
   Bourke, AFG
AF Lopez-Vaamonde, C
   Koning, JW
   Brown, RM
   Jordan, WC
   Bourke, AFG
TI Social parasitism by male-producing reproductive workers in a eusocial insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bombus-terrestris hymenoptera; bumble bees; male parentage; queen conflict; sex-ratios; apidae; microsatellites; hypnorum; colony; honeybee
AB The evolution of extreme cooperation, as found in eusocial insects ( those with a worker caste), is potentially undermined by selfish reproduction among group members(1-3). In some eusocial Hymenoptera ( ants, bees and wasps), workers can produce male offspring from unfertilized eggs(4). Kin selection theory predicts levels of worker reproduction as a function of the relatedness structure of the workers' natal colony and the colony-level costs of worker reproduction(5,6). However, the theory has been only partially successful in explaining levels of worker reproduction(7-9). Here we show that workers of a eusocial bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) enter unrelated, conspecific colonies in which they then produce adult male offspring, and that such socially parasitic workers reproduce earlier and are significantly more reproductive and aggressive than resident workers that reproduce within their own colonies. Explaining levels of worker reproduction, and hence the potential of worker selfishness to undermine the evolution of cooperation, will therefore require more than simply a consideration of the kin-selected interests of resident workers. It will also require knowledge of the full set of reproductive options available to workers, including intraspecific social parasitism.
C1 Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
C3 Zoological Society of London
RP Lopez-Vaamonde, C (corresponding author), Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England.
EM carlos.lopez.vaamonde@ioz.ac.uk; andrew.bourke@ioz.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6999
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/nature02769
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 841QI
UT WOS:000222946100047
PM 15282605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeitoun, P
   Faivre, G
   Sebban, S
   Mocek, T
   Hallou, A
   Fajardo, M
   Aubert, D
   Balcou, P
   Burgy, F
   Douillet, D
   Kazamias, S
   de Lachèze-Murel, G
   Lefrou, T
   le Pape, S
   Mercère, P
   Merdji, H
   Morlens, AS
   Rousseau, JP
   Valentin, C
AF Zeitoun, P
   Faivre, G
   Sebban, S
   Mocek, T
   Hallou, A
   Fajardo, M
   Aubert, D
   Balcou, P
   Burgy, F
   Douillet, D
   Kazamias, S
   de Lachèze-Murel, G
   Lefrou, T
   le Pape, S
   Mercère, P
   Merdji, H
   Morlens, AS
   Rousseau, JP
   Valentin, C
TI A high-intensity highly coherent soft X-ray femtosecond laser seeded by a high harmonic beam
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amplification; generation; radiation
AB Synchrotrons have for decades provided invaluable sources of soft X-rays, the application of which has led to significant progress in many areas of science and technology. But future applications of soft X-rays - in structural biology, for example anticipate the need for pulses with much shorter duration (femtoseconds) and much higher energy (millijoules) than those delivered by synchrotrons. Soft X-ray free-electron lasers(1) should fulfil these requirements but will be limited in number; the pressure on beamtime is therefore likely to be considerable. Laser-driven soft X-ray sources offer a comparatively inexpensive and widely available alternative, but have encountered practical bottlenecks in the quest for high intensities. Here we establish and characterize a soft X-ray laser chain that shows how these bottlenecks can in principle be overcome. By combining the high optical quality available from high-harmonic laser sources ( as a seed beam) with a highly energetic soft X-ray laser plasma amplifier, we produce a tabletop soft X-ray femtosecond laser operating at 10 Hz and exhibiting full saturation, high energy, high coherence and full polarization. This technique should be readily applicable on all existing laser-driven soft X-ray facilities.
C1 Lab Opt Appl, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
   Inst Super Tecn, Ctr Fis Plasmas, P-1049001 Lisbon, Portugal.
   CEA, DIF, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Lab Interact Rayonnement X Avex Mat, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Ecole Polytech, Lab Utilisat Lasers Intenses, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   CEA, SPAM, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Universidade de Lisboa; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
RP Zeitoun, P (corresponding author), Lab Opt Appl, Chemin Huniere, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
EM philippe.zeitoun@ensta.fr
NR 21
TC 302
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7007
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature02883
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 855UN
UT WOS:000224000500033
PM 15386005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soutschek, J
   Akinc, A
   Bramlage, B
   Charisse, K
   Constien, R
   Donoghue, M
   Elbashir, S
   Geick, A
   Hadwiger, P
   Harborth, J
   John, M
   Kesavan, V
   Lavine, G
   Pandey, RK
   Racie, T
   Rajeev, KG
   Röhl, I
   Toudjarska, I
   Wang, G
   Wuschko, S
   Bumcrot, D
   Koteliansky, V
   Limmer, S
   Manoharan, M
   Vornlocher, HP
AF Soutschek, J
   Akinc, A
   Bramlage, B
   Charisse, K
   Constien, R
   Donoghue, M
   Elbashir, S
   Geick, A
   Hadwiger, P
   Harborth, J
   John, M
   Kesavan, V
   Lavine, G
   Pandey, RK
   Racie, T
   Rajeev, KG
   Röhl, I
   Toudjarska, I
   Wang, G
   Wuschko, S
   Bumcrot, D
   Koteliansky, V
   Limmer, S
   Manoharan, M
   Vornlocher, HP
TI Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apolipoprotein-b; rna interference; messenger-rna; mice; model; cleavage; diet
AB RNA interference (RNAi) holds considerable promise as a therapeutic approach to silence disease-causing genes, particularly those that encode so-called 'non-druggable' targets that are not amenable to conventional therapeutics such as small molecules, proteins, or monoclonal antibodies. The main obstacle to achieving in vivo gene silencing by RNAi technologies is delivery. Here we show that chemically modified short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can silence an endogenous gene encoding apolipoprotein B (apoB) after intravenous injection in mice. Administration of chemically modified siRNAs resulted in silencing of the apoB messenger RNA in liver and jejunum, decreased plasma levels of apoB protein, and reduced total cholesterol. We also show that these siRNAs can silence human apoB in a transgenic mouse model. In our in vivo study, the mechanism of action for the siRNAs was proven to occur through RNAi-mediated mRNA degradation, and we determined that cleavage of the apoB mRNA occurred specifically at the predicted site. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of siRNAs for the treatment of disease.
C1 Alnylam Europe AG, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
   Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
RP Soutschek, J (corresponding author), Alnylam Europe AG, Fritz Hornschuch Str 9, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
EM jsoutschek@alnylam.de; hpvornlocher@alnylam.de
NR 22
TC 1887
Z9 2707
U1 1
U2 277
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7014
BP 173
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature03121
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 869YG
UT WOS:000225020200035
PM 15538359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hiiragi, T
   Solter, D
AF Hiiragi, T
   Solter, D
TI First cleavage plane of the mouse egg is not predetermined but defined by the topology of the two apposing pronuclei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postimplantation development; cleavage division; cell-division; blastomeres; embryo; fertilization; sperm; axis; microtubules; organization
AB Studies of experimentally manipulated embryos(1-4) have led to the long-held conclusion that the polarity of the mouse embryo remains undetermined until the blastocyst stage. However, recent studies(5-7) reporting that the embryonic - abembryonic axis of the blastocyst arises perpendicular to the first cleavage plane, and hence to the animal - vegetal axis of the zygote, have led to the claim that the axis of the mouse embryo is already specified in the egg. Here we show that there is no specification of the axis in the egg. Time-lapse recordings show that the second polar body does not mark a stationary animal pole, but instead, in half of the embryos, moves towards a first cleavage plane. The first cleavage plane coincides with the plane defined by the two apposing pronuclei once they have moved to the centre of the egg. Pronuclear transfer experiments confirm that the first cleavage plane is not determined in early interphase but rather is specified by the newly formed topology of the two pronuclei. The microtubule networks that allow mixing of parental chromosomes before dividing into two may be involved in these processes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Hiiragi, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
EM hiiragi@immunbio.mpg.de
NR 25
TC 125
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6997
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/nature02595
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 837LG
UT WOS:000222631200043
PM 15254539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Körding, KP
   Wolpert, DM
AF Körding, KP
   Wolpert, DM
TI Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID uncertainty; information; transformations; representation; decision; context; codes
AB When we learn a new motor skill, such as playing an approaching tennis ball, both our sensors and the task possess variability. Our sensors provide imperfect information about the ball's velocity, so we can only estimate it. Combining information from multiple modalities can reduce the error in this estimate(1-4). On a longer time scale, not all velocities are a priori equally probable, and over the course of a match there will be a probability distribution of velocities. According to bayesian theory(5,6), an optimal estimate results from combining information about the distribution of velocities-the prior-with evidence from sensory feedback. As uncertainty increases, when playing in fog or at dusk, the system should increasingly rely on prior knowledge. To use a bayesian strategy, the brain would need to represent the prior distribution and the level of uncertainty in the sensory feedback. Here we control the statistical variations of a new sensorimotor task and manipulate the uncertainty of the sensory feedback. We show that subjects internally represent both the statistical distribution of the task and their sensory uncertainty, combining them in a manner consistent with a performance-optimizing bayesian process(4,5). The central nervous system therefore employs probabilistic models during sensorimotor learning.
C1 UCL, Inst Neurol, Sobell Dept Motor Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Körding, KP (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Neurol, Sobell Dept Motor Neurosci, Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
EM konrad@koerding.de
NR 30
TC 1360
Z9 1595
U1 5
U2 215
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 244
EP 247
DI 10.1038/nature02169
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100043
PM 14724638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, N
   Bao, ZR
   Zhang, XY
   Eddy, SR
   Wessler, SR
AF Jiang, N
   Bao, ZR
   Zhang, XY
   Eddy, SR
   Wessler, SR
TI Pack-MULE transposable elements mediate gene evolution in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID draft sequence; rice; genome; identification; diversity
AB Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are found in many eukaryotic genomes and are especially prevalent in higher plants(1-3). In maize, rice and Arabidopsis a few MULEs were shown to carry fragments of cellular genes(4-6). These chimaeric elements are called Pack-MULEs in this study. The abundance of MULEs in rice and the availability of most of the genome sequence permitted a systematic analysis of the prevalence and nature of Pack-MULEs in an entire genome. Here we report that there are over 3,000 Pack-MULEs in rice containing fragments derived from more than 1,000 cellular genes. Pack-MULEs frequently contain fragments from multiple chromosomal loci that are fused to form new open reading frames, some of which are expressed as chimaeric transcripts. About 5% of the Pack-MULEs are represented in collections of complementary DNA. Functional analysis of amino acid sequences and proteomic data indicate that some captured gene fragments might be functional. Comparison of the cellular genes and Pack-MULE counterparts indicates that fragments of genomic DNA have been captured, rearranged and amplified over millions of years. Given the abundance of Pack-MULEs in rice and the widespread occurrence of MULEs in all characterized plant genomes, gene fragment acquisition by Pack-MULEs might represent an important new mechanism for the evolution of genes in higher plants.
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Washington Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Wessler, SR (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM suew@plantbio.uga.edu
NR 24
TC 412
Z9 496
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7008
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/nature02953
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 857YP
UT WOS:000224156700047
PM 15457261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deechongkit, S
   Nguyen, H
   Powers, ET
   Dawson, PE
   Gruebele, M
   Kelly, JW
AF Deechongkit, S
   Nguyen, H
   Powers, ET
   Dawson, PE
   Gruebele, M
   Kelly, JW
TI Context-dependent contributions of backbone hydrogen bonding to β-sheet folding energetics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ww domain; staphylococcal nuclease; thermodynamic stability; amino-acids; protein; state; depsipeptides; temperature; landscape; peptides
AB Backbone hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) are prominent features of protein structures; however, their role in protein folding remains controversial because they cannot be selectively perturbed by traditional methods of protein mutagenesis(1-3). Here we have assessed the contribution of backbone H-bonds to the folding kinetics and thermodynamics of the PIN WW domain, a small beta-sheet protein(4), by individually replacing its backbone amides with esters. Amide-to-ester mutations site-specifically perturb backbone H-bonds in two ways: a H-bond donor is eliminated by replacing an amide NH with an ester oxygen, and a H-bond acceptor is weakened by replacing an amide carbonyl with an ester carbonyl(5-13). We perturbed the 11 backbone H-bonds of the PIN WW domain by synthesizing 19 amide-to-ester mutants. Thermodynamic studies on these variants show that the protein is most destabilized when H-bonds that are enveloped by a hydrophobic cluster are perturbed. Kinetic studies indicate that native-like secondary structure forms in one of the protein's loops in the folding transition state, but the backbone is less ordered elsewhere in the sequence. Collectively, our results provide an unusually detailed picture of the folding of a beta-sheet protein.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Chem Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Kelly, JW (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10440 N Torrey Pines Rd,BCC 506, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jkelly@scripps.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM051105] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 2004
VL 430
IS 6995
BP 101
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature02611
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 833RP
UT WOS:000222356800052
PM 15229605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bacci, A
   Huguenard, JR
   Prince, DA
AF Bacci, A
   Huguenard, JR
   Prince, DA
TI Long-lasting self-inhibition of neocortical interneurons mediated by endocannabinoids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endogenous cannabinoids; visual-cortex; pyramidal neurons; cells; synapses; suppression; anandamide; recordings; channels; networks
AB Neocortical GABA-containing interneurons form complex functional networks responsible for feedforward and feedback inhibition and for the generation of cortical oscillations associated with several behavioural functions(1,2). We previously reported that fast-spiking (FS), but not low-threshold-spiking (LTS), neocortical interneurons from rats generate a fast and precise self-inhibition mediated by inhibitory autaptic transmission(3). Here we show that LTS cells possess a different form of self-inhibition. LTS, but not FS, interneurons undergo a prominent hyperpolarization mediated by an increased K+-channel conductance. This self-induced inhibition lasts for many minutes, is dependent on an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] and is blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251, indicating that it is mediated by the autocrine release of endogenous cannabinoids. Endocannabinoid-mediated slow self-inhibition represents a powerful and long-lasting mechanism that alters the intrinsic excitability of LTS neurons, which selectively target the major site of excitatory connections onto pyramidal neurons; that is, their dendrites(4-7). Thus, modulation of LTS networks after their sustained firing will lead to long-lasting changes of glutamate-mediated synaptic strength in pyramidal neurons, with consequences during normal and pathophysiological cortical network activities.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Prince, DA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM daprince@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 233
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7006
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature02913
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 853XJ
UT WOS:000223864000042
PM 15372034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cordier, P
   Ungár, T
   Zsoldos, L
   Tichy, G
AF Cordier, P
   Ungár, T
   Zsoldos, L
   Tichy, G
TI Dislocation creep in MgSiO3 perovskite at conditions of the Earth's uppermost lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature creep; x-ray-diffraction; profile analysis; viscosity; deformation; systematics; pressure; crystals; analog
AB Seismic anisotropy provides an important observational constraint on flow in the Earth's deep interior. The quantitative interpretation of anisotropy, however, requires knowledge of the slip geometry of the constitutive minerals that are responsible for producing rock fabrics. The Earth's lower mantle is mostly composed of (Mg, Fe) SiO3 perovskite(1), but as MgSiO3 perovskite is not stable at high temperature under ambient pressure, it has not been possible to investigate its mechanical behaviour with conventional laboratory deformation experiments. To overcome this limitation, several attempts were made to infer the mechanical properties of MgSiO3 perovskite on the basis of analogue materials(2-7). But perovskites do not constitute an analogue series for plastic deformation, and therefore the direct investigation of MgSiO3 perovskite is necessary. Here we have taken advantage of recent advances in experimental high-pressure rheology(8) to perform deformation experiments on coarse-grained MgSiO3 polycrystals under pressure and temperature conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. We show that X-ray peak broadening measurements developed in metallurgy can be adapted to low-symmetry minerals to identify the elementary deformation mechanisms activated under these conditions. We conclude that, under uppermost lower-mantle conditions, MgSiO3 perovskite deforms by dislocation creep and may therefore contribute to producing seismic anisotropy in rocks at such depths.
C1 Univ Sci & Technol Lille, UMR CNRS 8008, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
   Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Solid State Phys, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Gen Phys, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 Universite de Lille; University of Bayreuth; Eotvos Lorand University; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Cordier, P (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol Lille, UMR CNRS 8008, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
EM Patrick.Cordier@univ-lille1.fr
NR 21
TC 135
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 2004
VL 428
IS 6985
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/nature02472
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 814CH
UT WOS:000220952300035
PM 15103372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, JB
   Ye, KQ
   Patel, DJ
AF Ma, JB
   Ye, KQ
   Patel, DJ
TI Structural basis for overhang-specific small interfering RNA recognition by the PAZ domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-cells; sirnas; initiation; system
AB Short RNAs mediate gene silencing, a process associated with virus resistance, developmental control and heterochromatin formation in eukaryotes(1-5). RNA silencing is initiated through Dicer-mediated processing of double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNA (siRNA)(6,7). The siRNA guide strand associates with the Argonaute protein in silencing effector complexes, recognizes complementary sequences and targets them for silencing(8-11). The PAZ domain is an RNA-binding module found in Argonaute and some Dicer proteins and its structure has been determined in the free state(12-14). Here, we report the 2.6 Angstrom crystal structure of the PAZ domain from human Argonaute eIF2c1 bound to both ends of a 9-mer siRNA-like duplex. In a sequence-independent manner, PAZ anchors the 2-nucleotide 3' overhang of the siRNA-like duplex within a highly conserved binding pocket, and secures the duplex by binding the 7-nucleotide phosphodiester backbone of the overhang-containing strand and capping the 5'-terminal residue of the complementary strand. On the basis of the structure and on binding assays, we propose that PAZ might serve as an siRNA-end-binding module for siRNA transfer in the RNA silencing pathway, and as an anchoring site for the 3' end of guide RNA within silencing effector complexes.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Patel, DJ (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM pateld@mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI068776] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 575
Z9 784
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 2004
VL 429
IS 6989
BP 318
EP 322
DI 10.1038/nature02519
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 822AO
UT WOS:000221505900048
PM 15152257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mazelin, L
   Bernet, A
   Bonod-Bidaud, C
   Pays, L
   Arnaud, S
   Gespach, C
   Bredesen, DE
   Scoazec, JY
   Mehlen, P
AF Mazelin, L
   Bernet, A
   Bonod-Bidaud, C
   Pays, L
   Arnaud, S
   Gespach, C
   Bredesen, DE
   Scoazec, JY
   Mehlen, P
TI Netrin-1 controls colorectal tumorigenesis by regulating apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cancer dcc; receptors unc5h; gene; suppressor; dependence; mechanism; tumors; mice
AB The expression of the protein DCC ( deleted in colorectal cancer) is lost or markedly reduced in numerous cancers and in the majority of colorectal cancers due to loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 18q, and has therefore been proposed to be a tumour suppressor(1). However, the rarity of mutations found in DCC, the lack of cancer predisposition of DCC mutant mice, and the presence of other tumour suppressor genes in 18q have raised doubts about the function of DCC as a tumour suppressor(2). Unlike classical tumour suppressors, DCC has been shown to induce apoptosis conditionally: by functioning as a dependence receptor, DCC induces apoptosis unless DCC is engaged by its ligand, netrin-1 (ref. 3). Here we show that inhibition of cell death by enforced expression of netrin-1 in mouse gastrointestinal tract leads to the spontaneous formation of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. Moreover, in the adenomatous polyposis coli mutant background associated with adenoma formation, enforced expression of netrin-1 engenders aggressive adenocarcinomatous malignancies. These data demonstrate that netrin-1 can promote intestinal tumour development, probably by regulating cell survival. Thus, a netrin-1 receptor or receptors function as conditional tumour suppressors.
C1 Univ Lyon, CNRS,UMR 5534, Apoptosis Differentiat Lab, Eqiuipe Labellisee La Ligue Mol & Cellular Genet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Hop St Antoine, INSERM, U482, F-75571 Paris, France.
   Buck Inst Age Res, Novato, CA 94945 USA.
   INSERM, U45, F-69437 Lyon, France.
   ANIPATH, F-69437 Lyon, France.
   Ctr Leon Berard, F-69373 Lyon, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Antoine - APHP; Buck Institute for Research on Aging; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); UNICANCER; Centre Leon Berard
RP Mehlen, P (corresponding author), Univ Lyon, CNRS,UMR 5534, Apoptosis Differentiat Lab, Eqiuipe Labellisee La Ligue Mol & Cellular Genet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
EM mehlen@univ-lyon1.fr
NR 22
TC 250
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 2004
VL 431
IS 7004
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature02788
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 850VC
UT WOS:000223641500045
PM 15343335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Egea, PF
   Shan, SO
   Napetschnig, J
   Savage, DF
   Walter, P
   Stroud, RM
AF Egea, PF
   Shan, SO
   Napetschnig, J
   Savage, DF
   Walter, P
   Stroud, RM
TI Substrate twinning activates the signal recognition particle and its receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermus-aquaticus ffh; protein translocation; endoplasmic-reticulum; crystal-structure; gtp hydrolysis; conserved gtpase; ng domain; ribosome; complex; binding
AB Signal sequences target proteins for secretion from cells or for integration into cell membranes. As nascent proteins emerge from the ribosome, signal sequences are recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which subsequently associates with its receptor (SR). In this complex, the SRP and SR stimulate each other's GTPase activity, and GTP hydrolysis ensures unidirectional targeting of cargo through a translocation pore in the membrane. To define the mechanism of reciprocal activation, we determined the 1.9 Angstrom structure of the complex formed between these two GTPases. The two partners form a quasi-two-fold symmetrical heterodimer. Biochemical analysis supports the importance of the extensive interaction surface. Complex formation aligns the two GTP molecules in a symmetrical, composite active site, and the 3' OH groups are essential for association, reciprocal activation and catalysis. This unique circle of twinned interactions is severed twice on hydrolysis, leading to complex dissociation after cargo delivery.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Egea, PF (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM pascal@mnsg.ucsf.edu; stroud@msg.ucsf.edu
NR 38
TC 255
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 2004
VL 427
IS 6971
BP 215
EP 221
DI 10.1038/nature02250
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 763HE
UT WOS:000188068100035
PM 14724630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roche, D
   Paillard, D
   Cortijo, E
AF Roche, D
   Paillard, D
   Cortijo, E
TI Constraints on the duration and freshwater release of Heinrich event 4 through isotope modelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic sediments; coupled climate model; last glacial maximum; greenland ice; thermohaline circulation; intermediate complexity; iceberg discharges; system model; ocean; patterns
AB Heinrich events(1)-abrupt climate cooling events due to ice-sheet instability that occurred during the last glacial period-are recorded in sediment cores throughout the North Atlantic Ocean(2,3). Modelling studies have described likely physical mechanisms(4-6) for these events, but the quantitative characteristics of Heinrich events are less well known. Here we use a climate model of intermediate complexity(7) that explicitly calculates the distribution of oxygen isotopes in the oceans to simulate Heinrich event 4 at about 40,000 yr ago. We compare an ensemble of scenarios for this Heinrich event with oxygen isotope data measured in foraminiferal calcite of a comprehensive set of sediment cores(8,9). From this comparison, we obtain a duration of 250 +/- 150 yr and an ice release of 2 +/- 1 m sea-level equivalent for Heinrich event 4, significantly reducing the uncertainties in both values compared to earlier estimates(5,10-14) of up to 2,000 yr and 15 m of sea-level equivalent ice release, respectively. Our results indicate that the consequences of Heinrich events may have been less severe than previously assumed, at least with respect to Greenland climate and sea level.
C1 CEA, CNRS, IPSL Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
RP Roche, D (corresponding author), CEA, CNRS, IPSL Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM roche@lsce.saclay.cea.fr
NR 29
TC 104
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7015
BP 379
EP 382
DI 10.1038/nature03059
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 871UX
UT WOS:000225161400052
PM 15549102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pascal, JM
   O'Brien, PJ
   Tomkinson, AE
   Ellenberger, T
AF Pascal, JM
   O'Brien, PJ
   Tomkinson, AE
   Ellenberger, T
TI Human DNA ligase I completely encircles and partially unwinds nicked DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; mutational analysis; domain; replication; fidelity; pcna; crystallography; identification; specificity; polymerase
AB The end-joining reaction catalysed by DNA ligases is required by all organisms and serves as the ultimate step of DNA replication, repair and recombination processes. One of three well characterized mammalian DNA ligases, DNA ligase I, joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. Here we report the crystal structure of human DNA ligase I ( residues 233 to 919) in complex with a nicked, 5' adenylated DNA intermediate. The structure shows that the enzyme redirects the path of the double helix to expose the nick termini for the strand-joining reaction. It also reveals a unique feature of mammalian ligases: a DNA-binding domain that allows ligase I to encircle its DNA substrate, stabilizes the DNA in a distorted structure, and positions the catalytic core on the nick. Similarities in the toroidal shape and dimensions of DNA ligase I and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen sliding clamp are suggestive of an extensive protein-protein interface that may coordinate the joining of Okazaki fragments.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Radiat Oncol Res Lab, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Greenebaum Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
RP Ellenberger, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tome@hms.harvard.edu
NR 50
TC 283
Z9 346
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 2004
VL 432
IS 7016
BP 473
EP 478
DI 10.1038/nature03082
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 874AA
UT WOS:000225322100038
PM 15565146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

